ASF global impact and control
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ASF: GLOBAL IMPACT AND CONTROL
Prof. José M. Sánchez- Vizcaí[email protected]
ASF REFERENCE LABORATORY
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ASFV: A old friend 1978-
MAIN WORK:DIAGNOSIS TEST &
REAGENTS EPIDEMIOLOGY-CONTROL
and ERADICATIONASF REFERENCE LABORATORY
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ASF. A REEMERGING DISEASE
AGENDA:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION
CRITICAL POINTS FOR CONTROL
ASF VACCINE
ASF FUTURE
CONCLUTIONS
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INFECTED OR CARRIERS PIGS (D&W) play an important role in the dissemination of the disease
ONCE ESTABLISHED:
By direct contact between sick or carrier and healthy animals (exudates, wounds,...)
ASF. Routes of transmission
Contaminated transport, FOOD
slurry, insects, rats...
Ticks and back yard
By eating infected swill or garbages
FREE AREAS:
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Lisbon 1957Malta, 1978Sardinia, 1978Georgia, 2007
Portugal, 1960Spain 1960Italy, 1983Belgium, 1985Russia, 2008-
1. Raw pork waste at airport/port:
2. Movement of pork or pig products:
3. Movements of infected wild boars:Russia, 2008-
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2. Boar or pork meat of infected swine fed to pigs (movement of infected meat)
1. Movements of infected pigs or carriers from infected neighbouring countries
Nigeria, Togo, Benin, all in 1997-98; Zambia, 2001; Kenya 2001; Ghana 2002;Tanzania 2004;Burkina Faso 2007;Kenya 2007;Tanzania 2008
South Africa 1973; Sao Tome & Principe, 1979; Ivory Coast 1996; Namibia 2004; Kenya 2007
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ASF EPIDEMIOLOGY:
Kenya1921
1957
Historical distribution I
Portugal, 1957Spain 1960Frane 1974Malta 1978Sardinia 1978Italy, 1983Belgium, 1985Russia, 2008-
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ASF. Scenarios : Europe ISpain 1985-1995
IN DOOR
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2004-2005 (38)
1993-2003 (37)
Source of info.: NRL for ASF meeting , 2006, D. Rutili
1993-2005 (20)
Backyard (16,031) : 90.34%
Intensive (320): 1,80%
Confined/Fr (899): 5.06%
Free ranging (494).: 2.78%
Pig population.: 248.356Epidemic weaves:94-96; 2004-2005.
NO SOFT TICKS in Sardinia
ASF. Scenarios : Europe II
Sardinia,Italy PARTICULAR FARMES
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ASF EPIDEMIOLOGY:
1978
Historical distribution II
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ASF.Scenarios :Central and S.America
• CUBA 1978• D. REPUBLIC 1978
•BRASIL 1980
BACKYARD
NO TICK
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ASF EPIDEMIOLOGY:
1998 2001
2007
Historical distribution
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ASF. A REMERGING DISEASE
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ASF.Scenarios: South and East Africa
Sylvatic cycle 21 Genotypes
D + D + T
DOMESTIC INFECTED PIGS NO Ab ?
Positive Virus. No Abs. Tolerance pigs ????
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ASF. Scenarios : West Africa
Role of Ticks ??
back yard
W to D
D to D
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2007
ASF 2007-2011
Asfv, genotype IIMozambique, Madagascar, Zambia273 Outbreaks. More 78.000 Dead pigs
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273 notified outbreaks
+78.000 dead pigs
4 affected countries
Source: OIE, own elaboration
ASF EPIDEMIOLOGY:
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ASF in Russian Federation• April 2007ASFV p72 genotype II, compatible
with the virus circulating in Mozambique, Madagascar and Zambia (Rowlands et al., 2008)
• All the ASFV isolates identical p72, p54 and CVR sequences suggesting only one entry (Gallardo et al., 2009)
• No pathological changes Acute and hiperacuteforms of the disease (Blagodarsnosti, 2011) .
• No serological (Ab) surveillance has been made
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ASF. Scenarios : Europe III
D to D
Back yard pigs
D + W + BY
Risk of EndemicityChronic form ?
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WHY IS ASF MOVING?World globalization
Economic crisis Swill feeding
More ASF virus in Africa
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IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORSENTRANCE IN CAUCASUS REGION: Increase of the ASF V in Africa Economic crisis Swill feeding Lack of biosecurity
SPREAD: Swill feeding!! TRADITION Wild boars contact with domestic No biosecurity (ASF don’t need high biosecurity) Movement of animals and products WITHOUT CONTROL No a Coordinated National control program (Local Program
Krasnodar Region)ENDEMICITY: Wild boar affected Swill feeding Potential. Carriers and chronic infections NO COORDINATED NATIONAL PROGRAM. NO COMPESATION
FOR FARMES Vector (ticks)?
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POSIBLE ENTRANCE: MODERATE Efsa,2010
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http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/1556.htm
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ASF in the Caucasus and Russian Federation• The ASFV circulating in the Caucasus and the Russian Federation
is a highly virulent virus. No reduction of virulence since the first outbreak in 2007 in Georgia.
• ASF has spread in the TCC and in the RF since 2007; measures put in place were not sufficient to control the spread
• The risk of maintaining ASF and its spread within the TCC and the RF in domestic pigs is HIGH
• The risk of ASF introduction into the EU is moderate• Risk of ASF become endemic in domestic pigs in EU is negligible
(High Biosecurity), low or moderate (free range)
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EVALUATING THE RISK OF ASFV ENTRANCE IN THE EU
Development of a generic CUANTITATIVE risk assessment framework for the introduction of ASF in EU countries
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ROUTES FOR ASFV INTRODUCTION IN THE UE
• Legal imports
• Illegal imports
• Wild animals
• Ticks: Ornithodorus spp.
• Fomits: vehicules, leftovers, people….
Live animals (domestic+wild)
Animal Products Meat Products
Semen and embryo
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RA (stochastic) for the potential ASFV introduction into the UE
Mur et al., 2011
PathwayLive pigimports
PathwayWild boars
De la Torre et al., 2011
Suitableareas for WB
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LEGAL IMPORTS OF LIVE SWINESThe overall mean (95% PI) annual probability of ASFV introduction into the EU by
legal import of live pigs was 5.22*10-3 (6.06*10-4, 1.84*10-2 ) ~ one outbreak in192 years.
69%
68%
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FRESH30%
FROZEN67%
OTHER3%
LEGAL IMPORTS OF PIG PRODUCTS EXTRA EU
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VEHICULES/ROADS
SEMIQUANTITATIVE MODEL
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SOME ASF CHARACTERISTICS
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AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IMPORTANCES POINTS
PROBLEMS FOR ASF CONTROL
No vaccine availableDomestic & Wild animals affected
Carrier animalsTicks
Very resistant in the environment
Clinical signs similar to other diseases
High variability
Laboratory diagnosis needed
Pigs &products
Freezer
No neutralizing Ab
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ASF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
108 bp-
257 bp-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 C M V
PPC-3/4 + PPA-1/2
GOOD HEALTH
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• NO INACTIVATED VACCINE
• ATENUATED VACCINE. NO SAFE AND ONLY PARTIALPROTECTION in HOMOLOGOUS (CARRIERS & C. FORM)
• NO RECOMBINAT VACCINE: NO good candidates
•NO DNA:Some
Candidates
•NO SubUnit vaccines: very poor partial protection
ANTIBODIES ARE RELATED WITH SOMETYPE OF PROTECTION
AS WELL AS WITHCHRONIC AND ENDEMIC ASF INFECTION
ASF PROTECTION: NO VACCINE
Eradication without vaccine ispossible but not easy. Endemics:Portugal,Spain.
No Endemics countries: Brazil…
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ASF. Spain: 1985-1995
IN DOOR
OUT DOOR
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ASF IMMUNE RESPONSES INVOLVED IN PROTECTION
POOR UNDERSTOOD:
• PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST HOMOLOGOUS VIRUS(VIRUS IN LINPHO NODES)
• THE MAIN DIFFICULTY. LACK OF NEUTRALIZING Ab andhigh genetic variability
• Ab PARTIAL PROTECTION. DELAY IN THE ONSET C. SIGNS
• IMPORTANCE ROLE OF NK AND CD 8. DESTROYED I. M
• SOME TYPE OF PROTECCION (Ab and CMI) OCCURS
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PROBLEMS OF ATENUATED ASF VACCINE UNTIL NOW:
LIMITED FIELD STUDIES: PORTUGAL and SPAIN 60s-70sEXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: SEVERAL AUTHORS
A) Release of infected virus: Low virulence strains, Chronicforms ?. Carriers (Portugal, Spain 70s )
B) No sufficiently attenuated
C) Only Homologous virus protection.
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PROSPECTS FOR ASF VACCINE:
Know more about Mechanism of Atenuated vaccine:
a)Pre Virus Entry (neutralizing Ab, Others)b)Post Virus Entry (Infections inhibition)
1) Low virulence isolates by passages in TC or from field2) Generation ASFV recombinant without some genes*3) Recombinat with several ASFV genes in DNA vector4) Others
* Several candidates look promesing
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EARLY DETECTION
THE CHALLENGE
CONTROL AND ERADICATION
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FIELD IS THE FIRST STEP:
COLLABORATION: ADMINISTRATION- FARMERS
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RISK FACTORS for EARLY DETECTION I
• No perception of the risk for entrance:No good information to farmers and Vets– Legal and ilegal imports of live pigs and meat products– Commercial relations with affected countries– Other disases in the area (CSF, Erysipela…)
• Low education level, no information about thedisease to FAMERS and VetsNo information of ASF. How is ASF?
• Low biosecurity practices– Swill feeding– Backyard systems
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• Late detection caused by:– Wrong surveillance program. No RBS– Late detection in field no formation of veterinary
services and farmers. Others diseases– Low veterinary service in the area inadequate
connection field-laboratory– Unknown of the risk
RISK FACTORS for EARLY DETECTION II
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FIELD TRAINING: FARMERS and VETS
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INFORMATION TO FARMERS:
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TV
RADIO
JOURNALS
CAFE
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http://rasve.mapa.es/Publica/Formacion/curso/index.html
DIGITAL SIMULATION
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ASF EARLY DETECTION NEEDED:FIELD:• Risk information• ASF Information
LABs:• Good conection with field• Good test and procedure
TRAINING: FIELD AND LABORATORY
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ASF CONTINGENCY PLANS. FAST RESPONCE:
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE: Veterinary ServiceLegislation, diagnosis methodology, etc.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: Census, farms Location, movements, wild live population….
ASF CHARACTERISTICS: Risks factors, susceptible animalsVectors, clinical sings, lesions, samples to labs, route ofentrance, diagnosis methods, desinfectans, …..
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Coordinated program
1. A program of all for all
2. Important farmers
3. Medium
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• Inadequate control program:– Movement of animals and products WITHOUT CONTROL– Swill feeding. Difficult to changes mentality– Not establish the control and surveillance area– Delayed compensation + lack of resources
• Pig production system:– Pig density– Farming practices (backyard, swill feeding!!)
• Presence of wild boars and contact with domestic pigs• Presence of ticks
RISK FACTORS for CONTROL
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ASF. CONTROL AREA
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MANUAL for a FAST RESPONCE
1. NOTIFICATION SYSTEM2. ZONING OF AFECTED AREAS3. BAN ON ANIMALS MOVEMENTS4. LABORATORY CONFIRMATION5. PROCEDURE FOR DESTRUCTIONS OF CARCASSES6. DEPOPULATION7. CLEANING AND DISINFECTION8. SEROLOGICAL CONTROLS9. STUDY WILD BOAR AND/OR VECTORS10.SENTINEL ANIMALS11.REPOPULATION
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Possibility of became endemic in some countries
of Europe
Moderate-high risk for the EU countries
MORE TIME TO DETECTINFECTION MORE
DIFFICULTES TO ERADICATE
ARE WE AWARE ?
ARE WE READY ?
More ASFV in Africa and now in CC and RF
No vaccine available. Eradication without vaccine
not easy but possible
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IN MEMORIAN OF ISABEL MINGUEZ TUDELA (08/05/1956- 16/04/2011)Passed Away in Brussels at age of 54
Sencientic Officer in the DG ResearchFor over 15 years, she acted as a majorbridge within the scientific communitylinking different European research teams and establishing connections with scientistsfrom America, Asia and Africa. Manage a greatnumber of EU research projects on animal health (ASFRisk)
Rest in Peace, dear friend.
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A W0RLD FREE of [email protected]