Fluid Flow Routine Calculations & Data

Fluid Flow BackgroundFluid FlowThis workbook will serve to present information for the estimating of the pressure drop as well as thefriction loss of fluids flowing through pipe, fittings, and valves.In order to understand and be able to employ the many theories and mathematical equations that are themainstay tools of Fluid Mechanics, it is important to also understand their origin and their limitations as wellas their strengths.The pressure loss suffered by a length of straight pipe is primarily due to the effect of friction generated bythe flowing fluid against the internal pipe wall. In 1883, Osborne Reynolds published his famous paper entitled"An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether motion of water shall be director sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels" (Paper 44). This paper, published in thePhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, proved to be a classic in the literature of the science of fluidmotion and had a profound effect on the development of fluid mechanics in the widest sense. It contained theenunciation of the dimensionless group, the Reynolds Number, which is given:Re = D v r / mwhere,Re =The Reynolds Number, a dimensionless numberD =the internal diameter of the pipe, usually in feetv =the mean fluid velocity in the pipe, usually in ft/secr =the density of the fluid, usually in lb/ft3m =the absolute viscosity of the fluid, usually in lbs mass per foot-secondNote: viscosity is usually measured and given in centipoise (cP) and these are converted as1.0 cP =0.000672lbm/ft-sec =2.4192lbm/ft-hrThis was the turning point in fluid flow. It set in motion all that followed to date. The Reynolds numberbasically defined two fluid flow regions:1.the region of Viscous (or Laminar) Flow; and,2.the region of Turbulent Flow.For engineering purposes, flow in pipes is usually considered to be laminar if the Reynolds number is lessthan 2,000. It is considered turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than 4,000. Between these two basicregions lies the so-called "critical zone" where the flow - varying between laminar and turbulent, or in theprocess of change - is considered unpredicatable.The friction loss of a fluid flowing through a pipe is but a special case of a general law of the resistancebetween a solid and fluid in relative motion. Consider a solid body, of any desired shape, immersed in astream of flowing fluid. Let the length of this body, measured perpendicular to the general direction of flow ofthe fluid, be D, and let the area of contact between the solid and the fluid be A. If the velocity of the fluid pastthe body be small in comparision to the velocity of sound, it has been found experimentally that the resistingforce depends only on the roughness, size, and shape of the solid and on the velocity, density , and viscosityof the fluid. Through the use of Dimensional Analysis as applied to these quantities, it can be shown that:where,F =Total resisting force;v =velocity of fluid past the body;r =fluid densitygC =gravitational constant, lbm-ft/lbf-sec2f =a function whose precise value must be determined, case by caseNote the appearance of the Reynolds Number in this theoretical equation.In the particular case of a fluid flowing through a pipe of length L and with a circular cross-sectional flow area,the total force resisting the flow must equal the product of the area of contact between the fluid and the pipewall and the F/A of the above equation. The pressure drop will equal this product divided by the pipe'scross-sectional area, since pressure is measured in force per unit area. This is expressed as:The pressure loss in pipes due to friction arises from two mechanisms:1)surface friction existing at the point of fluid contact with the parent metal of the pipe;2)turbulent dissipation due to sudden changes in mean fluid velocity.

&LArt Montemayor&RNov 01, 2005Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RFileName: &FWorkSheet: &A

Durco ValvesDURCO VALVESValve size, inStandard SLEEVELINE modelV-Port SLEEVELINE modelStandard T-LINE modelV-Port T-LINE modelBIG MAX Butterfly modelCHEMICAL Service Butterfly modelMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvKMax. CvK1/25.61.78173/412.01.96441.048.80.375427.21.208433.90.777923.31.64671 1/283.50.649131.34.619795.40.497339.62.88612.0153.40.607953.84.9419199.00.361243.87.45613.0322.00.6984121.04.9460343.00.615566.316.4739210.01.6420172.02.44774.0555.00.7430190.06.3397813.00.3463415.01.3289300.02.54296.0955.01.2704400.07.24141,105.00.94891,115.00.9320670.02.58108.01,410.01.84191,424.01.80582,020.00.89741,190.02.585910.02,130.01.97053,230.00.85691,830.02.669512.04,825.00.79632,650.02.639814.03,430.02.91926,800.00.74273,690.02.522316.07,000.01.19578,800.00.75664,842.02.499018.011,500.00.70966,129.02.498320.014,000.00.72987,566.02.498824.020,500.00.705810,895.02.4988

&LArt Montemayor &CValve Resistance to Flow&RNovember 24, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ADurco SLEEVELINE non-lubricated plug valves are used as block valves and as 3-way directional valves. One style of the straightway model, V-PORT, has a triangular-shaped port that offers better control valve characteristics. The sleeve used is made of PTFE for positive shut-off, self-lubrication and extended service life.

Another model is the T-LINE, which has the plug and all other wetted internal parts sleeved with PTFE as well as the plug proper itself.

The Chemical service butterfly control valve is 100% PTFE-sleeved on all internal wetted parts.

Jamesbury ValvesJAMESBURY Valves ---- Cv valuesMODELVALVE SIZE, in inches1/43/81/23/411 1/41 1/223468101214161820CLINCHER, Type 2000; screwed111616374949100115Style A DOUBLE-SEAL; screwed8.38.38.314355594115350Series 4000, REDUCED PORT1333444695111Series 4000, FULL PORT; Le in ft0.130.190.240.270.31Type 5150 & 530S; flanged91945125165350690Floating Ball; flanged76518903900Trunnion model; flanged189039006700510081001100016000Typr 6150 & 6300; Full Port50100270Floating Ball; Full Port50013302560560010000Trunnion Model; Full Port100001640023800270003700047000600003-Way Flanged Ball Valve5015527044088015002300FIRE-TITE ButterflySeries F815W & F815L165400950180029004300580080001050014000Series F830W & F830L16540095018002900430052006900930011300

&LArt Montemayor &C&A&RNovember 22, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &AThis valve flow resistance data is taken from the Jamesbury Valve Catalog.Art Montemayor

Orbit ValvesORBIT Valves --- Cv valuesMODELSIZE, in inches11.523468101214161820ANSI, 150# flangeRegular Port; flanged1532005727622,0904,5377,51313,11910,12921,21715,167Full Port; flanged491234391,0182,0804,8656,90511,10617,14830,55641,551ANSI, 300# flangeRegular Port; flanged1602436107601,5604,5137,51313,11910,12921,21715,167Full Port; flanged491234079202,0804,8656,77811,10617,14830,55641,551ANSI, 1500# flangeRegular Port; flanged2055059212,0813,9865,91211,185Full Port; flanged312676761,3592,9517,30111,60317,030

&LArt Montemayor &CValve Flow Resistance&RNovember 24, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ASource: Orbit Valve CatalogFor each Orbit valve there is a flow coefficient Cv. This is defined as the flow in gallons per minute of water at 60 oF with a pressure drop of 1 psi across the valve. By using the following simplified formulas, the pressure drop for a given set of flow conditions may be calculated:

FOR LIQUIDS: Dp = G(Q/Cv)2 FOR GASES: Dp = 541 x 10-9 (Q/Cv)2(GT/P)

Where, Dp = PSI drop across valve Dp = PSI drop across valve G = Specific gravity of liquid (water=1) G = Specific gravity (Air @ 14.7 psi & 60 oF = 1.0) Q = Flow in gpm T = Absolute temperature, oR Cv = Valve coefficient P = Line pressure, psia Q = Flow in SCFH (@ 14.7 psi & 60 oF) Cv = Valve coefficient

Vogt ValvesVOGT Valves --- Cv values (Reference: VOGT Catalog F-12, 1980)Nominal Valve Size inchesCompact GateFull Port GateCompact GlobeFull Port GlobeMeter GlobeNeedle Point GlobeCompact CheckFull Port checkCompact Swing CheckFull Port Swing CheckH. & V. CheckFull Port AngleMeter AngleNeedle Point Angle12443 Flow Control15443 Flow ControlStrainersY" PatternSch 40 Pipe I.D. InchesK for conventional strainerK for "Y" Pattern strainer1/42.62.61.31.50.60.81.31.51.81.01.23/83.93.92.02.91.40.81.92.93.32.11.22.50.4938.41/29.39.32.83.61.80.82.73.69.07.65.95.22.71.21.51.54.06.00.6228.43.73/49.528.73.26.73.51.03.26.78.813.410.39.15.21.52.42.46.514.00.8249.82.117.546.56.811.95.81.56.711.916.021.716.714.78.72.34.54.514.014.01.0495.55.51 1/480.580.515.220.37.63.514.820.337.528.925.55.223.01.3806.11 1/283.6109.619.626.113.25.519.226.140.051.139.234.78.29.712.232.040.01.6105.93.8296.7181.027.043.421.55.526.643.465.084.264.757.18.214.619.652.040.02.0676.010.22 1/2165.0258.057.657.681.53247.0398.089.089.04410.0685.0153.3153.3PIPE FITTINGSK45o Elbow0.42Standard Elbow0.90Long Sweep Elbow0.60Medium Sweep Elbow0.75Close Return Elbow2.20Tee-Straight Flow0.60Tee-Side Outlet Flow1.80TYPICAL PIPE-TANK RESISTANCESEntrance Loss: From Tank to PipeIllustrationKType of ResistanceFlush Connection0.50Projecting Pipe0.78Slightly Rounded0.23Well Rounded0.04Exit Loss: From Pipe to TankAny of the above, reversed1.00SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") CONTRACTIONd1/d20.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9K0.460.450.420.400.360.280.190.100.04SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") EXPANSIONd1/d20.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9K0.980.920.830.710.560.410.280.130.04

&LArt Montemayor &CValve & FittingsResistance to Flow&RNovember 24, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR VOGT VALVES & STRAINERS(FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)d1d2d1d2

KTM Ball Valves KTM Ball Valves --- Cv valuesValve Size inchesFull Bore Ball CvReduced Bore Ball CvPercent Reduction in Flow by using reduced bore1/2263/450101.51943061 1/22604010248050152 1/2750602231,30042067.697032.542,30077066.52805065,4001,80066.679075810,0002,50075.001016,0004,50071.881224,0008,00066.671431,40012,00061.781643,00014,00067.441857,00018,00068.422073,00022,00069.86

&LArt Montemayor&CBall Valve Flow Resistance&RDecember 1, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KTM BALL VALVES (FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)KTM Ball Valves have inherent equal percentage flow characteristics and are ideally suited for control applications over the widest possible range of flow.

Equal percentage flow characteristics, in simple terms, means that a given percentage change in the valve opening will produce the same percentage change in flow.

KTM Ball Valves

&APage &P% of Ball Opening% of Maximum CvKTM Ball Valves Cv Values

Kitz ValvesKITZ Valves --- Cv valuesNominal Valve Size inchesGateGlobeSwing CheckTrunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 150Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 150Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 300Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 300Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 600Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 600Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 900Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 900Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 1500Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 1500Trunnion Ball Reduced Bore ANSI CLASS 2500Trunnion Ball Full Bore ANSI CLASS 25002.0230447525004604003303303003.05301051751801,3501951,1501801,0501879351878301507404.09301803205452,5005352,2005501,8505101,7605101,6604101,4606.02,3804467407905,3007655,2907454,4607404,4057404,1005902,6008.04,1801,3501,94510,5001,9459,6002,2208,7302,0358,4751,9308,0101,4005,37010.06,8402,2004,05017,5004,04016,7504,06514,2504,05014,2053,86013,3103,0508,63012.09,6903,6006,90026,3007,10025,5007,05022,5507,02521,4306,67017,0705,35012,50014.013,0005,20013,10031,85013,20030,05013,35028,40013,30026,80012,63024,27516.017,3807,00014,60043,30014,58041,70014,30038,15014,20036,70013,49033,21518.022,8008,50019,75057,30019,80055,37020,35050,95019,75048,70018,76043,40020.028,5009,80027,75074,50028,05072,30028,30065,60027,30062,50020,47055,93024.041,80011,60027,100112,30027,130109,15027,25098,15026,90094,05025,50084,02530.068,00039,700179,30039,800171,20040,750158,90036.096,00063,100258,30063,100243,05068,950226,300Cv VALUES FOR KITZ LOW-COST, ONE-PIECE, THREADED, CLASS 600, REDUCED BORE BALL VALVES ARE:Size, in.0.250.3750.50.7511.251.52Cv1.02.55.510.015.020.037.060.0

&LArt Montemayor &CValve Flow Resistance&RDecember 3, 1997Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KITZ VALVES (FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)From Zidell Valve Corp.-Stafford, TX & KITZ catalog No. 510-E

Marlin Check ValvesMarlin Style M High Performance Dual Disc Check ValvesSource: Marlin Catalog # MC - 196Valve Size, In.Liquid Cv Value254.32.582.13139.34271.35482.5672581509102640124075145303167340189940201296024205003037200365900042920004812600054186000602170006628000072325000

&LArt Montemayor&CMarlin/Crane Check Valves&RFeb 16, 1999Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A

Marlin Check Valves

Nominal Valve Size, InchesCv Value for LiquidMarlin Check Valvesy = -0.022x4 + 3.146x3 - 58.707x2 +811.740x - 2073R2 = 0.9989

Velan ValvesCv FOR VELAN VALVESSize InchesGate Valve Reduced PortGate Valve Full PortGlobe Valves St'd DesignGlobe Valves Bellows SealGlobe Valves Y - PatternSwing Check ValvesPiston Check Valves (Inclined)Piston Check Valves (Vertical)Ball Valves Split Body SB-150/300/600Ball Valves Top-Entry Body SB-150/300/600Ball Valves Unibody UB-150/300150-800900-1500150-1500150-800900-1500150-8001500-25001500-26804500150-800600-2680150-800900-1500Reduced PortFull PortReduced PortFull PortReduced Port Only1/271414332.557497221282693/4141422443.5787108345013.575151303034686912922126910034103381-1/210010011014191234252355251421250652061252160160200332928386047826025251304301043221652-1/272032501,02020076025045402,00072054067705,50081,9009,800103,90016,400126,70023,800145,20027,500168,05036,0001812,50046,0002015,50057,0002427,00075,000

02/16/99 As per Carlos Davila, Marlin/Crane Valves; Montgomery, TX: The "Cracking Pressure" required for Marlin Valves with standard springs is 6" WC and for valves with special, low torque it is 3.5" WC.Note: These are very low pressure drop, wafer type of valves that require little "cracking" pressure to start to open.&LArt Montemayor&CVelan ValvesCv Flow Coefficients&RJuly 27, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ASources of Flow Coefficient (Cv) values: Velan Catalogs #VEL-SFV-96 & #VEL-BV-97

Fittings' LossesThe values given are equivalent lengths in feet of straight pipe at the referenced diameter sizeTYPE OF FITTINGNOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES1/23/411 1/41 1/222 1/23456810I.D.0.05180.06870.08740.11500.13420.17220.20570.25570.33550.42060.50540.66510.8350L/DGate Valve, 100% open120.350.50.60.81.21.21.41.72.32.83.54.55.7Globe Valve, 100% open34017.022.027.038.044.053.068.080.0120.0140.0170.0220.0280.0Angle Valve, 100% open1458.012.014.018.022.028.033.042.053.070.084.0120.0140.0Standard Elbow301.52.22.73.64.55.26.58.011.014.016.021.026.0Medium Sweep Elbow1.31.82.33.03.64.65.57.09.012.014.018.022.0Long Sweep Elbow1.01.31.72.32.83.54.35.27.09.011.014.017.0Tee (straight run)201.01.31.72.32.83.54.35.27.09.011.014.017.0Tee (branch run)603.24.55.77.59.012.014.016.022.027.033.043.053.0Return Bend503.55.06.08.510.013.015.018.024.030.037.050.063.0Note:The 1-1/4" pipe size is an undesirable size and it is preferable to eliminate it from sizes used in the fieldin order to standardize fittings and eliminate unnecessary spare parts and inventory.The 2-1/2" and 5" pipe sizes are considered "Bastard sizes" and are to be eliminated from cosiderationin the design as well as in the implementation phase of engineering. The fittings, flanges, and the pipingitself are rarely found in stock and are, therefore, costly to find. They are traditionally un-popular sizesand are not cost effective because of this.

&LArt Montemayor &C&AFRICTION LOSS IN STANDARD VALVES AND FITTINGS&RDecember 1, 1997REV 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic File: &FWorkSheet: &ASource of data: Viking Pump Catalog Section 510 - Engineering Data Page 510.12; Issue C; Figure 11

NOTE: It is unclear what is meant by "Standard", "Medium Sweep" & "Long Sweep" Elbows. The pipe fitting industry supplies two basic Elbow geometries:

1) Short Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.0 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions) 2) Long Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.5 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions)

Where, R = Radius of the Elbow curvature (nominal size) D = Nominal diameter of the Elbow (nominal size)

Checking out other fittings' resistance data, it is established that Standard Elbow = Short Radius Elbow Long Sweep Elbow = Long Radius Elbow Medium Sweep Elbow = ? unknown ?

Equiv. Lengths #1Nominal Pipe size, in.Globe Valve or Ball Check ValveAngle valveSwing Check ValvePlug CockGate or Ball Valve45o Ell90o Ell, Long Radius90o Ell, Short RadiusBranch TeeThrough Tee90o Miter ElbowsExpanderReducerSuddenStd ReduSuddenStd ReduEquivalent Length in terms of small diameter2 Miters3 Miters4 Mitersd/D=1/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4d/D=1/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4d/D=1/2d/D=3/4L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =40719299811212172358172821204123629617176621 1/255.026.013.07.01.01.02.03.08.02.0531413211270.033.017.014.02.02.03.04.010.03.07415133112 1/280.040.020.011.02.02.03.05.012.03.08526243223100.050.025.017.02.02.04.06.014.04.010628254224130.065.032.030.03.03.05.07.019.05.0128310365336200.0100.048.070.04.04.08.011.028.08.018124144974418260.0125.064.0120.06.06.09.015.037.09.02516519512955210330.0160.080.0170.07.07.012.018.047.012.031207247151266212400.0190.095.0170.09.09.014.022.055.014.028212037248288181477214450.0210.0105.080.010.010.016.026.062.016.0322422422692016816500.0240.0120.0145.011.011.018.029.072.018.03827244730102418918550.0280.0140.0160.012.012.020.033.082.020.042302853351126201020650.0300.0155.0210.014.014.023.036.090.023.046333260381330231122688.0335.0170.0225.015.015.025.040.0100.025.052363465421432251224750.0370.0185.0254.016.016.027.044.0110.027.056393670461535271330312.021.021.040.055.0140.040.07051443625.025.047.066.0170.047.08460524230.030.055.077.0200.055.09869644835.035.065.088.0220.065.011281725440.040.070.099.0250.070.012690806045.045.080.0110.0260.080.01909992Source:Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers"; C. R. Branan; Gulf Publishing; Page 3

&LArt Montemayor&CEQUIVALENT LENGTH OF VALVES AND FITTINGS IN FEETSource: Rules of Thumb for Chem. Engrs; C.R. Branan; Gulf Publ.; p. 3 &RMarch 11, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A

Equiv. Lengths #2Nominal Pipe Size, InchesSched. NumberPipe's Inside DiameterGlobe ValveAngle ValveGate ValveSwing Check ValvePlug Cock45o Std. Elbow90o Std Elbow90o Long Radius ElbowStandard TeeClose Return Bend90o Welding ElbowThrough-FlowBranch FlowShort RadiusLong RadiusL/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =L/D =InchesFeet340145131351816302020605016121/2400.6220.05217.67.50.677.00.930.81.561.041.043.112.590.830.63/4400.8240.06923.310.00.899.31.241.102.061.371.374.123.431.100.81401.0490.08729.712.71.1411.81.571.402.621.751.755.24.41.41.01 1/2401.6100.13445.619.51.7418.12.422.154.032.682.688.16.72.11.62402.0670.1725925.02.2423.33.102.765.23.453.4510.38.62.82.12 1/2402.4690.2067029.82.6727.83.703.296.24.124.1212.310.33.32.53403.0680.2568737.13.3234.54.604.097.75.15.115.312.84.13.14404.0260.33611448.64.3645.36.05.410.16.76.720.116.85.44.05405.0470.421143615.5577.66.712.68.48.425.221.06.75.06406.0650.505172736.6689.18.115.210.110.130.325.38.16.18407.9810.665226968.69012.010.620.013.313.339.933.3118.0104010.0200.83528412110.911315.013.425.116.716.750.141.81310124011.9380.99512.913417.915.929.819.919.960501612143013.2501.10414.414917.733.122.122.166551813163015.2501.27116.517220.338.125.425.476642015183017.1241.42718.619322.842.828.528.586712317202019.2501.60420.921725.748.132.132.196802619242023.2501.93825.226231.05838.838.8116973123Source:"Compressed Air and Gas Data"; Ingersoll-Rand Company; Charles W. Gibbs, Editor; (1969); page 34-78The L/D values are cited as originating from Crane Co. Technical Paper No. 410 (1957)All valves and cocks are rated as fully openCheck valves require 0.5 psi pressure loss to open fullyWelding elbow data is from Midwest Piping Catalog 61 (1961)Crane Technical Paper No. 410 states:"The ratio L/D is the equivalent length, in pipe diameters of straight pipe, that will cause the same pressure drop as the obstruction under the same flow conditions."The L/D, as defined by Technical Paper No. 410, is the pipe length divided by the pipe's Internal Diameter (ID).

&LArt Montemayor &CEquivalent Length of FittingsSource: Compressed Air & Gas Data; Ingersoll-Rand; 1969; p. 34-78&RMarch 16, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A

Equiv. Lengths #3BASIS:All equivalent lengths are calculated using Crane Tech Paper #410. (1976)Pipe walls typical for 150 ASA carbon steel with 1/8 in. corrosion allow.Bends are based on using screwed or SO fittings < 3 in.; long radius weld elbows for 3 to 24 in; miter elbows for > 24in.Valves (except for Ball type) are based on full port types and swing check valves.Reducers assume a 30o included angle. Equivalent feet of the larger size pipe is indicated.The entrance losses are based on a sharp edge with no inward projection.Ball valves are assumed as Jamesbury Type 5150, ANSI CLASS 150, with reduced ball CvEQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF TYPICAL FITTINGS, IN FEETREDUCEREXPANDERENTRANCE LOSSEXIT LOSSNom. Size, In.BENDSTEESVALVES90o ELL45o ELLLINEARBRANCHGATEGLOBEBALLBUTTERFLYCHECKone sizeone sizeLossLoss1/21.40.70.92.70.415.51.7n/a2.3n/an/a0.81.73/41.91.01.23.70.521.01.9n/a3.10.81.21.22.512.41.31.64.80.627.11.3n/a4.00.81.01.73.51 1/23.82.02.57.51.0421.7n/a6.24.38.12.85.724.82.63.29.71.3555.4n/a8.12.02.64.38.533.42.25.115.32.0879.211.512.811.522.17.314.644.42.96.720.12.71149.715.116.85.47.210.420.766.74.310.1304.017269.622.725.320.436.416.83488.75.613.2395.322448.229.633.011.615.123.5471011.07.116.7506.728435.329.242.012.815.531621213.28.520.0608.0340n/a35.050.010.19.738771414.69.422.1668.8n/an/a39.055.04.92.844881616.810.825.47610.2n/an/a32.064.015.37.3521031819.012.228.88611.5n/an/a36.072.09.06.3601202021.213.6329612.8n/an/a40.080.08.75.5681362425.616.53911615.5n/an/a48.097.023.523.6841673073374914619.5n/an/a61.0122.042.249.51092183688445917623.5n/an/a73.0147.037.537.313627242103526920627.5n/an/a86.0172.035.130.216533148118597823531.3n/an/a98.0196.031.823.319639254132668826535n/an/a110.0221.033.723.023246560148749829539n/an/a123.0246.033.320.5267534

&LArt MontemayorReference: Dobie Pump Spreadsheet Dobie Engineering (1992)&CEQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS&RApril 21, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A

Equiv. Lengths #4EQUIVALENT LENGTH WORKSHEET00000000000000FITTINGS & VALVESQUANTITYSIZEEQ FTFEET0.51.40.70.92.70.415.5n/a2.3n/an/a0.81.71.70.751.911.23.70.521n/a3.10.81.21.22.51.990o ELL12.004.84.8012.41.31.64.80.627.1n/a40.811.73.51.345o ELL12.002.62.601.53.822.57.5142n/a6.24.38.12.85.71.7Through-Flow TEE12.003.23.2024.82.63.29.71.355n/a8.122.64.38.55.4Branch-Flow TEE12.009.79.7033.42.25.115.328711.512.811.522.17.314.69.2GATE VALVE12.001.31.3044.42.96.720.12.711415.116.85.47.210.420.79.7GLOBE VALVE12.0055.055.0066.74.310.130417222.725.320.436.416.83469.6BUTTERFLY VALVE12.00n/a0.0088.75.613.2395.322429.63311.615.123.54748.2BALL VALVE12.005.45.4010117.116.7506.728429.24212.815.5316235.3SWING CHECK VALVE12.008.18.101213.28.520608340355010.19.73877n/aREDUCTION-ONE SIZE12.002.02.001414.69.422.1668.8n/a39554.92.84488n/aEXPANSION-ONE SIZE12.002.62.601616.810.825.47610.2n/a326415.37.352103n/aENTRANCE LOSS12.004.34.30181912.228.88611.5n/a367296.360120n/aEXIT LOSS12.008.58.502021.213.6329612.8n/a40808.75.568136n/aOTHER12.000.00.002425.616.53911615.5n/a489723.523.684167n/aStraight Length PIPE1250.03073374914619.5n/a6112242.249.5109218n/a3688445917623.5n/a7314737.537.3136272n/aTOTAL EQUIVALENT FEET =107.51357.542103526920627.5n/a8617235.130.2165331n/a48118597823531.3n/a9819631.823.3196392n/a54132668826535n/a11022133.723232465n/a60148749829539n/a12324633.320.5267534n/a

&LArt Montemayor&CEquivalent Feet of Pipe Fittings and Valves&RMay 20, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &AINSTRUCTIONS:

1) Enter the known quantities and sizes of each fitting type in your hydraulic circuit in the designated YELLOW cells as well as the amount of straight pipe. Note: The sizes of the fittings to be keyed in are the NOMINAL pipe size, not the I. D.. You must furnish both the quantities and sizes to generate a calculated answer.2) The resultant calculated equivalent pipe length(s) appear in RED numbers.

Art Montemayor

Typical K valuesKArt's NotesVALVES:Globe, Open9.70100% wide open positionTypical Depressuring, Open8.50---' ????Angle, Open4.60100% wide open positionSwing Check, Open2.30100% wide open positionGate, Open0.21100% wide open positionSCREWED FITTINGS:180o close return1.95Branch-Flow Tee1.72w/ flow in all 3 branches90o Standard Elbow0.93Through-Flow Tee0.50w/ flow in all 3 branches45o Elbow0.43MITERED FITTINGS:90o Single-Miter Elbow1.7260o Single-Miter Elbow0.9390o Double-Miter Elbow0.5990o Triple-Miter Elbow0.4645o Single-Miter Elbow0.46FABRICATED FITTINGS:Through-Flow Tee0.50w/ flow in all 3 branchesWELDED FITTINGS:Branch-Flow Tee1.37w/ flow in all 3 branches45o Branch-Flow Lateral0.76w/ flow in all 3 branches90o Long-Sweep Elbow0.59Through-Flow Lateral0.50w/ flow in all 3 branches180o Return0.43Through-Flow Tee0.38w/ flow in all 3 branches90o Elbow0.3245o Elbow0.21d/d'CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION:0.0000.2000.4000.6000.800Contraction (ANSI)------0.2100.1350.039Contraction (Sudden)0.5000.4600.3800.2900.120Expansion (ANSI)------0.9000.5000.110Expansion (Sudden)1.0000.9500.7400.4100.110

&LArt Montemayor&CTypical Resistance Coefficients Fluid Flow in Piping Systems&RMarch 12, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ATYPICAL K VALUES FOR PIPE FITTINGSThis table is taken from API Recommended Practice 521, 2nd Edition, Sep.1982, which obtained it in turn from: Tube-Turn Catalogue and Engineering Data Book No. 211, Chemetron Corp., Louisville, Kentucky.

Typical Friction FactorsConversion Factor for Equivalent Length per Unit of KNominal Pipe Size, InchesMoody Friction Factor (f)FeetMetersNPS 2, Schedule 400.01958.82.7NPS 3, Schedule 400.017814.34.4NPS 4, Schedule 400.016520.56.3NPS 6, Schedule 400.015033.610.2NPS 8 x 1/4-inch wall0.014048.214.7NPS 10 x 1/4-inch wall0.013563.019.2NPS 12 x 1/4-inch wall0.012978.824.0NPS 14 x 1/4-inch wall0.012689.627.3NPS 16 x 1/4-inch wall0.0123104.631.9NPS 20 x 1/4-inch wall0.0119136.041.5NPS 24 x 1/4-inch wall0.0115169.656.7NPS 30 x 1/4-inch wall0.0110222.667.9NPS 36 x 1/4-inch wall0.0107273.483.3

&LArt Montemayor&CTypical Pipe Friction Factors&RMarch 12, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &ATypical Friction Factors and Conversion Factors for Clean Steel Pipe(Based on Equivalent Roughness of 0.00015 Feet)Source: API Recommended Practice 521; 2nd Ed., Sep. 1982 (p.49)Note:NPS = Nominal Pipe Size. The above friction factors and conversion factors apply at high Reynolds numbers, namely above 1 x 106 for NPS 24 and larger.For smaller pipe, down to NPS 2", the applicable Reynolds number is 2 x 105.

Pipe ProRESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR VALVES AND FITTINGSREASONABLE VELOCITIES FOR WATER FLOW THROUGH PIPERESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR PIPE ENTRANCE AND EXITSFLOW COEFFICIENT, Cv, FOR CONTROL VALVESApplication & Service ConditionRange of Typical Velocities, Ft/secSize, inchesControl Valve DescriptionFlow CharacteristicLiquid coefficient, CvMunicipal Water Distribution System2 to 7General Plant Service4 to 101/2Plug; top guidedEqual percentage4Pump Suction4 to 73/4Plug; top guidedEqual percentage9Drain Lines4 to 7DESCRIPTION OF VALVES AND FITTINGSRECOMMENDED K/f1Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage17Boiler Feed System8 to 15Description of Pipe Entrance or ExitCoefficient K15 degree Corner Miter41 1/4Plug; top guidedEqual percentage2230 degree Corner Miter81 1/2Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage33Inlet - Sharp edge flush to the tank or reservoir0.5045 degree Standard Elbow162Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage56VALUES OF ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS, e, FOR VARIOUS MATERIALSInlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.020.2845 degree Street Elbow262 1/2Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage87Inlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.040.2445 degree Corner Miter153Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage121Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.060.1560 degree Corner Miter254Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage203Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.100.0990 degree Short Radius Elbow206Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage357Inlet - Well rounded at pipe connection, r/d=0.15 & up0.0490 degree Long Radius Elbow148Plug; cage guidedEqual percentage808Inlet - Pipe projecting into tank or reservoir0.7890 degree Street Elbow5010Plug; port guidedQuick opening1,28090 degree Square Corner Miter6012Plug; port guidedQuick opening1,700Exit - Open discharge (complete loss of velocity head)1.00180 degree Close Pattern Return Bend501Ball; V-notched90o Opening22Type of Pipe MaterialRange of values (x 10-6), FtNormal Design value (x 10-6), FtExit - Submerged gradual enlargement discharge0.00Tee Flow-through Run20For Control Valves:1 1/2Butterfly; disc60o Opening26(complete recovery of velocity head)Tee Flow-through Branch60Flowrate, gpm =100.002Butterfly; disc60o Opening55Asphalted Cast Iron400400Globe valve; perdendicular stem with unguided disc340Density, lb/ft3 =62.372 1/2Butterfly; disc60o Opening91Brass & Copper55Globe valve; perdendicular stem with guided disc600Pressure drop, psi =5.003Butterfly; disc60o Opening136Concrete1,000 to 10,0004,000Globe valve; 60o stem to run with unguided disc1754Butterfly; disc60o Opening271Cast Iron850850Globe valve; 45o stem to run with unguided disc145Cv =44.726Butterfly; disc60o Opening768Galvanized Iron500500Angle valve; 90o with unguided disc1508Butterfly; disc60o Opening1,340Wrought Iron150150Angle valve; 90o with guided disc20010Butterfly; disc60o Opening2,170Plastic55Gate valve; full size, fully open812Butterfly; disc60o Opening3,180Steel150150Gate valve; 3/4 open3514Butterfly; disc60o Opening3,880Riveted Steel*3,000 to 30,0006,000Where,Gate valve; 1/2 open16016Butterfly; disc60o Opening5,210Wood Stave*600 to 3,0002,000Large Diameter, D =Gate valve; 1/4 open90018Butterfly; disc60o Opening6,510Small Diameter, d =Ball valve; round opening with full bore320Butterfly; disc60o Opening8,210Length, L =Plug valve; round opening with full bore324Butterfly; disc60o Opening12,200Plug valve; rectangular opening with full bore, fully open1830Butterfly; disc60o Opening19,900Coefficient KPlug valve; 3-way rectangular opening with full bore, straignt flow3036Butterfly; disc60o Opening29,400Gradual contraction from large diam. to small diam.Plug valve; 3-way 80% bore, fully open, branch flow9048Butterfly; disc60o Opening54,200Gradual enlargement from small diam. to large diam.Butterfly valve; 2" to 8", fully open4560Butterfly; disc60o Opening85,300Butterfly valve; 10" to 14", fully open3572Butterfly; disc60o Opening123,000Sudden square edge contraction from D to dButterfly valve; 16" to 24", fully open25Sudden square edge enlargement from d to DCheck valve; conventional swing, angle seat, fully open100Check valve; conventional swing, perpendicular seat, fully open50Check valve; tilting disc at 5o to flow (2" to 8")40Check valve; globe type400Foot valve; hinged disc with strainer75Foot valve; poppet disc with strainer420

&LArt Montemayor&C&A&RMay 07, 1998Revision: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &AThis information is taken from the PipePro computer program sold by:

Professional Designers & Engineers, Inc. P.O. Box 11380 Boulder, CO 80301 Phone & Fax: (303) 530-1551* Note: These two types of material have been obsolete and outdated for approximately 50 years. They are kept here as a reminder to young engineers of the danger and stupidity that some data represents when the authors do not review, proof and edit their technical product(s).Art MontemayorNote: Long piping systems may require lower velocities to prevent an undesirable pressure drop. Higher velocities may be used or exceeded where pressure drop is not important.The K resistance coefficient represents the resistance to flow in pipes for various configurations of entrances, exits, contraction or enlargement. The resistance coefficient method is based on the assumption that the fluid's pressure loss is all due to pressure drag and is independent of the Reynolds Number.Description of Enlargement or Contraction:Flow may be directed through pipes of differing sizes by using especially designed enlargements or contractions to achieve the desired coefficient "K". These designs are generally required when a minimum "K" value is desired to limit the pressure drop in the system. The input cells below are provided to calculate the "K" value based on the dimensions of the enlargement or contraction.The resistance coefficient K represents the reduction in static head for flow in pipes caused by valves and fittings. The K value is the number of velocity heads and is valid for all flow conditons. K/f = Constantwhere, f = turbulent Darcy friction factorThe Cv flow coefficient for valves expresses the flow rate of 60 oF water in gallon per minute with 1.0 psi pressure drop across the valve. Cv varies for other fluids according to the square root of the weight density of the fluid.For Control Valves: Cv = Q x (density/62.37/pressure drop)0.5Where, Q = liquid flowrate in gpm density = liquid density in lb/ft3 pressure drop = pressure drop in psi

Values for Cv are normally provided by the control valve manufacturer. However, desired values for Cv may be calculated below as follows:The Cv sizing coefficient must be obtained from the valved manufacturer; however, a sampling of some typical valve coefficients is listed below.

Reducers & ExpandersSteps:1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.d =small diameter, in.=3.068D =large diameter, in.=6.065Fitting SizeLarge Diameter, in.Small Diameter, in.Length, in,Included Angle, Degreesb =diameter ratio=0.5058532564L =length of fitting, in.=5.52 x 12.0671.0493.00019a =included concentric angle, degrees=30f =included concentric angle, radians=0.52359877562 x 1-1/22.0671.6103.0009K1 =Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter)=0.23 x 13.0681.0493.50032K2 =Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)=2.43 x 1-1/23.0681.6103.500243 x 23.0682.0673.500164 x 24.0262.0674.00028d =small diameter, in.=3.0684 x 34.0263.0684.00014D =large diameter, in.=6.065b =diameter ratio=0.50585325646 x 36.0653.0685.50030L =length of fitting,in=5.5a =included concentric angle, degrees=306 x 464621f =included concentric angle, radians=0.52359877568 x 686618K1 =Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter)=0.0K2 =Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)=1.510 x 610673212 x 6126841

&LArt Montemayor&CRESISTANCE TO FLUID FLOWSource: Crane Tech Paper #410&RMay 08, 1998Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &AdlDCONCENTRIC REDUCERSfor included angle less than 45oCONCENTRIC EXPANDERSfor included angle less than 45oDdLThis table calculates the included angle for StainlessSteel, schedule 40s, Concentric Reducers. It should also apply to Carbon Steel fittings as well as to Concentric Expanders.

Data source: Flowline Fittings Catalog; 1965; p.48NOTE: Resistance to fluid flow due to pipe reducers, pipe expanders, entrances and exits to pipes is independent of the pipe and fluid's friction factor. These pressure losses are caused by local disturbances, such as changes in pipe cross section. Although considered "minor", these may actually be major losses in the case of a short pipe run. Whenever the velocity of a flowing stream is altered either in direction or in magnitude, eddy currents are set up and a loss of energy in excess of the pipe friction in that same length is created. Such losses may be expressed as velocity heads (KV2/2g) --- where K must be determined for each case. For concentric reducers, a minimum K value of about 0.10 is obtained with an included angle of 20o to 40o. Smaller or larger angles result in higher values of K.

Fittings' VolumesVOLUMETRIC CAPACITY FOR BUTT-WELDING FITTINGSAll volumes expressed in cubic inchesReference: Piping Engineering; Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp.; Nov. 1971; p.47Nominal Pipe Size, in.90o Elbows180o Returns45o ElbowsTeesCapsCrossesStub EndsNominal Pipe Size, in.ReducersTeesLong RadiusShort RadiusLong RadiusShort RadiusLong RadiusFull-size outletsFull-size outletsLap JointConcentric & Eccentricwith Reducing OutletStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongStandardX-StrongLarge endSmall endStandardX-StrongStandardX-Strong1/20.70.61.41.10.40.20.80.60.30.20.90.713/81.51.32.72.33/40.90.81.91.50.50.41.61.30.60.41.61.31/21.81.42.82.412.01.71.44.13.42.71.00.83.52.91.10.93.52.93/42.11.83.02.61 1/44.43.72.98.77.45.92.21.87.56.51.81.59.58.26.05.11 1/41/22.62.25.85.11 1/27.26.24.84.214.412.59.68.33.63.112.410.82.52.015.513.78.17.13/43.12.66.05.4215.813.910.59.231.627.821.118.37.97.022.219.73.93.227.724.720.117.813.73.16.35.7352.246.734.831.1104.493.369.662.226.123.365.258.711.19.480.572.944.439.61 1/21/24.03.49.48.34119.8108.379.972.0239.7216.6159.9143.959.954.1135.8123.624.220.8166.5152.476.469.03/44.63.99.68.66408.1368.3272.1245.4816.1736.6544.3490.8204.0184.2413.2367.177.365.7501.3441.0231.1208.515.34.59.99.18942.3860.3628.3572.71884.71720.61256.71145.5471.1430.1881.1811.2148.5122.31061.9983.0400.2365.31 1/46.55.610.89.9101856.91758.21238.01172.23713.83516.52476.02344.3928.5879.11675.41594.9295.6264.42010.41920.6788.5746.623/47.66.616.715.2123195.93064.22130.72042.86391.86128.54261.54085.61598.01532.12816.92712.3517.0475.03371.93255.91131.01084.318.57.416.915.6144545.94376.13030.72917.49091.88752.26061.45834.82273.02188.13809.33681.0684.6640.04171.54043.71654.61592.81 1/410.08.817.616.5166882.26658.44301.44161.513764.513316.98602.88323.03441.13329.25804.35634.3967.6911.06311.76144.02191.82120.61 1/211.410.018.417.4189906.59621.76054.05879.919813.119243.412108.011759.84953.34810.88396.58179.21432.61363.09081.38868.12804.52723.83150.945.52013707.513353.89366.89125.127415.026707.618733.618250.26853.86676.911701.311429.42026.41938.012634.112368.23492.53402.41 1/420.217.951.846.42218365.217935.836730.923914.59182.78967.914348.014049.22784.12682.91 1/221.919.452.947.32423995.623482.414664.014350.347991.146964.729327.928700.711997.811471.220647.220249.73451.03313.022189.421802.95094.74985.7225.522.755.149.52630644.830041.061289.640054.615322.415020.523912.323493.24014.33884.12 1/229.526.358.652.63047449.746642.131648.831110.594899.462189.463297.762221.035985.035442.55163.15006.441 1/237.333.4108.097.73469490.168449.0110260.534745.034224.552836.752135.9241.837.5110.499.93682695.481526.655130.354351.0176155.6110260.5108702.141347.740763.362945.162157.57010.86811.52 1/246.641.8113.9103.242132116.7130520.288077.887013.466054.865260.194207.093209.010936.310666.7354.448.9119.7108.648198322.0196203.040971.040538.0145443.0144092.013480.013157.03 1/262.155.9125.9114.562 1/211.9100.6334.1301.83123.7111.3340.0307.43 1/2134.8121.5346.3313.74147.1132.8354.1321.290o Elbows:5175.3158.7375.7361.8V = P2D2A/883716.9655.53 1/2221.7201.8722.6661.0V = Volume4235.6215.0730.6668.7D = Inside diameter5269.6245.8753.0690.5A = Center to face distance6309.2280.9791.1719.4104385.9362.01,373.01,300.05428.3401.41,396.01,323.06476.8444.81,432.01,350.08586.0546.71,506.01,426.0180o Returns:125639.4606.42,318.02,224.0V = P2D2O/86697.7658.82,348.02,250.08827.0779.82,430.02,329.0V = Volume10993.8947.72,567.02,468.0D = Inside diameter1461,4961,4191,9921,915A = Center to center distance81,7381,6462,5872,488102,0411,9522,9222,816122,3822,2882,9763,0221662,6212,53282,3212,2123,3963,28345o Elbows:102,6562,5523,8033,701V = P2D2A/8123,0292,9204,8914,741143,2893,1755,0544,902V = Volume1884,3184,191D = Inside diameter103,4133,2914,8494,711A = Center to face distance123,8213,6954,9935,013144,1043,9736,1475,976164,5984,4587,1806,9852085,3605,214106,0105,855Full Size Outlet Tees:126,2486,0596,2046,221V = (PD2/2) (C + M/2) - D3/3146,9226,7177,6067,414167,9747,7478,8778,657V = Volume189,4049,15010,1639,916D = Inside diameter221012,02711,745C = Center to end of run1212,22611,944M = center to end of branch147,3337,12912,39412,110168,0557,84112,62012,337188,8488,62212,99512,710209,7119,4741,345,813,17224108,7018,519Pipe Caps:1214,97214,603V = (PD2/4) (E - t - D/12)1410,97910,745168,6378,41912,79512,526V = Volume189,4519,22114,62814,325D = Inside diameter2010,33410,09416,47716,141E = length2216,60616,287t = wall thickness261220,06219,6681420,23319,8371620,46520,0701820,84620,449Crosses:2021,31620,919V = (PD2/2) (C + M) - (2/3)D32221,88721,4872422,56522,164V = Volume301430,28329,768D = Inside diameter1630,52030,006C = Center to end of run1830,90830,392M = center to end of branch2031,38630,8692231,96431,4452432,65232,1312633,45832,9362834,10233,583Concentric & eccentric reducers:341644,38543,7241844,77944,1162045,26544,6002245,85145,1842446,54845,8792647,36446,6932848,01847,3513049,05848,3893250,24249,571361652,70151,9581853,09852,3532053,58752,8412254,17753,4292454,87854,1282655,70054,9472856,35955,6103030,53930,07157,40456,6533232,31431,83158,59457,8423434,17633,69859,94059,185422076,74675,8252277,17276,2532432,03131,56177,63976,7232633,61733,13278,89977,9722879,57478,6503037,05336,54080,63679,7103238,90238,37581,46280,5403440,84040,22982,34181,4253642,86642,31183,27682,3654822125,186123,8742485,14383,984125,667124,3582689,35488,163126,693125,37728127,344126,0313098,30597,047128,044126,73632103,044101,753129,561128,24534107,959106,635130,462129,15136113,050111,693131,419130,11338118,317116,927133,521132,20740123,760122,337134,710133,40242129,378127,923135,960134,66044135,173133,685138,742137,43246141,144139,622140,256138,954

&LArt Montemayor&RJune 02, 1999Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RElectronic FileName: &FWorkSheet: &A

Pipe TablesNominal Pipe Size InchesOutside DiameterWall ThicknessPipe Inside DiameterInside Diameter FunctionsTransverse Internal ("Flow") Area(in Inches)InchesInchesInchesFeetd2d3d4d5in2ft2May 8, 2003Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe DataAlthough pipe classification is common knowledge that is taken for granted among a lot of us old engineers, I haveSchedule Wall Thickness - Per ASA B36.10 - 1950found that young engineers are lacking this information because both academic professors and we experiencedengineers are both guilty of not passing on the information which used to be common and available when piping andSchedule 1014140.25013.5001.1250182.252,460.433,215.1448,403.3143.140.994fitting catalogs like Vogt, Tube Turns, Walworth, etc. used to be freely available to us. Now, these valuable free16160.25015.5001.2917240.253,723.957,720.1894,661.0188.691.310catalogs have become a thing of the past18180.25017.5001.4583306.255,359.493,789.11,641,308.6240.531.67020200.25019.5001.6250380.257,414.9144,590.12,819,506.2298.652.074Because I regard this subject as very basic and important for all engineers to dominate, some years back I prepared24240.25023.5001.9583552.2512,977.9304,980.17,167,031.5433.743.012the following explanation for young engineers working under me and with me in plant projects. I would like to share30300.31229.3762.4480862.9525,350.0744,681.621,875,767.4677.764.707it with any one else who hasn't had the opportunity to find out this logical explanation of how pipe is classified.Schedule 2088.6250.2508.1250.677166.02536.44,358.135,409.351.850.360Industrial pipe thicknesses follow a set formula, expressed as the schedule number as established by the1010.7500.25010.250.8542105.061,076.911,038.1113,140.882.520.573American Standards Association (ASA) now re-organized as ANSI - the American National Standards Institute.1212.7500.25012.251.0208150.061,838.322,518.8275,854.7117.860.818Eleven schedule numbers are available for use: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, & 160. The most popular14140.31213.3761.1147178.922,393.232,011.4428,184.9140.520.976schedule, by far, is 40. Sch 5, 60, 100, 120, & 140 have rarely, if ever been employed by myself in over 40 years16160.31215.3761.2813236.423,635.255,895.1859,442.6185.681.289as a practicing engineer. The schedule number is defined as the approximate value of the expression:18180.31217.3761.4480301.935,246.391,158.91,583,977.6237.131.64720200.37519.251.6042370.567,133.3137,316.62,643,343.9291.042.021Schedule Number = (1,000)(P/S)24240.37523.251.9375540.5612,568.1292,207.86,793,831.7424.562.948Where,30300.500292.4167841.0024,389.0707,281.020,511,149.0660.524.587P = the internal working pressure, psigS = the allowable stress (psi) for the material of construction at the conditions of use.Schedule 3088.6250.2778.0710.672665.14525.84,243.434,248.151.160.3551010.7500.30710.1360.8447102.741,041.410,555.2106,987.580.690.560For example, the schedule number of ordinary steel pipe having an allowable stress of 10,000 psi for use at a1212.7500.33012.091.0075146.171,767.221,365.1258,304.2114.800.797working pressure of 350 psig would be:14140.37513.251.1042175.562,326.230,822.2408,394.0137.890.95816160.37515.251.2708232.563,546.654,085.3824,801.1182.651.268Schedule Number = (1,000)(350/10,000) = 35 (approx. 40)18180.43817.1241.4270293.235,021.385,984.61,472,401.0230.301.59920200.500191.5833361.006,859.0130,321.02,476,099.0283.531.969This would be the proper schedule for welded joints and steel fittings but not for threaded connections and cast-iron24240.56222.8761.9063523.3111,971.3273,854.86,264,702.3411.012.854or malleable-iron fittings. In practice, schedule 40 would be used for welded construction and Sch 80 (about 2x the30300.62528.752.3958826.5623,763.7683,205.619,642,160.0649.184.508computed value) for iron fittings. The higher schedule is required because of weaknesses in the iron fittings and themetal lost in cutting the threads.Schedule 401/80.4050.0680.2690.02240.070.00.00.00.060.0001/40.5400.0880.3640.03030.130.00.00.00.100.001For all pipe sizes below 10", Sch 40 pipe is identical with what was once called standard pipe, and Sch 80 is3/80.6750.0910.4930.04110.240.10.10.00.190.001identical with the former extra-strong pipe. There is no equivalent schedule number for double-extra-strong1/20.8400.1090.6220.05180.390.20.10.10.300.002pipe, and Sch 160 is the only other weight in which pipe smaller than 4" is available.3/41.0500.1130.8240.06870.680.60.50.40.530.00411.3150.1331.0490.08741.101.21.21.30.860.006Temperature has no direct bearing on the schedule, except as it either weakens (or strengthens) the material's1 1/41.6600.1401.380.11501.902.63.65.01.500.010allowable stress. Stainless steels (304ELC & 316ELC), for example, yield a stronger allowable stress at the low1 1/21.9000.1451.610.13422.594.26.710.82.040.014temperatures near the cryogenic zone (-50 to -150 oF). Copper and Brass also exhibit the same behavior.22.3750.1542.0670.17234.278.818.337.73.360.023I've used the rule of thumb that the softer the metal, the stronger it is at the lower temperatures.2 1/22.8750.2032.4690.20586.1015.137.291.74.790.03333.5000.2163.0680.25579.4128.988.6271.87.390.051I hope this has helped you in explaining how pipe is classified.3 1/24.0000.2263.5480.295712.5944.7158.5562.29.890.06944.5000.2374.0260.335516.2165.3262.71,057.712.730.088Art Montemayor55.5630.2585.0470.420625.47128.6648.83,274.720.010.13966.6250.2806.0650.505436.78223.11,353.18,206.428.890.20188.6250.3227.9810.665163.70508.44,057.232,380.750.030.3471010.7500.36510.020.8350100.401,006.010,080.2101,004.078.850.5481212.7500.40611.9380.9948142.521,701.420,310.8242,469.9111.930.77714140.43813.1241.0937172.242,260.529,666.4389,341.9135.280.93916160.500151.2500225.003,375.050,625.0759,375.0176.711.227In actual, industrial practice, every operating company (organizations such as DuPont, Dow, Monsanto, Huntsman,18180.56216.8761.4063284.804,806.381,110.71,368,823.9223.681.553Union Carbide, etc.) as well as all the major Engineering and Construction companies (such as Fluor, Bechtel, etc.)20200.59318.8141.5678353.976,659.5125,292.42,357,250.3278.001.931have a listing of their standard pipe sizes which they apply to all their projects. These companies make it a point to24240.68722.6261.8855511.9411,583.1262,078.35,929,784.5402.072.792reduce the quantity of different sizes employed in any one project or plant. Obviously, when confronted with acustomer's list of different standard sizes, the E&C contractor will accede to his customer's desires and wishes.Schedule 6088.6250.4067.8130.651161.04476.93,726.229,113.147.940.3331010.7500.5009.750.812595.06926.99,036.988,109.674.660.518Certain pipe sizes are labeled as "Bastard" sizes in the USA, and they are not incorporated nor used in applications.1212.7500.56211.6260.9688135.161,571.418,269.3212,398.6106.160.737Some of these Bastard sizes are 1-1/4", 2-1/2", 3-1/2", and 5". The reasons for not using these sizes are usually:14140.59312.8141.0678164.202,104.026,961.2345,480.5128.960.8961.Traditionally, the concept of stepping up the size of piping by a magnitude of doubling the capacity is what16160.65614.6881.2240215.743,168.846,542.6683,617.7169.441.177has been predominant thinking - at least in the USA. In other words, an attempt is made to have pipe sizes18180.75016.51.3750272.254,492.174,120.11,222,981.0213.821.485that are separated by roughly a factor of 2 x the cross-sectional area. This concept is applied to pipes sizes20200.81218.3761.5313337.686,205.2114,026.02,095,342.0265.211.842up to 10" in nominal diameter.24240.96822.0641.8387486.8210,741.2236,993.85,229,031.3382.352.6552.The tradition of establishing pipe sizes by the method described above results in a series of pipe sizesSchedule 801/80.4050.0950.2150.01790.04620.00990.00210.00050.0360.0003for Schedule 40 as follows:1/40.5400.1190.3020.02520.09120.02750.00830.00250.0720.00053/80.6750.1260.4230.03530.17890.07570.03200.01350.1410.0010Nominal pipe size, in.Internal flow area, in21/20.8400.1470.5460.04550.29810.16280.08890.04850.2340.00163/41.0500.1540.7420.06180.55060.40850.30310.22490.4320.003011.3150.1790.9570.07980.91580.87650.83880.80270.7190.00501 1/41.6600.1911.2780.10651.63332.08732.66763.40921.2830.008910.8641 1/21.9000.2001.50.12502.25003.37505.06257.59381.7670.01231 1/22.03622.3750.2181.9390.16163.75977.290114.135527.40872.9530.020523.3552 1/22.8750.2762.3230.19365.396312.535729.120467.64664.2380.029437.39333.5000.3002.90.24178.410024.389070.7281205.11156.6050.0459412.733 1/24.0000.3183.3640.280311.3238.1128.1430.88.8880.0617628.8944.5000.3373.8260.318814.6456.0214.3819.811.4970.0798850.0355.5630.3754.8130.401123.16111.5536.62,582.718.1940.12631078.8666.6250.4325.7610.480133.19191.21,101.56,345.826.070.181088.6250.5007.6250.635458.14443.33,380.325,775.045.660.31713.The reduction of pipe sizes actually employed forces the pipe fabricator to increase the price of those1010.7500.5939.5640.797091.47874.88,366.880,019.971.840.4989sizes (such as 1-1/4, 2-1/2, 3-1/2, and 5") due to their diminished market demand.1212.7500.68711.3760.9480129.411,472.216,747.8190,523.2101.640.705814140.75012.51.0417156.251,953.124,414.1305,175.8122.720.85224.Reducing the variety of pipe sizes also allows a user to reduce his pipe plant inventory, together with the16160.84314.3141.1928204.892,932.841,980.2600,904.0160.921.118many required fittings. This results in increased economy in many ways and simplifies maintenance.18180.93716.1261.3438260.054,193.567,624.91,090,519.1204.241.41820201.03117.9381.4948321.775,771.9103,537.11,857,248.9252.721.755The applications or project engineer should always strive to adhere to a standard of pipe sizes in order to simplify24241.21821.5641.7970465.0110,027.4216,230.74,662,798.2365.212.536the subsequent operation of the equipment and installation that he installs.Schedule 10088.6250.5937.4390.619955.34411.73,062.422,781.043.460.3021010.7500.7189.3140.776166666786.750596807.9950511447525.665906355270094.052251792568.1337587720.47315110261212.7500.84311.0640.922122.4120961354.36743014414984.7212471132165790.95587806196.1422353760.667654412314140.93712.1261.0105147.0398761783.00553637621620.7251340954262172.912976041115.48484855660.80197811516161.03113.9381.1615194.2678442707.70520967237739.9952124083526020.053270548152.57760788481.059566721418181.15615.6881.3073333333246.1133443861.02614067260571.7780948623950250.0547522193.29696836521.342340058120201.28117.4381.4531666667304.0838445302.61407167292466.98418181631612439.27016251238.82689259641.658520087524241.53120.9381.7448333333438.3998449179.215933672192194.4232192244024166.83336412344.31843231132.3911002244Schedule 12044.5000.4383.6240.302013.1347.6172.5625.110.310.07255.5630.5004.5630.380320.8295.0433.51,978.116.350.11466.6250.5625.5010.458430.26166.5915.75,037.423.770.16588.6250.7187.1890.599151.68371.52,671.019,201.840.590.2821010.7500.8439.0640.755382.16744.76,749.661,178.664.530.4481212.7501.00010.750.8958115.561,242.313,354.7143,562.990.760.63014141.09311.8140.9845139.571,648.919,480.0230,136.1109.620.76116161.21813.5641.1303183.982,495.533,849.4459,133.4144.501.00318181.37515.251.2708232.563,546.654,085.3824,801.1182.651.26820201.500171.4167289.004,913.083,521.01,419,857.0226.981.57624241.81220.3761.6980415.188,459.7172,375.63,512,324.7326.082.264Schedule 14088.6250.8127.0010.583449.01343.12,402.416,819.038.500.2671010.7501.0008.750.729276.56669.95,861.851,290.960.130.4181212.7501.12510.50.8750110.251,157.612,155.1127,628.286.590.60114141.25011.50.9583132.251,520.917,490.1201,135.7103.870.72116161.43813.1241.0937172.242,260.529,666.4389,341.9135.280.93918181.56214.8761.2397221.303,292.048,971.6728,502.2173.801.20720201.75016.51.3750272.254,492.174,120.11,222,981.0213.821.48524242.06219.8761.6563395.067,852.1156,068.83,102,022.5310.282.155Schedule 1601/20.8400.1870.4660.03880.220.10.00.00.170.0013/41.0500.2180.6140.05120.380.20.10.10.300.00211.3150.2500.8150.06790.660.50.40.40.520.0041 1/41.6600.2501.160.09671.351.61.82.11.060.0071 1/21.9000.2811.3380.11151.792.43.24.31.410.01022.3750.3431.6890.14082.854.88.113.72.240.0162 1/22.8750.3752.1250.17714.529.620.443.33.550.02533.5000.4382.6240.21876.8918.147.4124.45.410.03844.5000.5313.4380.286511.8240.6139.7480.39.280.06455.5630.6254.3130.359418.6080.2346.01,492.414.610.10166.6250.7185.1890.432426.93139.7725.03,762.021.150.14788.6250.9066.8130.567846.42316.22,154.514,678.836.460.2531010.7501.1258.50.708372.25614.15,220.144,370.556.750.3941212.7501.31210.1260.8438102.541,038.310,513.6106,460.880.530.55914141.40611.1880.9323125.171,400.415,667.9175,292.198.310.68316161.59312.8141.0678164.202,104.026,961.2345,480.5128.960.89618181.78114.4381.2032208.463,009.743,453.8627,386.5163.721.13720201.96816.0641.3387258.054,145.366,590.91,069,716.0202.671.40724242.34319.3141.6095373.037,204.7139,151.82,687,578.4292.982.035Standard Wall ("Std") Pipe (Similar to Schedule 40)1/80.4050.0680.2690.02240.07240.01950.00520.00140.05680.00041/40.5400.0880.3640.03030.13250.04820.01760.00640.10410.00073/80.6750.0910.4930.04110.24300.11980.05910.02910.19090.00131/20.8400.1090.6220.05180.38690.24060.14970.09310.30390.00213/41.0500.1130.8240.06870.67900.55950.46100.37990.53330.003711.3150.1331.0490.08741.1001.1541.2111.2700.8640.00601 1/41.6600.1401.3800.11501.9042.6283.6275.0051.4960.01041 1/21.9000.1451.6100.13422.5924.1736.71910.8182.0360.014122.3750.1542.0670.17234.2728.83118.25437.7313.3560.02332 1/22.8750.2032.4690.20586.09615.05137.16191.7504.7880.033233.5000.2163.0680.25579.4128.988.6271.87.3930.05133 1/24.0000.2263.5480.295712.5944.7158.5562.29.8870.068744.5000.2374.0260.335516.2165.3262.71,057.712.7300.088455.5630.2585.0470.420625.47128.6648.83,274.720.0060.138966.6250.2806.0650.505436.78223.11,353.18,206.428.8900.200688.6250.2778.0710.672665.14525.84,243.434,248.151.1620.35538.625S0.3227.9810.665163.70508.44,057.232,380.750.0270.34741010.750.27910.1920.8493103.881,058.710,790.4109,975.881.5850.566610.750.30710.1360.8447102.741,041.410,555.2106,987.580.6910.560410.75S0.36510.0200.8350100.401,006.010,080.2101,004.078.8540.54761212.750.33012.0901.0075146.171,767.221,365.1258,304.2114.800.797212.75S0.37512.0001.0000144.001,728.020,736.0248,832.0113.100.7854Extra Strong ("XS") Wall Pipe (Similar to Schedule 80)1/80.4050.0950.2150.01790.04620.00990.00210.00050.03630.00031/40.5400.1190.3020.02520.09120.02750.00830.00250.07160.00053/80.6750.1260.4230.03530.17890.07570.03200.01350.14050.00101/20.8400.1470.5460.04550.29810.16280.08890.04850.23410.00163/41.0500.1540.7420.06180.55060.40850.30310.22490.43240.003011.3150.1790.9570.07980.9160.8760.8390.8030.7190.00501 1/41.6600.1911.2780.10651.6332.0872.6683.4091.2830.00891 1/21.9000.2001.5000.12502.2503.3755.0637.5941.7670.012322.3750.2181.9390.16163.7607.29014.13627.4092.9530.02052 1/22.8750.2762.3230.19365.39612.53629.12067.6474.2380.029433.5000.3002.9000.24178.4124.470.7205.16.6050.04593 1/24.0000.3183.3640.280311.3238.1128.1430.88.8880.061744.5000.3373.8260.318814.6456.0214.3819.811.4970.079855.5630.3754.8130.401123.16111.5536.62,582.718.1940.126366.6250.4325.7610.480133.19191.21,101.56,345.826.0670.181088.6250.5007.6250.635458.14443.33,380.325,775.045.6640.31711010.750.5009.7500.812595.06926.99,036.988,109.674.6620.51851212.750.50011.7500.9792138.061,622.219,061.3223,969.7108.430.7530Double Extra Strong ("XXS") Wall Pipe (Similar to Schedules > 80)1/20.8400.2940.2520.02100.06350.01600.00400.00100.04990.00033/41.0500.3080.4340.03620.18840.08170.03550.01540.14790.001011.3150.3580.5990.04990.3590.2150.1290.0770.2820.00201 1/41.6600.3820.8960.07470.8030.7190.6450.5770.6310.00441 1/21.9000.4001.1000.09171.2101.3311.4641.6110.9500.006622.3750.4361.5030.12532.2593.3955.1037.6701.7740.01232 1/22.8750.5521.7710.14763.1365.5559.83717.4222.4630.017133.5000.6002.3000.19175.2912.228.064.44.1550.02893 1/24.0000.6362.7280.22737.4420.355.4151.15.8450.040644.5000.6743.1520.26279.9431.398.7311.17.8030.054255.5630.7504.0630.338616.5167.1272.51,107.212.9650.090066.6250.8644.8970.408123.98117.4575.12,816.118.8340.130888.6250.8756.8750.572947.27325.02,234.015,359.037.1220.2578Stainless Steel Pipe (Schedule 5S)1/20.8400.0650.7100.05920.50410.35790.25410.18040.39590.00273/41.0500.0650.9200.07670.84640.77870.71640.65910.66480.004611.3150.0651.1850.09881.4041.6641.9722.3371.1030.00771 1/41.6600.0651.5300.12752.3413.5825.4808.3841.8390.01281 1/21.9000.0651.7700.14753.1335.5459.81517.3732.4610.017122.3750.0652.2450.18715.04011.31525.40257.0273.9580.02752 1/22.8750.0832.7090.22587.33919.88053.856145.8975.7640.040033.5000.0833.3340.277811.1237.1123.6411.98.7300.06063 1/24.0000.0833.8340.319514.7056.4216.1828.411.5450.080244.5000.0834.3340.361218.7881.4352.81,529.114.7530.102455.5630.1095.3450.445428.57152.7816.24,362.522.4380.155866.6250.1096.4070.533941.05263.01,685.110,796.332.2400.223988.6250.1098.4070.700670.68594.24,995.341,995.755.5100.38551010.750.13410.4820.8735109.871,151.712,071.9126,537.986.2940.59931212.750.15612.4381.0365154.701,924.223,933.3297,682.1121.500.8438Stainless Steel Pipe (Schedule 10S)1/80.4050.0490.3070.02560.09420.02890.00890.00270.07400.00051/40.5400.0650.4100.03420.16810.06890.02830.01160.13200.00093/80.6750.0650.5450.04540.29700.16190.08820.04810.23330.00161/20.8400.0830.6740.05620.45430.30620.20640.13910.35680.00253/41.0500.0830.8840.07370.78150.69080.61070.53980.61380.004311.3150.1091.0970.09141.2031.3201.4481.5890.9450.00661 1/41.6600.1091.4420.12022.0792.9984.3246.2351.6330.01131 1/21.9000.1091.6820.14022.8294.7598.00413.4632.2220.015422.3750.1092.1570.17984.65310.03621.64746.6933.6540.02542 1/22.8750.1202.6350.21966.94318.29548.208127.0295.4530.037933.5000.1203.2600.271710.6334.6112.9368.28.3470.05803 1/24.0000.1203.7600.313314.1453.2199.9751.511.1040.077144.5000.1204.2600.355018.1577.3329.31,403.014.2530.099055.5630.1345.2950.441328.04148.5786.14,162.322.0200.152966.6250.1346.3570.529840.41256.91,633.110,381.531.7390.220488.6250.1488.3290.694169.37577.84,812.540,083.454.4850.37841010.750.16510.4200.8683108.581,131.411,788.8122,839.785.2760.59221212.750.18012.3901.0325153.511,902.023,566.0291,982.3120.570.8373Note:Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule 40S values are the same, size for size, as those shown above on theStandard Wall Pipe Table (heaviest weight on 8, 10, and 12-inch sizes).Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule 80S values are the same, size for size, as those shown above on theExtra Strong Pipe Table.

&LArt Montemayor&CU.S.A. Pipe Dimensions&RSeptember 30, 2003Rev: 0&CPage &P of &N&RFileName: &FWorkSheet: &A

Liq Pressure DropNon-Compressible Fluid Pressure Drop CalculationsFor Fluid Flow Inside An Industrial PipeInsert Basic Data in Input Cells and Obtain Results in Bold Red NumbersInputsNominal Pipe Diameter2inchesPipe's Inside Diameter2.067inches0.0525018Nominal Pipe Diameter in meters DPipe's Schedule No.40Flow Rate100GPMClick this Button8.708301429665267E-4K/DFluid's Viscosity5cPsto see a list ofFluid's Density8.45lbs/galacceptable pipe diametersPipe's Abs. Roughness0.00015feetand pipe schedules4.572014999999999E-5Absolute Roughness in meters KCalculation MethodsChurchill Equation (1977)Chen Equation (1979)Reynolds NumberDP Per 100 feet of pipeDP Per 100 feet of pipe(7/RE)^0.9(0.27*I10)/I530,9799.31psi9.28psi5.23147046295302E-42.3512413860096222E-47.18446947258869321.18feet21.12feetA8.887871437801018E19Linear VelocityDarcy Friction FactorDarcy Friction FactorB21.5234112394388939.55ft/sec0.02570.0256C6.838806367803228E-4INDEX5.0INDEX2Nominal Pipe5.010.020.030.040.060.080.0100.0120.0140.0160.05s10s40s80sxsxxs0.125no such Sch.0.307no such Sch.no such Sch.0.269no such Sch.0.215no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.N/A0.3070.2690.2150.215N/A0.25no such Sch.0.41no such Sch.no such Sch.0.364no such Sch.0.302no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.N/A0.410.3640.3020.302N/A0.375no such Sch.0.545no such Sch.no such Sch.0.493no such Sch.0.423no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.N/A0.5450.4930.4230.423N/A0.50.710.674no such Sch.no such Sch.0.622no such Sch.0.546no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.0.4660.710.6740.6220.5460.5460.2520.750.920.884no such Sch.no such Sch.0.824no such Sch.0.742no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.0.6120.920.8840.8240.7420.7420.4341.01.1851.097no such Sch.no such Sch.1.049no such Sch.0.957no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.0.8151.1851.0971.0490.9570.9570.5991.250.0650.109no such Sch.no such Sch.1.38no such Sch.1.278no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.1.161.531.4421.381.2781.2780.8961.51.771.682no such Sch.no such Sch.1.61no such Sch.1.5no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.1.3381.771.6821.611.51.51.12.02.2452.157no such Sch.no such Sch.2.067no such Sch.1.939no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.1.6872.2452.1572.0671.9391.9391.5032.52.7092.635no such Sch.no such Sch.2.469no such Sch.2.323no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.2.1252.7092.6352.4692.3232.3231.7713.03.3343.26no such Sch.no such Sch.3.068no such Sch.2.9no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.2.6243.3343.263.0682.92.92.33.53.8343.76no such Sch.no such Sch.3.548no such Sch.3.364no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.no such Sch.3.8343.763.5483.3643.364N/A4.04.3344.26no such Sch.no such Sch.4.026no such Sch.3.826no such Sch.3.624no such Sch.3.4284.3344.264.0263.8263.8263.1525.05.3455.295no such Sch.no such Sch.5.047no such Sch.4.813no such Sch.4.563no such Sch.4.3135.3455.2955.0474.8134.8134.0636.06.4076.357no such Sch.no such Sch.6.065no such Sch.5.761no such Sch.5.501no such Sch.5.1876.4076.3576.0655.7615.7614.8978.08.4078.3298.1258.0717.9817.8137.6257.4377.1877.0016.8138.4078.3297.9817.6257.6256.87510.010.48210.4210.2510.13610.029.759.5629.3129.0628.758.510.48210.4210.029.759.758.7512.012.43812.3912.2512.0911.93811.62611.37411.06210.7510.510.12612.43812.3912.011.7511.7510.75Acceptable Pipe Schedules:5.080.05.0SXSTYPE THESE IN10.0100.010.0SXSSAS A STRING I.E.20.0120.040.0S'10S30.0140.080.0S40.0160.060.0Acceptable Nominal Pipe Diameters in inches:1/81-1/441/41-1/25To return to the input sheet3/826click the input button1/22-1/28below.3/431013-1/212{goto}a200~\m{BREAKOFF}\0/WGPE{GOTO}preday~{Wait @now+@time(0,0,8)}{HOME}{down}{down}* * * * ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * * ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * * ** * * ******PIPEFLOWVERSION 2.0**1993 & 1995****R.C.COSTELLO & ASSOC., INC.****-CONSULTING ENGINEERS-****(please wait)****For best results set:**Zoom Control to 84%BY ROCKY C. COSTELLO**and have two (2)**Toolbars ShowingNovember 15 , 1995** * * * ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * * ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * * ** * * *FRICTION FACTOR EQUATIONSFor information on the original Colebrook-White EquationClick HerePressure DropEquationFor information on the Churchill EquationClick HereReferenceson equationsFor information on the Chen EquationClick HereReturn to input pageColebrook-White EquationThis is the original formula for calculating friction factor. It is implicit in frictionfactor f , therefore it is not used. Friction factor (f) must be solved by trial and error.In addition in the laminar flow regime, one must use f=64/Re, for Re < 2,100See references for further detail.Churchill EquationThis is a very good formula and in most cases agrees with the Chen equation.In very low Reynolds numbers use this (i.e. transition and laminar ranges.)This is a full regime equation.Chen EquationConsidered the most accurate.Use only in turbulent range.Instructions1. Input a nominal pipe diameter and a pipe schedule. The program automaticallylooks up the correct I.D. in a table. For the (S) schedules type an apostrophe beforetyping the schedule. For example '10s. All other schedules type in 40 or 80 etc.2. Input flowrate of the fluid in GPM, density of the fluid in lbs/gallon and viscosity of thefluid in centipoise.3. For pipe roughness use .00015 ft.for commercial steel and stainless steel.4. Program then calculates pressure drop in psi per 100 feet of pipe.5. A word of caution. This program calculates pressure drop due to frictional lossesonly. For difference in elevation use:Delta P in psig=(H2-H1)*0.4331* specific gravityAdd this to the frictional loss.Pressure Drop EquationREFERENCES1. Churchill, S.W. , Friction Factor Equation Spans All Fluid Flow Regimes, Chemical EngineeringNov. 7, 1977, page 91.2. Chen, N. H. , An Explicit Equation for Friction Factor in Pipe, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 18, 296, 1979.3. Gregory G.A. and Forgarasi M., Alternate to Standard Friction Factor Equation, Oil and GasJournal, April 1, 1985, page 1204. Flow of Fluids, By Crane Technical Paper 410, 1979 edition

&L&"Times New Roman,Regular"&10Art Montemayor&R&"Times New Roman,Regular"&10March 12, 2003Rev: 0&C&"Times New Roman,Regular"&10Page &P of &N&R&"Times New Roman,Regular"&10FileName: &FWorkSheet: &AListInputInputFormulasC-WInputInputInputInputChurchillInputInputChenInputInputFormulasFormulasFormulasInstructionsInputInputInputInputFormulasDelta PReferencesInputInputFormulas

FrictionFactorThis sheet gives the value of the Fanning Friction Factor, f, using the Colebrook-White,Moody and Barr formulasThis spreadsheet was downloaded from a British WebSite on the InterNet.Enter the known basic data in the YELLOW cells as input for the calculated solution.The author is identified as Andrew Sleigh.-Art Montemayor (02/15/2003)The Colebrook - White EquationThe Moody Equation0.7500inches =19.05mmFrom: "Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications"; R. L. Daugherty & J. B. Franzini;The Barr EquationMcGraw-Hill Book Co.; 7th Ed.; 1977:Values of Absolute Roughness, e, For New PipePipe TypeUnits of eFeetMillimetersDrawn tubing, brass, lead, glass, centrifugally spun cement, bituminous lining, transite0.0000050.001524Enter the basic data input heree (mm)0.03Absolute Pipe Roughnessd (mm)300Pipe Internal diameterCommercial steel or wrought iron0.000150.046Re664,000Reynolds NumberWelded-steel pipe0.000150.046Asphalt-dipped cast iron0.000400.122Solutionf(f = Fanning Friction Factor)Galvanized iron0.000500.152Moody0.0030180.01207(l = Darcy Friction Factor)Cast iron, average0.000850.259Barr0.0035150.01406Concrete0.001 to 0010.3 to 3.0Colebrook-White0.0034950.01398Wood stave0.0006 to 0.0030.18 to 0.9Riveted steel0.003 to 0.030.9 to 9.0Colebrook-White iterationf(n)abLHSRHSError10.00301797550.00002695420.000034541818.20296548716.84461394711.35835153990.01207190220.00352434060.00002695420.000031964216.844613947116.9189975496-0.07438360250.014097362530.00349341950.00002695420.000032105316.918997549616.91484080190.00415674770.013973678240.00349513670.00002695420.000032097416.914840801916.9150728295-0.00023202760.013980546950.00349504080.00002695420.000032097916.915072829516.9150598770.00001295250.013980163460.00349504620.00002695420.000032097916.91505987716.9150606001-0.0000007230.0139801848Note: Daugherty & Franzini state that the Colebook Equation is:70.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060600116.91506055970.00000004040.013980183680.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060559716.915060562-0.00000000230.013980183790.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.91506056216.91506056180.00000000010.0139801837100.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060561816.9150605619-00.0139801837110.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060561916.915060561900.0139801837120.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060561916.915060561900.0139801837130.00349504590.00002695420.000032097916.915060561916.915060561900.0139801837or, expressed in Natural Logarithms:The Friction Factor used in the above equation is the Darcy Friction Factor.The Darcy Friction Factor is four times (4x) the Fanning Fricition Factor.

Art Montemayor:These types of pipe are ridiculous to apply in the 21st century and are simply not practical applications.Art Montemayor:Why would anyone in the 21st century contemplate the use of riveted pipe?Art Montemayor:Presumably, someone is going to hot-dip galvanize the internal surface of a steel pipe. (no one in his right mind would logically expect electrolytic galvanization to be effective coating over the long haul) What is not explained is how is the final coating quality going to be verified? I've never seen any application of this kind ever proposed. I doubt if any serious engineer would propose this with a straight face.

FlowLossComputerized Moody Diagram -- Rick Sellens, Queen's Mechanical Engineering0.05e/De/dRefcalculate to convergefReSmooth0.000050.00010.00020.00050.0010.0020.0050.010.050.053,0000.020.085330.078360.078650.078640.078643,0000.043560.043600.043650.043740.044010.044450.045320.047860.051880.078640.053,1500.020.084700.078060.078330.078320.078323,1500.042910.042960.043010.043100.043370.043820.044710.047300.051370.078320.053,3080.020.084100.077780.078020.078010.078013,3080.042280.042330.042370.042470.042750.043210.044110.046740.050870.078010.053,4730.020.083520.077510.077730.077720.077723,4730.041660.041710.041760.041850.042140.042600.043530.046200.050390.077720.053,6470.020.082970.077240.077450.077440.077443,6470.041060.041100.041150.041250.041540.042020.042960.045680.049930.077440.053,8290.020.082440.076990.077180.077170.077173,8290.040460.040510.040560.040660.040960.041440.042400.045170.049480.077170.054,0200.020.081940.076750.076920.076920.076924,0200.039880.039930.039980.040080.040380.040880.041860.044680.049040.076920.054,2210.020.081460.076520.076680.076670.076674,2210.039310.039360.039410.039520.039820.040330.041330.044190.048620.076670.054,4320.020.081000.076300.076440.076440.076444,4320.038750.038810.038860.038960.039280.039800.040810.043730.048210.076440.054,6540.020.080560.076090.076220.076210.076214,6540.038210.038260.038310.038420.038740.039270.040310.043270.047820.076210.054,8870.020.080140.075880.076000.076000.076004,8870.037670.037720.037780.037890.038220.038760.039810.042830.047430.076000.055,1310.020.079740.075690.075790.075790.075795,1310.037140.037200.037260.037370.037700.038250.039330.042400.047060.075790.055,3880.020.079360.075500.075600.075600.075605,3880.036630.036690.036740.036860.037200.037760.038860.041980.046710.075600.055,6570.020.078990.075320.075410.075410.075415,6570.036120.036180.036240.036360.036710.037280.038400.041570.046360.075410.055,9400.020.078650.075150.075230.075230.075235,9400.035630.035690.035750.035870.036230.036810.037950.041180.046030.075230.056,2370.020.078310.074980.075060.075060.075066,2370.035140.035210.035270.035390.035750.036350.037520.040790.045700.075060.056,5490.020.078000.074820.074890.074890.074896,5490.034670.034730.034790.034920.035290.035900.037090.040420.045390.074890.056,8760.020.077690.074670.074740.074740.074746,8760.034200.034270.034330.034460.034840.035460.036670.040060.045090.074740.057,2200.020.077410.074530.074590.074590.074597,2200.033740.033810.033880.034010.034400.035030.036270.039710.044800.074590.057,5810.020.077130.074390.074440.074440.074447,5810.033290.033360.033430.033560.033960.034610.035870.039370.044520.074440.057,9600.020.076870.074260.074310.074310.074317,9600.032850.032920.032990.033130.033540.034200.035490.039040.044250.074310.058,3580.020.076620.074130.074180.074180.074188,3580.032420.032490.032560.032700.033120.033800.035110.038720.043990.074180.058,7760.020.076380.074010.074050.074050.074058,7760.032000.032070.032140.032290.032710.033410.034740.038410.043740.074050.059,2150.020.076150.073900.073930.073930.073939,2150.031580.031660.031730.031880.032310.033020.034380.038110.043500.073930.059,6750.020.075930.073790.073820.073820.073829,6750.031170.031250.031320.031470.031920.032640.034030.037820.043260.073820.0510,1590.020.075720.073680.073710.073710.0737110,1590.030770.030850.030930.031080.031540.032280.033690.037540.043040.073710.0510,6670.020.075520.073580.073610.073610.0736110,6670.030380.030460.030540.030690.031160.031920.033360.037260.042820.073610.0511,2000.020.075330.073480.073510.073510.0735111,2000.029990.030070.030150.030320.030790.031560.033040.037000.042620.073510.0511,7600.020.075150.073390.073410.073410.0734111,7600.029610.029700.029780.029940.030430.031220.032720.036740.042420.073410.0512,3480.020.074980.073300.073320.073320.0733212,3480.029240.029330.029410.029580.030080.030880.032410.036500.042220.073320.0512,9660.020.074820.073220.073240.073240.0732412,9660.028870.028960.029050.029220.029730.030560.032110.036260.042040.073240.0513,6140.020.074660.073140.073150.073150.0731513,6140.028510.028600.028690.028870.029390.030230.031820.036030.041860.073150.0514,2950.020.074510.073060.073080.073080.0730814,2950.028160.028250.028350.028530.029060.029920.031540.035800.041690.073080.0515,0100.020.074370.072990.073000.073000.0730015,0100.027820.027910.028000.028190.028740.029610.031260.035590.041520.073000.0515,7600.020.074230.072920.072930.072930.0729315,7600.027470.027570.027670.027860.028420.029320.031000.035380.041370.072930.0516,5480.020.074100.072850.072860.072860.0728616,5480.027140.027240.027340.027530.028110.029020.030730.035180.041210.072860.0517,3750.020.073980.072790.072800.072800.0728017,3750.026810.026910.027010.027210.027800.028740.030480.034980.041070.072800.0518,2440.020.073860.072730.072740.072740.0727418,2440.026490.026590.026700.026900.027500.028460.030230.034790.040930.072740.0519,1560.020.073750.072670.072680.072680.0726819,1560.026170.026280.026380.026590.027210.028190.029990.034610.040800.072680.0520,1140.020.073640.072610.072620.072620.0726220,1140.025860.025970.026080.026290.026920.027920.029760.0344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