2012 Edwards Schachter M Workshop Sinergiak SI
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Transcript of 2012 Edwards Schachter M Workshop Sinergiak SI
SOCIAL INNOVATION:
Theoretical and methodological
approach
Mónica Edwards-Schachter, Phd - [email protected]
INGENIO (CSIC-UPV)
DIMENSIONES DE LA INNOVACION SOCIAL Workshop del equipo de investigación PRACTIS 2 (CSIC-CCHS)
Madrid, 16-17 de febrero de 2012
Social Innovation (SI) as research topic
Exploring theoretical perspectives and definitions of SI
How is SI defined/interpreted by different disciplines?
Research question: What SI is?
Methodological approach 1: Content Analysis and discourses on SI
Methodological approach 2 (Annex) - Bibliometric analysis
2
Plan
3
4
Outstanding paradigm?
In Kuhnian sense, a new accepted scientific
realisation/’construction’ which explains a particular
phenomenon
New disciplinar field?
‘New nature’ of innovation
(and more innovation measurement problems)?
What SI is?
INNOVACIÓN
SI
SI SI
SI
SI
SI DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
SI?
6
Hidden INNOVATION
INNOVACIÓN
Non-technological and technological
innovation: strange bedfellows?
Aproximaciones?
8
The SOCIAL
side of
technological
innovation
The
TECHNOLOGICAL
side of Social
Innovation
≠
SOCIAL IMPACT
OF
TECHNOLOGICAL
& NON-
TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATION
≠ DIFFUSION OF
INNOVATION
(TECHNOLOGICAL
& NON-
TECHNOLOGICAL)
Social
Innovation?
10
Are all technologies social?
11
Economy of solidarity already generated a million jobs in
the country
Télam. National News Agency of Argentina. Nov. 14, 2011.
Co-ops, mutual associations, producer associations; that
heterogeneous group of economic entities formed by the union of
people more than by the contribution of capital and which is normally
labeled social economy, has created over a million jobs in Argentina.
[…] social economy currently produces 10% of the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
SI: beyond buzz words (evidences …)
without INNOVATION?
12
Year Organization
1986 Centre de Recherché sur les Innovations Socials (CRISES), Canada
1990 Zentrum für Soziale Innovation (ZSI), Austria
2000 Center for Social Innovation de Stanford, US
2000 Instituto de Innovacion Social de ESADE, Spain
2004 ‘Centre for Social Innovation’, social enterprise, Toronto, Canada
2005 The ‘Young Foundation‘, London , UK
2005 ‘Social Innovation Japan’, NGO, Tokyo
2006 ‘Netherlands Centre for Social Innovation’, Rotterdam
2006 ‘New Zealand Social Innovation Investment Group’ (key group of
philanthropists, grant-givers, and community leaders), and ‘New
Zealand Centre for Social Innovation’ (Foundation), Auckland
Emergence of SI research organizations and initiatives
13
Year Organization
2007 ’Social Innovation Generation’ (SiG), Kitchener/Ont., Canada;
2008 ‘Business Panel on future EU innovation policy’, focused on SI
2009 President Obama announces the setting up of an ‘Office of Social
Innovation’ in the White House
2009 ‘Australian Centre for Social Innovation’, state-financed, Adelaide
2010 ‘Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship Research Centre’ at the
Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand
2010 Waterloo Institute for Social Innovation and Resilience (WISIR), Canada
2010 Empowering people, driving change: Social innovation in the European
Union’; a report written by Agnès Hubert et al. from the Bureau of
European Policy Advisers (BEPA)
2011 Vienna Declaration (draft), Challenge Social Innovation Conference,
September 2011.
Emergence of SI research organizations and initiatives
14
‘A new nature of innovation is emerging. In order
to formulate appropriate innovation
policy encompassing a new nature of innovation,
it is important to understand how the nature of
innovation is changing’
OECD Report (2009). ‘New Nature of Innovation’
http://www.newnatureofinnovation.org/full_report.pdf
15
‘Innovation is no longer mainly about science
and technology.
Firms can innovate in other ways.
Co-creation, user involvement, environmental and
societal challenges increasingly drive innovation today.
Collaborative, global networking and new public
private partnerships are becoming crucial elements in
companies’ innovation process’
OECD Report (2009). ‘New Nature of Innovation’
16
But …
The term has overlapping meanings
SI concept is often used interchangeably with a number
of different topics including
innovation activities in the non-profit sector,
social entrepreneurship,
social economy and social enterprise,
Corporate Social Responsibility … etc.
(Moulaert et al, 2005; Mulgan et al., 2007; Rodríguez & Alvarado,
2008; Andrew & Klein, 2010; Howaldt & Shwartz, 2010).
17
B. Lévesque F. Moulaert
J. Howaldt
J. Hochgerner G. Mulgan
A. Hubert
A. Rodríguez & Alvarado
D. Harrison
J. Echeverría
S. Conger
SOCIAL
innovation
A. Gurrutxaga
18 18
Within or outside of the innovation studies field?
Opportunity for developing an integral theory (or
theoretical framework) of socio-technical
innovation?
SI as research topic
Google scholar search.‘innovation’ about 2.280.000 (0.17 s)
Google scholar ‘social & innovation’ about 18.000 (0.23 s)
19
SI as research topic:
Within or outside the innovation studies field?
The introduction of the social to innovation –and viceversa, as well as
of innovation to the social– has been considered from multiple
research perspectives, embracing social science and economic
literatures, as well as in the socio-political practice
Brooks (1982) has analyzed the social dimensions of invention and
innovation. When distinguishing between "pure social inventions and
innovations, socio-technical system innovations, and pure technical
innovations" he cautions that "there are no entirely pure types"
20
Sociology
Social inventions as
sources of social change
(Weber, 1920, William F.
Ogburn, 1922; Chapin,
1928; Chambon et al.,
1982)
Economics (& sociology?)
Schumpeter
Social entrepreneurship
The social market?
What the market is?
(Gault, Globelics, 2011,
Where indicators are going?)
21
But …
“Schumpeter underscores the necessity of social
innovation occurring in tandem in both the
economic arena as well as in culture, politics and a
society's way of life in order to guarantee the
economic efficacy of technical innovations”
(Howaldt & Schwarz , 2010: p. 9) .
The presence of SI in innovation research
literature is still scarce and marginal …
22
Definition Author
‘practices more or least directly allow to an individual
-or a group- of taking in charge of a social need –or a set
of social needs – which are not satisfied’
Chambon et
al.(1982, p. 8)
‘concern conceptual, process or product change organizational
change and changes in financing, and can deal with new
relationships with stakeholders and territories’
OECD LEED
Forum on social
innovation (2000)
By SI, we mean new organizational and institutional forms, new
ways of doing things, new social practices, new mechanisms, new
approaches and new concepts that give rise to concrete
achievements and improvements
CRISES (2004)
“SI is the development and application of new or improved
activities, initiatives, services, processes, or products designed
to address social and economic challenges faced by individuals
and communities”.
Goldenberg
(2004, p.1)
23
Definition Author
“refers to new forms of social relations, including institutional and
organizational innovations, new forms of production and
consumption, and new relationships between economic and social
development”.
Neamtan and
Downing
(2005, p. 12)
‘refers to innovative activities and services that are
motivated by the goal of meeting a social need and
that are predominantly diffused through organizations whose
primary purposes are social’
Mulgan
(2006b, p. 8)
‘social innovations are changes in the cultural, normative or
regulative structures of the society which enhance its collective
power resources and improve its economic and social performance’
Heiscala
(2007, p. 59)
‘Social innovations are new concepts and measures for
solving social challenges that are accepted and utilized by
social groups affected’
ZSI (2008, p. 2)
24
‘innovations that are social in both their ends and their means.
Specifically, we define SIs as new ideas (products, services and
models) that simultaneously meet social needs (more effectively
than alternatives) and create new social relationships or
collaborations. They are innovations that are not only good for
society but also enhance society’s capacity to act’
Hubbert (2010)
‘social innovation can be broadly described as the development of
new concepts, strategies and tools that support groups in achieving
the objective of improved well-being’
Dawson and
Daniel
(2010, p. 10)
‘innovations that are social both in their ends and in their
means’. Specifically, social innovations are defined as new ideas
(products, services and models) that simultaneously meet social
needs and create new social relationships or collaborations. In other
words, they are innovations that are both good for society and
enhance society’s capacity to act"
Murray et al.
(2010, p. 3)
25
SI: An approach for a new nature (and new
measurement problems) of innovation ?
A recent report of The Young Foundation (2010, p. 10) identifies
four drivers of future innovation:
1) Co-creating value with customers and tapping
knowledge about users;
2) Global knowledge sourcing and collaborative networks;
3) Global challenges as a driver of innovation;
4) Public sector challenges as a driver of innovation
26
• detection of social needs (opposite to detection of non-socially
relevant needs )
• principal social aims of improvement well-being, particularly of
disfavored and marginalized populations and with purposes to
obtain both profit and non-profit benefits, including social value
generation and quality of life improvement (justice)
• model of ‘placed-based innovation’ –contextualized and path-
dependent- for the innovation activities
• active role of the users/people and creation of new social
relationships and co-generation of innovation products,
processes, social practices and norms in socio-cultural contexts
• civic active participation/collaboration in decision-making
and local governance processes
What SI is?
Re-orienting the user-producer interaction concept
• the kind of interactive learning that interconnects users and
producers in processes aiming at new products may have a
major impact on economic performance of the economy
(Lundvall, 2005. Interactive learning, social capital and
economic performance)
27
Only market?
The ‘social’ market?
Or the ‘previous’
question: What market
is?
28
In particular SI should aim at identifying and delivering new services
that improve the QL of individuals and communities by addressing:
• Social demands that are traditionally not addressed by the
market or existing institutions and are directed towards
vulnerable groups in society.
• Societal challenges in which the boundary between ‘social’ and
‘economic’ blurs, and which are directed towards society as a
whole.
• The need to reform society in the direction of a more
participative arena where empowerment and learning are
sources and outcomes of well-being (Hubert, 2010).
SI and Quality of Life
29
Example: Cvida Case-study http://www.cvida.com
http://es-es.facebook.com/CvidaVilareal
CVida Vilareal is an
association of multiple actors
in the city of Vilareal
(Castellon, Spain) .
Goals
• The improvement of
people’s quality of life and
the creation of employment.
• The city as a local social
innovation space.
ITC SYSTEM
PEOPLE NEEDS
LOCAL RESOURCES
PEO
PLE
LOCAL COMPANIES AND AUTHORITIES
Quality of life
•Innovation opportunities•Improvement opportunities•Governance support
30
The Association for Quality of Life Care (CVida) was founded in
2006 with the support of Valencian Government with the following
purposes:
• The design and implementation of local programmes for
improving local economic (sustainable) development and
people quality of life
• The organization of activities using a Living Lab
methodology under the concept of the city + people as a ‘SI
space’
• The empowerment of citizen participation and decision-
making in local governance
• The improvement professional development, generation of
employment opportunities and social entrepreneurship,
focusing in the interrelationship between users and
producers and adopting quality and socially responsible
business practices
CONCLUSIONS & FINAL COMMENTS
Social Innovation is a multi-faceted concept which can be
placed at the intersection of spontaneous and rationally
organized movements at the micro, meso or macro levels of
society (bottom-up) … and which is contributing to change of
social practices and the building of innovation systems
Further research on SI will be important in order to increase our
understanding of the concept and theoretical interrelationships
between technological, non-technological and social
innovation (and the development of appropriate measurement
methodologies and instruments).
Part of innovation studies … or a new discipline?
32
Characteristics of SI
Aims & Focus
global challenges as driver (and search of opportunities) of innovation
social profit & value generation …… vs ‘only’ profits (market)
attention to ‘real needs ….. Vs satisfactors generation
SOCIETY VERSUS MARKET?
‘SOCIAL’ MARKET?
Process
Co-creating innovation (and value) with customers and tapping
knowledge about users;
Global knowledge sourcing and collaborative networks;
Public sector challenges as a driver of innovation
FINAL COMMENTS …
In Cvida initiative, our principal purpose is to explore the
transformational potential of mechanisms of the process of
collective action and urban governance practices, promoting
both the intentional cross-sector fertilization and a system-
building or “scaffolding” endeavour that accomplishes the
mechanisms of social innovation.
We are also exploring the development of indicators,
considering in-puts, process and out-puts ...
34
Source: Moulaert et al. (2005)
35
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Business
Computer Science, Information Systems
Economics
Education & Educational Research
Environmental Studies
Information Science & Library Science
Management
Operations Research & Management Science
Planning & Development
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Business
Computer Science, Information Systems
Economics
Education & Educational Research
Environmental Studies
Information Science & Library Science
Management
Operations Research & Management Science
Planning & Development
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80 Business
Computer Science, Information Systems
Economics
Education & Educational Research
Environmental Studies
Information Science & Library Science
Management
Operations Research & Management Science
Planning & Development
Evolution of publications with topics ‘social’ and ‘innovation’
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Business
Computer Science, Information Systems
Economics
Management
Operations Research & Management Science
Planning & Development
Sociology
39
WC f %
Management 1889 12%
Business 1216 8%
Economics 809 5%
Operations Research & Management Science 546 4%
Planning & Development 518 3%
Computer Science, Information Systems 483 3%
Sociology 482 3%
Environmental Studies 415 3%
Information Science & Library Science 403 3%
Education & Educational Research 389 3%
Engineering, Industrial 342 2%
Geography 321 2%
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health 261 2%
Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary 255 2%
Environmental Sciences 252 2%
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications 217 1%
Computer Science, Theory & Methods 209 1%
Public Administration 201 1%
Political Science 193 1%
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic 187 1%
Social Work 175 1%
Urban Studies 170 1%
40
41
ANDREW, C. and KLEIN, J. L. (2010). Social Innovation: What is it and why
is it important to understand it better. ET10003. Ontario Ministry of Research
and Innovation. Toronto. Cahiers du Centre de recherche sur les innovations
sociales (CRISBROOKS, H. (1982). ES). Collection Études théoriques, no
ET1003.
BROOKS, H. (1982). Social and technological innovation. In Lundstedt, Sven
B. and Colglazier, E. William, Jr. (Eds.), Managing innovation. Elmsford, NY:
Pergamon Press, 9-10.
EUROPEAN UNION/THE YOUNG FOUNDATION. (YF) (2010). Study on
social innovation. Report prepared by the Social Innovation eXchange
(SIX) and the Young Foundation for the Bureau of European Policy Advisors.
HOCHGERNER, j. (2011). The Analysis of Social Innovations as Social
Practice. Published in Zentrum für Soziale Innovation (ed.). 2011. Pendeln
zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis. ZSI-Beiträge zu sozialen Innovationen.
Vienna and Berlin: LIT. 173-189.
HOWALDT, J. and SCHWARTZ, M. (2010). Social innovation: concepts,
research fields and international trends. Report of ESF, EU and Aachen
University. Dortmund, May 2010.
HUBERT, A. (2010). Empowering people, driving change: Social innovation in
the European Union.
http://ec.europa.eu/bepa/pdf/publications_pdf/social_innovation.pdf
References
42
KUHN, T. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University
MACCALLUM, D.; MOULAERT, F.; HILLIER, J. an VICARI HADDOCK, S.
(2009). Social Innovation and Territorial Development. Ashgate.
MOULAERT, F.; MARTINELLI, F. and SWYNGEDOUW, E. (Eds.). (2005).
Social innovation in the governance of urban communities: a multidisciplinary
perspective. Urban Studies Vol. 42(11).
MULGAN, G.; TUCKER, S.; RUSHANARA, A. and SANDERS, B. (2007).
Social Innovation: What it is, Why it matters and How it can be accelerated.
Oxford: Said Business School.
MULGAN, G. (2006). The Process of Social Innovation, Innovations, pp. 145-
162.
MURRAY, R.; MULGAN, G. and CAULIER-GRICE, J. (2009). How to
innovate: The tools for Social Innovation. NESTA and the Young Foundation.
PHILLS JR., J. A., DEIGLMEIER, K., and MILLER, D. T. (2008).
Rediscovering social innovation. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Vol. 6(4):
34-44. RODRÍGUEZ HERRERA, A. and ALVARADO UGARTE, H.
RODRÍGUEZ HERRERA, A. and ALVARADO UGARTE, H. (2008). Claves de
la innovación social en América Latina y el Caribe. CEPAL: Santiago de Chile
References
www.ingenio.upv.es
INGENIO (CSIC-UPV)
INSTITUTE OF INNOVATION DE GESTIÓN DE LA INNOVACIÓN Y DEL CONOCIMIENTO
THANKS!!!