Asia Pacific Workshop on NEPALNNEEPPAALLNEPAL ... · PDF fileAsia Pacific Workshop on Global...

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED

NEPALNEPALNEPALNEPAL

Asia Pacific Workshop on Global Partnership on Waste Management and Integrated Solid Waste Management

MAPPING NEEDS AND ACTIVITIES ON WASTE MANAGEMENT

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

NEPAL

Deepak [email protected]

16 – 20 April 2012

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2008

� Clause 16 - every person shall have the rightto live in clean environment.

Major policies regulating waste management in Nepal

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

to live in clean environment.

� state policies (35) the constitution - stateshall make necessary arrangements tomaintain and prevent damage to theenvironment

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED

NEPALNEPALNEPALNEPAL Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal

GoN, NPC and the MoE has prepared the SDA in 2003

�Reduction in waste and increased reuse and

recycle by 2017

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

recycle by 2017

�GoN will encourage industry to work together to

create cyclical flows of materials, reuse, recycle

�Establishment of recycling and Haz. Waste

Management centers

�Sanitary landfills

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED

NEPALNEPALNEPALNEPAL Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan

(NEPAP)

GoN to show firm commitment to integrate env.concerns with development objectives

1. To manage efficiently and sustainably natural

and physical resources

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

2. To balance development efforts for sustainable

fulfillment of the basic needs of the people

3. To safeguard national heritage

4. To mitigate the adverse impacts of development

projects and human actions

5. To integrate environment and development

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Environmental Protection Act and Environmental Protection Rules, 1997

� The act has the provision for EIA or IEE and

obtaining approval from concerned Agency.

� Provision relating to the prevention and control

of pollution shall be as prescribed.

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

of pollution shall be as prescribed.

� Provision for prohibition by concerned agency

� Provision for appointing Env. Inspectors,

establish or specify labs, Env Protection Fund,

� provisions for delegation of authorities,

formulation of guidelines or directives

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Industrial Enterprise Act, 1992

� Provision for taking prior permission by the

industries

� Provision of Industrial Promotion Board (IPB) –

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� Provision of Industrial Promotion Board (IPB) –

also to monitor the Industrial activities

� 50 percent rebate in tax on investment for

environmental protection equipment or process

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Local Self Governance Act, 1999

� This act gives roles and responsibility to the local authorities (wards, VDCs and Municipalities)

� Municipality may impose service charge for SWM

� VDC and Municipalities can impose fine - up to

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� VDC and Municipalities can impose fine - up to Rs. 100/- and 15,000 respectively plus expenses incurred in the cleaning and dumping waste at designated place.

� Municipalities have the role of preserving and protecting rivers, lakes, ponds from pollution; managing collection, transportation and disposal of wastes

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Solid Waste Management Act 2011

� Prime responsibility of the polluters to manage waste

� Provisions for�Reduction/segregation at source/ transportation/

disposal/management of waste by generators,

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

disposal/management of waste by generators, as prescribed method or at prescribed places by municipality

�Promoting 3R by the municipality�Transfer station and sanitary landfill site�PSP� 15 members Waste Management Council

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED

NEPALNEPALNEPALNEPAL Solid Waste Management Act 2011….

� Outlines the duties of local government to take action against haphazard waste generation, disposal or collection

� Industrial State or Health care Institutions will be considered as guilt if Haphazard generation,

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

considered as guilt if Haphazard generation, discard or collection of hazardous waste

� Penalty of Rs 50,000 to 100,000 and provision for recommending for revoking the permission by concerned agency

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Statistics on quality of the waste, quantities and coverage of waste

management services

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Urbanization in Nepal

Year 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

No of Municipalities 16 23 33 58 58

Urban Population (Million) 0.46 0.96 1.70 3.29 4.52

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

Source: CBS 2003, 2011

There are more than 200 small/emerging towns –junctions in highways

Urban Population (%) 4.1 6.3 9.2 13.9 17.0

Avg. Annual Increase (%) 3.23 7.55 5.89 6.65 3.38

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Generation of Municipal Waste in Nepal

� Assuming householdscontribute only about75 % of wastestream, total wastegeneration rate 0.34kg/p/day

� Average Household

61.624.5

6.87.1

MSW Content

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� Average HouseholdWaste GenerationRate 0.25 kg/p/day

Source: SWMRMC 2009

� 17 % of Nepal’spopulation living inmunicipalities generateabout 0.5 tons of wasteper year.

• Only 50% of generated waste is collected

Organic Waste

Reuse,Recycle (Paper,Glass,Metal,Plastic)Inert Mat.

Others (Medical)

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Present approaches, practices & attitude

� Municipalities “sweep and dump”

� Everybody talks about SWM & knows how to manage it but only

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

manage it but only small amount of waste is being properly managed

� It is other’s (municipality’s) responsibility- not mine

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Waste Collection SystemC

lean

er P

rodu

ctio

n (C

P)

D

NEPAL

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Wastes DisposalC

lean

er P

rodu

ctio

n (C

P)

D

NEPAL

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Dumping of Waste

8

23

27

Landfill Site

River Bank

Open Dumping

58 Municipalities

8

23

27

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

8

0 10 20 30

Site8

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Industrial Waste

�Except some large and multi national companies, all the industries are discharging their wastes, effluents and emissions without any effort to prevent or control.

Present approaches, practices & attitude….

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

to prevent or control.

�In most cases, solid wastes that carry some value are sold to be reused.

�Wastewater is directly discharged to drains that ultimately flow into surface water like river or lakes.

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Hospital Waste� Due to unavailability of proper disposal system, even

the segregated wastes are mixed together and thrown

to municipal waste container or to the river bank.


Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� Very few landfill site having separate facility.

� Liquid wastes discharged to the municipal sewers.

� Few have incinerators - either not or operated without

maintaining the parameters

� Quality and maintenance of equipments- is not given

adequate attention.

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED



Auto Workshop Waste (mainly located in the urban areas)

� Cotton wastes are burnt

� Oil residue, used kerosene oil and petrol are mixed with the spent oil (lubricating oil, gear oil) in a drum and sold to the collectors - mainly used as fuel in

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

and sold to the collectors - mainly used as fuel in furnaces

� Filters, empty containers, lead and lead compounds are sold to the scrap collectors and later go to recycling process

� Wash water contaminated with soap, detergent, grease and are directly discharged to the municipal sewer

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


System of Plastic Collection

Community membersYouth Volunteer

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

Storehouse

Municipality

- Separate plastic

- Keep collected plastic for sale

- Collect plastic from each community

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


External Help to Municipality

Several projects

� Strengthening of SWMRMC

� Biogas [Gobar (Dung) gas plant],

Piloting on WAB Management (Biogas)

� Public and private toilet construction

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� Public and private toilet construction

� Training awareness on Household composting plant, SWM

� Construction of dumping sites

� Construction of waste water and sewerage treatment,

� Eco-tourism project, compost plant, waste handling

collection/recycling/dumping and many more projects are

at operational phase in most of the municipalities

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Initiatives�Increase in PSP �Municipalities have started recognizing

awareness & 3Rs as an integral part of SWM

�Segregation at source is being practiced.

�Increasing no of municipalities to establish landfill sites

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

�15 municipalities –preparing/implementing municipal level SWM Strategies and Action Plans

�SWM technical guideline has been prepared

�Municipalities – eager to learn organic recycling

�New SWM Act 2068 (2011 AD) enforced Training on Cardboard composting

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


National, regional and international Organization Involved to enhance waste

management in Nepal� SWMRMC (National) – Overall� JAICA – Capacity building, trainings and landfill site

development� ADB – policy development , capacity development of

organizations relevant to SWM (SWMC) at the central level� World Bank – Strengthening of infrastructure and

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� World Bank – Strengthening of infrastructure and environmental management, Capacity Building of municipalities

� GTZ/GoN/NGOs – Composting plant in Bhaktapur, 1984, still runing, Awareness raising for segregation and household management

� China – Equipments, trucks for compaction collection, transfer

� WHO – Preparation of Health care waste management guideline.

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


National, regional and international Organization Involved to enhance waste

management ……

�SEAM-N/FINIDA – CP, SWM and strengthening of Env. Authorities at local level

�South Korea – R & D in Biogas Purification & Compression.

�UNHABITAT – Preparation of guidelines and training

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

�UNHABITAT – Preparation of guidelines and training on WM

�UNEP/IETC - Conversion of WAB into resources�GTZ/GoN/NGOs – Composting plant in Bhaktapur,

1984, still runing, Awareness raising for segregation and household management, 3R promotion

�China – Equipments, trucks for compaction collection, transfer

� WHO – Preparation of HCW management guideline.

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Challenges in MSW management in Nepal

� NIMBY

� For small towns (VDC), there is no clear provision

who is responsible for SWM

� Weaker enforcement – country’s priority is peace

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� Weaker enforcement – country’s priority is peace

and constitution

� SWM is major responsibility of municipalities but not

priority

� Lack of efficient resource mobilization

� Organic segregation at source is a major challenge

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Challenges in waste management in Nepal……

Major Issuesof Recycling

� Though significant earning - socially looked down

upon – no social status

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� Main collection – Metal, bottle, paper and plastics

– organic is still an issue (60%)

� Recyclable materials are not considered as waste

� Scrap tax has abolished but Value Added Tax

(13%) has to be paid26

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Major issues of PSP

� More of business approach than service oriented -(poorly understood PPP concept)

� Low confidence between authorities and private

Challenges in waste management in Nepal……

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� Low confidence between authorities and private sectors

� Municipal staff do not support involvement of private sectors – fear of loosing jobs

� Poor monitoring mechanism by municipalities

� Awareness issues –including source segregation and 3R are not prioritized

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Hzd Waste – Estimated and Projected

HZD Waste

Year 2006/07 Year 2011/12 Year 2016/17Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

Waste Solid (MT)

Liquid(m3)

Solid (MT)

Liquid(m3)

Solid (MT)

Liquid(m3)

* Ind. Hzd. Waste generation

5,052 6,405,000 5,800 7,088,000 6,600 7,880,000

Auto Workshop

3,200 157,800 7,000 353,000 15,600 790,700

Biomed. 4,195 - - - 8,400 -

Source: MOEST/ADB, 2008 Report of Hazardous Waste Inventory Nepal

*12 Industrial sectors

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Trend of Industrial Hazardous waste generation in Nepal

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

2006/07 2011/12 2016/17

Solid (M/T) Liquid (Th Cu.m.)

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Trend of Auto Workshop Hazardouswaste generation in Nepal

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

2006/07 2011/12 2016/17

Solid (M/T) Liquid (Hundred Cu.m.)

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Used lead-acid batteries

• From solar systems and other stationary sources 20 – 30 M/T for the year 1998 and projected to be 110 – 190 M/T for 2008

Hzd. Waste – Estimated and ProjectedC

lean

er P

rodu

ctio

n (C

P)

D

NEPAL

Source: DANIDA/COWI, 2003 Study on Environmentally benign Handling, disposal and recycling of used lead-acid batteries in Nepal

• Increase in use of inverters – Figure may be assumed up to 1500 M/T for 2018

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


Biomedical Hazardous Waste Survey

� Estimated quantity of biomedical waste for the years

� Average Hospital beds occupancy – 70%

� Average HCRW – 0.47 Kg/patient/day

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

� Estimated quantity of biomedical waste for the years 2006/07–4,195 M/T and 2016/17–8,400 M/T

� Volume of HW is high because of intermixing

� Need of appropriate Policy, Guidelines, legislation

� Lack of awareness on hazardous waste

� Challenge and opportunity on HW Management

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED

NEPALNEPALNEPALNEPAL 1. Health Care WasteNeeds assessment

Policy and regulatory

Capacity building for enforcement is needed at central and local authority level

Tech. & scientunderstan

capacity building needed at all level.

Financial Capacity to raise/secure funds needed

Social Awareness raising and community involvement needed

Institutional Coordination ,Capacity enhancement of institutions and clarification of authorities needed

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

clarification of authorities needed

2. E-WasteTech & scientific understand.

Knowledge and skill trainings needed at different level.

Policy and regulat. Capacity building for policy making is required

Financial capacity to raise/secure funds neededSocial Capacity for awareness raising and community

involvement neededInstitutional Capacity for strengthening of institutions and

clarification of authorities needed

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


3. Hazardous WastePolicy and regulatory

Capacity for enforcement needed.

Tech. & scientific understand.

Further detail study needed to establish proper disposal site �Training need assessment/Relevant trainings required.

Financial Capacity to raise/secure funds neededSocial Capacity for awareness raising and community involvement

Institutional Institutional Strengthening of Env. Authorities at central and local level for monitoring and enforcement.

4. Industrial Waste

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

Policy & reg. Rules have yet to be formulated and enforced Technical and scientific understandin

Preparation and enforcement of technical guidelines to ensure environmentally sound management and proper disposal of Ind. waste is needed.

Institutional Institutional Strengthening of Env. Authorities at central and local level for monitoring and enforcement.

Financial Lack of resources for environmentally sound disposal and management � capacity to raise/secure funds needed

Social Awareness raising and community involvement�Facilitation to create social pressure groups

4. Industrial Waste

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


5. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)Policy & reg. capacity for enforcement needed

Tech. and scientific understanding

capacity for understanding of technical equipment/technical guidelines needed

Financial capacity to raise/secure funds needed

Institutional capacity for strengthening of institutions and clarification of authorities to formulate economic instruments needed

Social capacity for awareness raising and community involvement needed

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

Policy & regulatory

Specific Policies do not exist� Policies in favors of promoting composting/ biomethanation and use of compost/biogas

Tech. and scientific understand.

Centralized aerobic composting facility or sanitary landfill site for the municipalities � Capacity building of the stakeholders needed

Financial Suitable PPP model has to be formulated.Institutional Capacity for strengthening of institutions and clarification of

authorities neededSocial Capacity for awareness raising and community involvement

needed

6. Organic Waste

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

SEED

SEEDSEEDSEEDSEED


7. Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB)Policy & reg. Policies in favour of promoting composting/

biomethanation and use of compost/biogasTech. and scient. understand

Capacity for understanding of technical equipment/technical guidelines needed

Financial Suitable PPP model has to be formulated. Social capacity for awareness raising and community

involvement neededInstitutional Capacity for strengthening of institutions and clarification

of authorities needed

Cle

aner

Pro

duct

ion

(CP

)

D

NEPAL

8. Plastic Waste

Policy & reg. Capacity building for formulating legislative framework

Tech. and scientific understand

Technology/skill transfer for converting the waste into valuable resources required. � Training and capacity building of stakeholders required

Institutional Capacity for strengthening of institutions and clarification of authorities needed

Social Capacity for awareness raising and community involvementFinancial Lack of resources to make the latest technology available �

capacity to raise/secure funds needed

Asia Pacific Workshop on NEPALNNEEPPAALLNEPAL ... · PDF fileAsia Pacific Workshop on Global...

Documents

Transcript of Asia Pacific Workshop on NEPALNNEEPPAALLNEPAL ... · PDF fileAsia Pacific Workshop on Global...