AS level Psychology The Core studies. Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional...

AS level Psychology

The Core studies

AS level Psychology

The Core studies

Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State

Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State

Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer (1962)(1962)

Stanley Schachter 1922 - 1997

Schachter and Singer (1962) Schachter and Singer (1962)

The Question...The Question... How do we recognise the emotions we How do we recognise the emotions we

feel?feel?

Cognitive labelling of emotional statesCognitive labelling of emotional states

Some background….Some background….

If we see a bull charging towards usIf we see a bull charging towards us

Do we run because we are scaredDo we run because we are scared oror Are we scared because we run?Are we scared because we run?

Some background….Some background….

How do we know which emotion we are How do we know which emotion we are feeling?feeling?

Write down FIVE different emotionsWrite down FIVE different emotions

The James-Lange theory The James-Lange theory

That emotions are ‘read out of’ the That emotions are ‘read out of’ the physiological signsphysiological signs

heart rate, blood pressure, sweat, heart rate, blood pressure, sweat, breathing. etcbreathing. etc

but that would mean a different but that would mean a different physiological state for each emotionphysiological state for each emotion

The Cannon-Bard theoryThe Cannon-Bard theory

We see the charging bullWe see the charging bull and thenand then (a) Physiological changes occur (a) Physiological changes occur (b) We cognitively recognise fear(b) We cognitively recognise fear

independent processes with no direct link independent processes with no direct link between them between them

but with a common triggerbut with a common trigger

Schachter and SingerSchachter and Singer

James was wrong - there are not James was wrong - there are not enough physiological statesenough physiological states

Cannon Bard wrong - ANS arousal and Cannon Bard wrong - ANS arousal and emotional states are linkedemotional states are linked


Testing the theory that Testing the theory that a stimulus causes the physiological a stimulus causes the physiological

arousalarousal (the charging bull)(the charging bull) and then that …..and then that ….. We look around for cues to tell us what We look around for cues to tell us what

the emotion is?the emotion is?


What they did?What they did? The cognitive labelling theory of emotionThe cognitive labelling theory of emotion The participantsThe participants 184 male students of psychology184 male students of psychology (American)(American) rewarded by two extra points on their rewarded by two extra points on their

final exam for every hour they took partfinal exam for every hour they took part


ProcedureProcedure Ps were told that the experiment was Ps were told that the experiment was

testing how a vitamin compound called testing how a vitamin compound called SUPROXIN affects visionSUPROXIN affects vision

That they were to be injected with this That they were to be injected with this VITAMIN but that any who objected could VITAMIN but that any who objected could withdraw.. Some didwithdraw.. Some did


All told they were receiving a All told they were receiving a SUPROXIN injectionSUPROXIN injection

Group 1 - given an injection of Group 1 - given an injection of adrenaline - which causes increased adrenaline - which causes increased heart rate, blood pressure and flushingheart rate, blood pressure and flushing

Group 2 given a placebo - an injection Group 2 given a placebo - an injection of saline which causes no effectof saline which causes no effect


ADRENALINE group divided into three ADRENALINE group divided into three groupsgroups

INFORMED - told of the side effects of INFORMED - told of the side effects of adrenalineadrenaline

IGNORANT - told nothingIGNORANT - told nothing MISINFORMED - told they might MISINFORMED - told they might

experience head ache, numbness in experience head ache, numbness in their feettheir feet


Placebo group told nothingPlacebo group told nothing

So the scene is set for the So the scene is set for the physiological arousal of some physiological arousal of some participantsparticipants


How did Schachter and Singer produce the How did Schachter and Singer produce the emotional state?emotional state?

In order to create the emotional In order to create the emotional cues the participants were placed cues the participants were placed into two further groupsinto two further groups

Another IVAnother IV Euphoria or Anger conditionEuphoria or Anger condition


Each participant taken and introduced to Each participant taken and introduced to another participant (a stooge)another participant (a stooge)

Euphoria - the stooge engaged in manic Euphoria - the stooge engaged in manic activities aimed to create a sense of activities aimed to create a sense of euphoria - threw balls at waste paper euphoria - threw balls at waste paper basket, flew paper planes, twirled a hula basket, flew paper planes, twirled a hula hoop and other such hilarious gameshoop and other such hilarious games


Each participant taken and introduced to Each participant taken and introduced to another participant (a stooge)another participant (a stooge)

Anger - both participant and stooge given Anger - both participant and stooge given long questionnairelong questionnaire

VERY personal and insulting questions - VERY personal and insulting questions - the stooge ‘pretended’ to get VERY angrythe stooge ‘pretended’ to get VERY angry

Finally - ripped up his questionnaire and Finally - ripped up his questionnaire and stamped outstamped out


NOTENOTE Ps in the misinformed condition were Ps in the misinformed condition were

only exposed to the euphoric stooge - only exposed to the euphoric stooge -

S & S thought this would be enough to S & S thought this would be enough to evaluate their ‘state’ evaluate their ‘state’


SUMMARY of CONDITIONSSUMMARY of CONDITIONS

• informedinformed ignorantignorant misinformedmisinformed

placeboplacebo E/AE/A adrenalin adrenalin E/AE/A E/AE/A EE

Anger - Scoring of subject's behaviour

Subjects behaviour

Example Score

Agrees 'I don't like that kind of personal question either +2

Disagrees 'Take it easy, they probably have a good reason for wanting the information'

-2

Neutral Non-committal or irrelevant response 0

Initiates agreement

'Boy, I hate this kind of thing' +2

Initiates disagreement

'I'm enjoying this' -2

Watches 0

Ignores -1

Self-report of emotional state in the euphoria conditions

Condition Number of Subjects Average Self- report scales

Adrenalin Informed 25 0.98

Adrenaline Ignorant 25 1.78

Adrenaline Misinformed 25 1.90

Placebo (Saline) 26 1.61

Behavioural indications of emotional state in the euphoria conditions

Condition Activity index

Adrenaline Informed 12.72

Adrenaline Ignorant 18.28

Adrenaline Misinformed 22.56

Placebo 16.00

Behavioural indications of emotional state in the anger conditions

Condition Number of Subjects Anger Units

Adrenaline Informed 22 -0.18

Adrenaline Ignorant 23 +2.29

Placebo 22 +0.79


THE RESULTSTHE RESULTS 2 ways of measuring the emotional 2 ways of measuring the emotional

states?states? 1st DV1st DV Ps behaviour observed through a one way Ps behaviour observed through a one way

mirror - two experimenters recorded how the mirror - two experimenters recorded how the Ps behaved in response - did they join in, or Ps behaved in response - did they join in, or ignore - (Activity index)ignore - (Activity index)


THE RESULTSTHE RESULTS 2 ways of measuring the emotional 2 ways of measuring the emotional

states?states? 2nd DV2nd DV Self report scales - Ps told that mood could Self report scales - Ps told that mood could

affect vision, asked to self report ‘emotions’affect vision, asked to self report ‘emotions’


THE RESULTTHE RESULT 2nd DV2nd DV critical questions - critical questions - How irritated or angry do you feel nowHow irritated or angry do you feel now How good or happy are you at presentHow good or happy are you at present measured on a FIVE point scalemeasured on a FIVE point scale 0 = not at all angry0 = not at all angry 4 = I feel extremely angry4 = I feel extremely angry


THE RESULTSTHE RESULTS also askedalso asked Did you feel any palpitations, own heart beatDid you feel any palpitations, own heart beat

the misinformed groupthe misinformed group Did you feel any numbnessDid you feel any numbness

(also rated on 5 point scale)(also rated on 5 point scale)


THE DEBRIEFINGTHE DEBRIEFING

Participants were told the true purpose Participants were told the true purpose of the experimentof the experiment

asked if they had any suspicions about asked if they had any suspicions about the experimental proceduresthe experimental procedures


RESULTSRESULTS Ps in the ADRENALIN condition Ps in the ADRENALIN condition

showed more sympathetic arousal than showed more sympathetic arousal than those in the placebo conditionthose in the placebo condition

Ps in the ignorant or misinformed Ps in the ignorant or misinformed groups rated their euphoria higher than groups rated their euphoria higher than in the informed conditionin the informed condition


RESULTSRESULTS Ps in the ignorant or misinformed Ps in the ignorant or misinformed

groups rated their euphoria higher than groups rated their euphoria higher than in the informed conditionin the informed condition

supports the hypothesis as they had no supports the hypothesis as they had no other explanation for their physiological other explanation for their physiological response (to the adrenalin )response (to the adrenalin )


RESULTSRESULTS Misinformed behaved more euphorically Misinformed behaved more euphorically

than did the ignorantthan did the ignorant

Ignorant behaved more euphorically Ignorant behaved more euphorically than the informedthan the informed mismis ig ig inf inf

22.5622.56 18.2818.28 12.7812.78


RESULTSRESULTS ANGER - there was less difference ANGER - there was less difference

between the groupsbetween the groups

but they might have been reluctant to but they might have been reluctant to show anger as they may have feared show anger as they may have feared losing their exam points!losing their exam points!


RESULTSRESULTS the results of the placebo group were the results of the placebo group were

ambiguousambiguous


CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

people label their emotional state people label their emotional state according to available cognitionsaccording to available cognitions

If there is NO physiological arousal, If there is NO physiological arousal, cognitive cues to emotion have no effectcognitive cues to emotion have no effect


SUMMARYSUMMARY Schachter and Singer conclude thatSchachter and Singer conclude that

First we feel the physiological stateFirst we feel the physiological state Then we look around for a clue to tell Then we look around for a clue to tell

us what we are feeling.us what we are feeling.

EVALUATION & CriticismEVALUATION & Criticism

Another REDUCTIONIST explanation Another REDUCTIONIST explanation for emotionfor emotion

BUTBUT You should read up the You should read up the Dutton and Aron study Dutton and Aron study Falling in love on a suspension bridgeFalling in love on a suspension bridge


ETHICS?ETHICS?

How can this be criticised?How can this be criticised?


METHODOLOGY?METHODOLOGY?

LAB ExperimentLAB Experiment What are the disadvantages?What are the disadvantages? What are the advantages?What are the advantages?


How many groups?How many groups?

What were the IVs?What were the IVs?

How were the DVs measured?How were the DVs measured?


This experiment has never This experiment has never been replicatedbeen replicated

The results may not be reliableThe results may not be reliable

THE ENDTHE END

AS level Psychology The Core studies. Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional...

Documents

Transcript of AS level Psychology The Core studies. Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional...