Asmeninio laiško ir esė rašymo anglų kalba reikalavimai ir patarimai Parengė anglų kalbos...

Asmeninio laiško ir esė rašymo anglų kalba reikalavimai ir patarimai

Parengė anglų kalbos vyresnioji mokytoja Ingrida Labuckienė

2014 Vidiškės

IGNALINOS R. VIDIŠKIŲ GIMNAZIJA

Informal letter

Informal letter

• An Informal Letter is a letter that is usually written to a close friend or an acquaintance. It is also known as a personal letter and this type of letter does not have 'hard' and 'fast' rules on the format of writing as opposed to a formal letter, although there is a conventional way of writing it.

Informal letter

• Generally speaking, the main difference between informal and formal letters is that informal letters are written as people speak.

Steps to writing:• Begin your letter with a salutation Dear…(,) For example: Dear John(,)• It is followed by a comma if you use one at the

end after finishing your letter with • For example: Best wishes(,)

Informal letter

Introduction• The first paragraph will consist of an

introduction which will give the recipient an idea what you will be writing about and a short summary of the main topic of your letter.

• If you don’t know the person, you may need to introduce yourself.

Informal letter

The body ( it may be 1-2 paragraphs)• That consists of the message you want to get

across along with any details you may want to include.

The conclusion• The last paragraph will be the conclusion where

you wrap everything up. You can sum up, thank the recipient, wish good luck, ask any questions.

Informal letter

Use the following phrases:• Starting your letter (Paragraph 1)• Thanks for your letter. Lovely to hear from you.

How are you? How are things? Hope you're well.

Commenting on something (Paragraph 1)• I'm sorry to hear/learn ... I'm so pleased to hear ...

It's great to hear ... What wonderful news about ...

Informal letter

Moving the topic on (Paragraph 2)• Anyway, the reason I'm writing ...• I thought I'd write to tell/ask you • Anyway, I was wondering ...

Informal letter

Ending your letter (Paragraph 3)• Well, that's all for now• Write back soon • Looking forward to hearing from you again• All the best• Best wishes • See you soon• Take care • Yours Love• Lots of love

Informal letter

• It is very important to write your letter in the correct style. One way of making your letter informal is to use contractions.

• Use paragraphs.• When writing paragraphs make sure you write to

the end of each line. Only finish a sentence mid-way along the line when you have come to the end of a paragraph.

• Also, leaving a line between paragraphs can make your organisation even clearer to the reader.

Informal letter

• Another way to create an informal style to your letter is to use exclamation marks. These are used at the end of short 'exclamations' to show strong feelings or surprise. For example:

• Brilliant news!Congratulations!• However, only use them when absolutely

necessary and don't use them too often -perhaps only once or twice in a letter of 100 words.

Informal letter

While writing the letter be as friendly as possible. But don't go overboard. Do keep in mind to whom you are writing the letter. Don't write to your father, 'Hey dude! What's up?', but at the same time don't make the letter boring.

Informal letter

• Use active voice. Active voice makes your letter sound more conversational and makes it more interesting to read. It's as if the person is conversing with you face to face.

• Put in questions. Questions in your letter act as a good base on which you can write your letter on. Also, it motivates the reader to reply.

Informal letter

• Sometimes, while in a hurry, we forget to include something in the letter. You can put that in the post script, at the bottom of the letter as

• P.S. I ranked first in class last week.

Writing a paragraph

• A paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss one main idea. A paragraph should be long enough to develop the main idea clearly.

Writing a paragraph

Writing a paragraph

• All paragraphs have a topic sentence and supporting sentences, and some paragraphs may also have a concluding sentence.

• The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. It not only names the topic of the paragraph, but it also limits the topic to one specific area that can be discussed in the space of a single paragraph.

• The part of the topic sentence that announces the specific area to be discussed is called the controlling idea.

Writing a paragraph

• Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.

• Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence. That is, they explain or prove the topic sentence by giving more information about it.

Writing a paragraph

• The concluding sentence signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember.

• Concluding sentences are customary for stand-alone paragraphs. However, paragraphs that are parts of a longer piece of writing usually do not need concluding sentences.

Writing a paragraph

• The topic sentence• A topic sentence is the most important

sentence in a paragraph. It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss. For this reason, the writer can see what information to include and the reader is better prepared to understand it.

Writing a paragraph

Points to remember about a topic sentence: It is a complete sentence, which means it

contains at least one subject and verb.

Driving on freeways.How to register for college classes.The rise of indie films

Writing a paragraph

A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea. It names the topic and then limits it to a specific area to be discussed.

• Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness.• Registering for college classes can be a

frustrating experience for new students.• The rise of indie films is due to several factors.

Writing a paragraph

• A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph because it gives the main idea. It does not give any specific details. Its like a name of a particular course on a restaurant menu.

• The slang expression “so long” is probably a corruption of the Arabic salaam. (too specific)

• English has been influenced by other languages. (too general)

• The Arabic origin of many English words is not always obvious. (good)

Writing a paragraph

Writing a paragraph

• A topic sentence has two essential parts: the topic and the controlling idea.

• The topic names the subject of the paragraph.• The controlling idea limits or controls the

topic to a specific area that you can discuss in the space of a single paragraph.

Writing a paragraph

Convenience foods are easy to prepare.• Immigrants have contributed many delicious

foods to US cuisine.• Independent films are characterized by

experimental techniques.

Writing a paragraph

Supporting sentences• Supporting sentences explain or prove the

topic sentence.• Students often fail to support their ideas

adequately.• They need to use specific details to be

thorough and convincing.

Writing a paragraph

• The best way is to use examples, statistics, quotations.

• Examples are perhaps the easiest to use because you can often take examples from your own knowledge and experience. Furthermore, they make your writing lively and interesting.

Writing a paragraph

The concluding sentence• It signals the end of the paragraph• It leaves the reader with the most important

ideas to remember.• It does that either by summarizing the main

points of the paragraph, or by repeating the topic sentence in different words.

• However, a concluding sentence is not needed for every paragraph in an essay.

Writing a paragraph

• End-of-paragraph signals followed by a comma:

Finally, In brief, In conclusion, Indeed, In short, Lastly, Therefore, Thus, To sum up,• End-of-paragraph signals not followed by a

comma: The evidence suggests that… There can be no

doubt that… These examples show that… We can see that…

Writing a paragraph

• An important element of a good paragraph is unity.

• Unity means that a paragraph discusses one and only one main idea from beginning to end. For example, if your paragraph is about advantages of owning a compact car, discuss only that.

• Every supporting sentence must directly explain or prove the main idea.

Writing a paragraph

• Another element of a good paragraph is coherence. It means there must be no sudden jumps, the movement from one sentence to another must be logical and smooth.

To achieve this:• Repeat the key nouns• Use consistent pronouns• Use transition signals to link ideas• Arrange your ideas in logical order

Writing a paragraph

• There is no fixed rule how often to repeat key nouns or when to substitute pronouns. You should repeat a key noun instead of using a pronoun when the meaning is not clear.

• When you use pronouns, make sure that you use the same person and number throughout your paragraph.

Writing a paragraph

• A student who knows a few Latin and Greek roots and prefixes has an advantage over a student who does not know them. They can often guess the meaning of new words. If, for example, you know that the prefix omni means “all”, you have a better chance of guessing the meaning of words such as omnibus, omnipresent and omnidirectional. Furthermore, a student who knows that the root sci-comes from scire, “to know,” can guess that omniscient means “all-knowing.”

Writing a paragraph

Writing a paragraph

• Transition signals help to make the paragraph coherent. They are such expressions as first, finally, as a result, additional, because and others. Transition signals are like traffic signs; they tell the reader when you are giving a similar or an opposite idea, an example, a result or a conclusion.

• You should not overuse them. Too many can be distracting rather than helpful

Writing a paragraph• Meaning/ Phrasesfunction• An additional idea In addition/furthermore/moreover/besides/also/too/and• Opposite idea On the other hand/in contrast/however/neverthelesscontrast Instead/still/nonetheless/but/yet/although/even

t though/whereas/while/in spite of/despite• Choice or Otherwise/or/if/unlessalternative• Restatement In fact/indeed/that is• order First/second/next/last/finally• example For example/for instance/such as• Conclusion Clearly/in brief/in conclusion/in short/in summarysummary • result Accordingly/as a result/as a consequence/therefore/hence/thus/so

Writing a paragraph

• Most transition words are separated by commas.

• Short time words then, now, soon usually do not need commas.

• When such words as and, but, or, not only connect two independent clause, use a comma.

• Put a comma after a dependent clause but not in front of one.

Writing a paragraph

• Although the company’s sales increased last year, its net profit declined.

• The company’s net profit declined last year although its sales increased.

Essay writing

Essay writing

• An essay has three main parts: an introduction, a body and a conclusion.

• An introduction consists of two main parts: a few general statements to attract the reader’s attention and a thesis statement to state the main idea of the essay.

• A thesis statement for an essay is like a topic sentence for a paragraph –it names the specific topic and gives the reader a general idea of the content of the essay.

Essay writing

• The body consists of paragraphs. Each paragraph develops a subdivision of the topic.

• The conclusion is a summary or review of the main points discussed in the body.

• An essay must have unity and coherence, just as a paragraph does.

Essay writing

Introduction• General statements introduce the general

topic of the essay and try to capture the reader’s attention.

• The thesis statement states the specific topic, it may indicate the pattern of organization of the essay, and it is normally the last sentence in the introductory paragraph.

Essay writing

Essay writing

• The body paragraphs in an essay are like supporting sentences in a paragraph.They are the place to develop your topic and prove your points.

• Use transitions between paragraphs to guide the reader from one subtopic to the next.

• The concluding paragraph signals the end of the essay. It may remind the reader the main points, they may summarize the subtopics or paraphrase the thesis.

Opinion essay

The introduction. Here you state the main idea of your entire essay -the point you are trying to make or prove. The final sentence is your thesis statement with the opinion you are going to prove. You may include the reasons for your opinions.

Opinion essay

Paragraphs Two, Three and Four. These are the body of your essay. Each of the body paragraphs should take one of your reasons and explain it in more detail, giving an example or illustration to back it up.

Opinion essay

The body:• Paragraph 2 –first viewpoint and the reasons plus the

example• Paragraph 3 –second viewpoint and the reasons plus

examples• Paragraph 4 –opposing viewpoint and the reasons

plus examples.

• The concluding paragraph –where you summarize or restate the thesis statement.

Opinion essay

The stages you should follow while writing:• Pre-writing–brainstorm and write an outline• Writing–write your introduction, body and

conclusion• Proofreading–make sure you stick to the

question; evaluate the layout; look at the thesis, make sure it is coherent; make sure there are topic sentences in each body paragraph and they are speaking about the thesis;

Opinion essay

• Make sure there are supports for the topic sentences and they have examples;

• Make sure the conclusion summarizes or restates the thesis statement and it does not include any new ideas.

• Look at the grammar, spelling, punctuation and register of the essay.

For and against essay

A "for and against" essay is a formal piece of writing in which a topic is considered from opposing points of view. You should present both sides in a fair way by discussing them objectively and in equal detail.


A good essay of this type should consist of:• a) an introductory paragraph in which you

clearly state the topic to be discussed, without giving your opinion;

• b) the main body in which the points for and against along with your justifications, examples or reasons are presented in separate paragraphs;


• c) a closing paragraph in which you state your opinion or give a balanced consideration of the topic.

• Note: Opinion words (I think, I believe, In my opinion, etc.) can only be used in the closing paragraph where you give your opinion on the topic.


• Before you start writing your essay you should make a list of the points for and against.

• Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence which summarizes the topic of the paragraph.


• Do not use informal style e.g. short forms, or strong language to express your opinion (e.g. I know…, etc.). Express your opinion in a non-emotional way (e.g. It seems that)


Useful expressions and linking words/phrases To list advantages: One/Another/A further/An

additional (major) advantage of… is … The main/greatest/first advantage of… is …


• To list disadvantages: One/Another/ A further/An additional (major) disadvantage/drawback of. The main/greatest/most serious/first disadvantage /drawback of… Another negative aspect of…


To introduce points/arguments for or against: One (very convincing) point/argument in favour of… / against, A further common criticism of… / It could be argued that…..often claimed/suggested

It is widely argued maintained that…..generally felt/believed/held


• Some/many/most people/experts/scientist/skeptics/criticsclaim/suggest/argue/feel that…maintain/believe/point out/agree/hold that…advocate (+ing/noun)/support the view that…oppose the view that…are in favour of/against…are of the opinion that/convinced that…are opposed to…


To add more points to the same topic: in addition (to this), furthermore, moreover, besides, apart from, what is more, as well as, not to mention (the fact) that, also, not only … but also/as well, both … and, There is another side to the issue/question/argument of…


To make contrasting points: on the other hand, however, still, yet, but, nonetheless, nevertheless, even so,it may be said/argued/claimed that,…others/many people oppose this viewpoint/strongly disagree…, claim/feel/believe this argument is incorrect/misguided


although, though, even though, while, whilst, whereas, despite/in spite of (the fact that), regardless of the fact that

Opponents of … argue/believe/claim that… The fact that… contradicts the belief/idea

that… While it is true to say that…, in fact… While/Although …, it cannot be denied that…

For and against essay• To introduce examples: for example, for

instance, such as, like, in particular, particularly, especially, This is (clearly) illustrated/shown by the fact that… One/A clear/striking/ typical example of (this)… The fact that…. shows/illustrates that…

• To emphasize a point: clearly, obviously, it is obvious, naturally, of course, needless to say, indeed


• To express reality: In fact, the fact (of the matter) is, actually, in practice, it is a fact that, in effect

• To make general statements: as a (general) rule, generally, in general, on the whole, by and large, in most cases

• To make partially correct statements: to a certain extent/degree, to some extent/degree, in a way/sense, this is partly true (but), to a limited extent, there is some truth in (this), in some cases, up to a point


• To explain/clarify a point: in other words, that is to say, this/which means that

• To express cause: owing to, due to (the fact that), on account of, on the grounds that, given that, because, as, since

• To express effect: therefore, thus, as a result/consequence, consequently, so, for this reason, if… were to happen, … the effect/result would be…

• To express intention: to, so as to, in order to, so that, with the intention of (+ing)


Conclusion expressing balanced considerations/opinion indirectly

In conclusion, On balance, All things considered, Taking everything into account/consideration, To conclude, To sum up, All in all, Finally/Lastly,


• it can be said/claimed that …• it seems/appears that…• it would seem that…• it is likely/unlikely/possible/foreseeable that • it is clear/obvious that…• there is no/little doubt that …• it is true to say that …• although it must be said that …• it may be concluded/said that …


Conclusion expressing opinion directly• In conclusion,• On balance,• All things considered,• Taking everything into account/consideration,• To conclude,• To sum up,• All in all,


• it is my belief/opinion that …• I (firmly) believe/feel/think that …• I am convinced that …• I am inclined to believe that …• I (do not) agree that/with …


• A for and against essay can end in a balanced consideration in which you restate that there are points for and against the topic using appropriate expressions given above.

• Alternatevely, it can end by expressing an opinion, in which case you state, directly or indirectly, that you are either in favour of or against the topic, using appropriate expressions given above.


Problem Solution Essays explain a problem and give a detailed plan for how it can be solved. These essays:

• Describe the problem.• Convince the reader the problem needs

solving.• Explain the solution proposal.


Whatever essay you have to write, always start with brainstorming, the outline, the writing and proofreading.

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