Articol - psihologia mediului
-
Upload
sebastianthanks -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
0
Transcript of Articol - psihologia mediului
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
1/58
Low Carbon Behaviours Framework
Key Behaviour Areas Data for Scotland
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
2/58
Table of Contents
3
5
25
40
50
Introduction
Home Energy
Personal Transport
Food: Diet & Avoiding Food Waste
Consumption: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
3/58
Introduction
The Scottish Government has set a target to reduce Scotlandsemissions by 80% (1990 baseline) by 2050.
Achieving this will require a shift to a low carbon economy andsociety, with actions from everyone including government,business and households.
80%Emissions
Target
Around 70% of Scotlands emissions are associated withconsumption by households*.
Emissions comprise those arising directly from heating homesand driving cars, as well as those embodied in the goods(including food) and services that we buy.
Role ofindividuals /households
The Low Carbon Scotland Behaviours Framework highlighted
ten key behaviour areas across four themes (home energy,travel, food and consumption) that contribute the most tohousehold emissions. The Framework included a small numberof indicators to track progress in achieving the key behaviours.The data published here is intended to complement theseindicators and give a fuller picture.
Key BehaviourAreas (KBAs)
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
4/58
Low Carbon Behaviours IndicatorsKey
Behaviour Areas (KBAs)
Home Energy
Percentage ofhouseholds who
monitor theirenergy use
47% of peoplemonitor theirenergy use (very orfairly closely), anincrease of 3percentage pointsi 2008
PersonalTransport
Percentage ofjourneys to work
made by public oractive transport
30% of Scots walk,cycle or use publictransport to get towork.
Scotland Performs -
P f
Food: Diet &Food Waste
Percentage ofpeople who
consume 5 or moreportions of fruit &veg per day
20% of Scots eat therecommended 5 ormore portions offruit and veg per day,unchanged
d t 2008
Consumption:Reduce, Reuse,Recycle
Waste generated:
local authoritymunicipal solidwaste
3.06 million tonnes.
Scotland Performs-Performanceimproving.
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
5/58
The Key Behaviour AreasHome
Energy
Home Energy
The systems thatheat our homes
Keeping the heatin
Managing homeheating
Saving electricity
PersonalTransport
Becoming less
reliant on thecar
Driving moreefficiently
Usingalternatives toflying wherepractical
Food
Avoiding foodwaste
Eating a healthydiet, high infruit andvegetables, inseason wherewe live
Consumption
Reducing andreusing
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
6/58
Emissions from home energy
* Estimated GHG emissions from Scottish Households, 2006
**DECC (2013) Energy Consumption in the United Kingdom , Domestic
D t T bl
Emissions from housing
account for 29% of
greenhouse gas emissions
from Scottish households*.
The potential to reduce these
emissions is substantial.
Space and water heating
together account for over
three quarters of energy use
in the home**.
Electricity consumed by
lighting and appliances
accounts for almost a fifth of
home energy use**.
Space heating
66%
Water
16%
Cooking
3%
Lighting and
appliances
15%
UK domestic energy consumption by end use, 2012**
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
7/58
Key indicator: Percentage of people who
monitor their home energy use
Extent energy use is monitored by householders in Scotland, 2008-2011*
* ( )
47% of people in
Scotland state that they
are monitoring their
energy use very or fairly
closely, an increase of
2% points since 2010
and 3% points since
2008.
Nevertheless, this is only
part of the picture. The
following data gives us a
fuller picture of how
many households are
taking action to reduce
their energy use.0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
2008
2009
2010
2011
Very closely Fairly closely Not very closely Not at all Don't know
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
8/58
Key Behaviour Areas in Home Energy
The systemsthat heat ourhomes
Upgrading boilersand heatingsystems
Installing micro-renewables
Keeping theheat in
Cavity wall,external wall and
loft insulation Double glazing
and otherdraught proofing
Managinghome heating
Activelymanaging space
and waterheating to reduceenergy use
Savingelectricity
Reducing electricityuse. Washing
clothes at lowtemperatures. Linedrying rather thantumble drying.
Buying energyefficient products,when these needto be replaced
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
9/58
Boiler types in Scotland 2005/062011*
84% of Scottish
households use a
boiler as their
primary source of
heating.
Condensing boilers
are the most energy
efficient boilers.
28% of households
now have some typeof condensing boiler,
up from 3% in
2005/06.
The systemsthat heat ourhomes
Percentage of households with
condensing boilers
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Standard Condensing Combi Condensing
Combi
Back Boiler
Percentage
Boiler Type
2005/06 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
10/58
Around 1% of Scottish
households are using
energy from micro
generation such as solarpanels, or air and ground
source heat pumps. A
further 1% are using
energy from communal or
district heating systems.
Of those using renewable
energy in 2011, solar
panels were the most
common way of
generating renewable
home energy.
The systemsthat heat ourhomes
Percentage of households using
energy from microgeneration and
communal/district heating systems
Solar panels
47%
Hydro
5%Air and ground
source heat pumps
11%
Biomass
8%
Other
10%
Photo-voltaics
9%
Wind
turbines6%
Geo-thermal energy
4%
Households using energy from microgeneration by source, 2011
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
11/58
Key Behaviour Areas in Home Energy
The systemsthat heat ourhomes
Upgrading boilersand heatingsystems
Installing micro-renewables
Keeping theheat in
Cavity wall,external wall and
loft insulation Double glazing
and otherdraught proofing
Managinghome heating
Activelymanaging space
and waterheating to reduceenergy use
Savingelectricity
Reducing electricityuse. Washing
clothes at lowtemperatures. Linedrying rather thantumble drying
Buying energyefficient products,when these needto be replaced
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
12/58
Percentage of dwellings with insulated external walls
by wall construction, 2007 to 2011*
Insulation: Percentage of cavity
and solid walls insulated
Keeping theheat in
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Percentage
Year
Cavity Solid/other
Uninsulated dwellings are estimatedto lose a third of heat through the
walls. In Scotland, 74% of external
walls are cavity walls and 24% are
solid walls.
From 2007 to 2011, the proportion
of insulated cavity walls in dwellings
has increased significantly from 53%
to 66%.
On the other hand, the 11% of
dwellings with external wall
insulation does not indicate asignificant rise since 2007.
Just over 1 in 3 dwellings with cavity
walls (600,000 homes) and 9 in 10
dwellings with solid/other external
walls (546,000 homes) dont have
h i l d
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
13/58
Keeping theheat in Insulation: Percentage of lofts
with 200mm or more insulation
It is estimated that in an
uninsulated dwelling a quarter
of all heat is lost through the
roof .
In 2011, 45% of dwellings
(628,000 homes) had 200mm ormore of loft insulation. This
compares to 14% in 2003/04
(258,000 homes). Since 2003/04,
the number of dwellings with no
insulation has more than halved.
The recommended depth for
mineral wool insulation, the
most common type, is
270mm**.0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percentage
Year
none
1mm -
99mm
100mm -
199mm
200mm or
more
Depth of loft insulation 2003/042011*
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
14/58
Keeping theheat in Glazing: Percentage of homes
with double or triple glazingPercentage of dwellings with double glazing, 2005/06 - 2011
The proportion of households
with double glazing has risen
from 88% in 2005/06 to 92% in
2011.
Nevertheless, two thirds ofinstallations occurred prior to
2003*.
The proportion without double
or triple glazing has been falling
steadily. This is a good exampleof an energy saving behaviour
that has become a norm for
householders.
* ( )
80%
82%
84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
94%
96%
98%
100%
2005/06 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Percentage
Year
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
15/58
Key Behaviour Areas in Home Energy
The systemsthat heat ourhomes
Upgrading boilersand heatingsystems
Installing micro-renewables
Keeping theheat in
Cavity wall,external wall and
loft insulation, Double glazing
and otherdraught proofing
Managinghome heating
Activelymanaging space
and waterheating to reduceenergy use
Savingelectricity
Reducing electricityuse. Washing
clothes at lowtemperatures. Linedrying rather thantumble drying.
Buying energyefficient products,when these needto be replaced
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
16/58
Managinghome heating Turning heating down: Households
with a thermostat or time clock
Three-quarters of Scottish
households with central heating
have a thermostat. Of these, the
proportion who say they use it to
adjust the heating in their homehas risen from 85% in 2007 to
91% in 2011.
84% have a time clock to manage
heating. Of these, 85% of
households say they use it.The Scottish Household
Condition Survey does not collect
data on what temperature
thermostats are set at.
Percentage of households with central heating that have a
thermostat and/or time clock to manage heating, 2007-2011*
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Percentage
Year
Thermostat &
time clock
Time clock only
Thermostat
only
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
17/58
Managinghome heating
Turning heating down: Putting on
more clothes when feeling cold
Less than half (44%) of
people in Scotland wouldalways or very often put
more clothes on rather than
turning the heating on or
up.
More women than men do
this.
Percentage of people in Scotland who put on more clothes when
feeling cold rather than putting on or turning up the heating, 2009*
always
24%
very often
20%
quite often
22%
not very often
20%
never
14%
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
18/58
Reducing hours heating is on:
Any rooms not heated on winter
weekdays/weekends
Managinghome heating
Less than 1 in 4 Scottish
households turn the
heating off in unused
rooms on all winter
days.
There has been little
change in this figure
over the past five years,despite rising
household energy costs.
Percentage of households who dont heat all rooms in winter,
2007-2011*
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Percentage
Year
Weekdays Weekends
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
19/58
Key Behaviour Areas in Home Energy
The systemsthat heat ourhomes
Upgrading boilers
and heatingsystems
Installing micro-renewables
Keeping theheat in
Cavity wall,external wall and
loft insulation, Double glazing
and otherdraught proofing
Managinghome heating
Activelymanaging space
and waterheating to reduceenergy use
Savingelectricity
Reducing electricityuse. Washing
clothes at lowtemperatures. Linedrying rather thantumble drying.
Buying energyefficient products,when these needto be replaced
S i
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
20/58
SavingElectricity Using energy efficient
products: Light bulbsPercentage of households with 50% or more low energy
fixed light fittings, 2007-2011* The percentage of
households with no fixed low
energy lighting more than
halved from 55% in 2007 to
20% in 2011.
The percentage of
households with 50% or
more fixed low energy
lighting more than doubled
from 23% to 48% in the
same period.
Only 12% of households had
100% low energy fixed light
fittings in 2011.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Percentageofhouseholds
None
less than 50%
50% or more
Year
S i
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
21/58
SavingElectricity Using appliances efficiently:
Switching off lights in unused rooms
Almost two thirds of people saythey always switch lights off in
rooms that are not being used
(2009 data). A further 1 in 5 do
this very often.
Only 7% of people never or rarely
switch lights off.
Percentage of people in Scotland who switch off lights, 2009*
* d d h h ld d l d ( ) l d
S i
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
22/58
SavingElectricity Using appliances efficiently:
Fully turning off TV overnight
Percentage of people in Scotland who leave TV on standby, 2009*
Nearly 60% of people never
leave their TV on standby
overnight.
However, almost 1 in 4
people always leave their TV
on standby.
S i
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
23/58
SavingElectricity Using appliances efficiently:
Washing clothes at less than 40 degrees
Less than 40 degrees
39%
40-49 degrees
41%
50+ degrees
4%
Don't know11%
Don't do washing in my
household
5%
2 in 5 Scots wash
their clothes atless than 40
degrees*
Temperature people wash their clothes at, 2011*
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
24/58
Home energy key behaviours
Summary
The key behaviour indicator for home energythe percentage of people whomonitor their energy use (very or fairly closely)has increased by 3% points since
2008 to 47% in 2011.
Progress has been made on the uptake of one-off behaviours such as installing more
energy efficient boilers and loft and cavity wall insulation. This has been helped by
government support through programmes such as CERT, boiler scrappage scheme,
Universal Home Insulation Scheme and Energy Assistance Package. Future support
will provided as part of Home Energy Efficiency Programmes for Scotland.
Heating management behaviours are generally proving more resistant to change.
The use of energy efficient light bulbs shows a positive shift, however there is a lack
of trend data for Scotland on saving electricity behaviours.
The recently published Report on Policies and Proposals (RPP2) and Scotlands
Sustainable Housing Strategy outlines the range of actions the Scottish Government
is taking forward to encourage people to save energy in the home and/or to
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
25/58
The Key Behaviour Areas
Personal Transport
Home Energy
The systemsthat heat our
homes
Keeping theheat in
Managing homeheating
Savingelectricity
Personaltransport
Becoming lessreliant on thecar
Driving moreefficiently
Usingalternatives toflying where
Food
Avoiding foodwaste
Eating a healthydiet, high infruit andvegetables,grown in seasonwhere we live
Consumption
Reducing andreusing
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
26/58
Reasons Why People TravelEmissions from transport account for 29% of greenhouse gas emissions from Scottish
households*. People travel for a variety of reasons. Data show that commuting andbusiness travel is the largest category of personal transport mileage (2,076 miles in
2009/10)**. However, when leisure activities (visiting friends and other leisure) are
considered together, travelling for leisure purposes becomes the biggest category of
personal transport mileage (2,716 miles in 2009/10)**.
- 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
Education/ Escort education
Shopping
Personal business / Other escort
Visiting friends
Other leisure (eg sport, day trip, other)
Commuting/ Business
Miles
Average distance travelled per person by year by purpose**
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
27/58
Key Behaviour Areas in Personal Transport
Less relianton cars
Walking and/or
cycling Using public
transport
Car sharing
Driving moreefficiently
Using a low
carbon vehicle Following fuel
efficient drivingprinciples
Alternatives toflying
Flying less
frequently Taking trains
instead ofdomestic flights
Less reliant
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
28/58
Less relianton cars Key indicator - Percentage of
journeys to work made by public
transport or active travel
How people travel to work, 19992012*
The proportion of people walking, cycling or taking public transport to work has remained
relatively unchanged at around 30% since 1999.
Cars are still the main mode of travel, with two thirds of people getting to work this way.
Within this, more people are driving (55% 61%), and fewer are travelling as car
passengers (12% 6%).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percentageofpeople
Rail
Bus
Bicycle
Walking
Less reliant
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
29/58
Less relianton cars Modal share of public transport
and active travel
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Under 1km
1 to under 2km
2 to under 3km
3 to under 5km
5 to under 10km
10 to under 15km
15 to 20km
20 to 40km
40km and over
Mode of public transport and active travel journeys made, 2011
Walking
Bicycle
BusRail
Dis
tance
Walking, cycling and public transport are the main mode of travel for journeys under1km with 67% of people travelling this way. Around a third of journeys under 1km are
undertaken by car, either as a driver or passenger.
Driving a car is the main mode of transport for all journeys over 1km, and just over
half (51%) of the journeys we make by car are under 5km.
Less reliant
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
30/58
Less relianton cars People who regularly car share
15% of Scots say they always or very often
car share. Over half the population never
car share*.
Less than two fifths of car journeys are
undertaken by two or more people. The
number of lone car journeys has increased
by 8% points since 1999**.
Percentage of people who say they car share,2009*
always
6%
very often
9%
quite often
14%
not very often
17%
never
54%
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Five or more
Four
Three
Two
Percentage of car journeys with 2 or more people, 1999-2011**
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
31/58
Key Behaviour Areas in Personal Transport
Less relianton cars
Walking and/or
cycling Using public
transport
Car sharing
Driving moreefficiently
Using a low
carbon vehicle Following fuel
efficient drivingprinciples
Alternatives toflying
Flying less
frequently Taking trains
instead ofdomestic flights
Driving more
f f ff
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
32/58
Driving moreefficiently Proportion of new fuel efficient
vehicles (GB data)
Percentage of new cars in emissions bands A, B and C, 20012012*
Drivers are encouraged to buy
cars in emission bands A, B or C
(emitting less that 120g/km) with
significantly lower rates of VehicleExcise Duty (VED).
The proportion of new vehicles in
bands A, B or C increased from 1%
in 2001 to 37% in 2012*.
Correspondingly, there have been
steep falls in the proportion ofnew cars in band F or below.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percentage
Year
Band C: 111 - 120 g/km
Band B: 101 - 110 g/km
Band A: Up to 100 g/km
Driving more P ti f li d f l
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
33/58
Driving moreefficiently Proportion of licensed fuel
efficient vehicles (GB data)Fuel efficiency of licensed vehicles, 20012012*
The influence of the emissions
profile of new car purchases can
be seen in the proportion of
licensed fuel efficient vehicles.
There is a clear pattern towards
ownership of vehicles that emit
less.
The proportion of vehicles
emitting less than 140g CO2/km
is increasing (bands A-E). The
proportion of vehicles emittingthe most (band F) is decreasing.
Turnover of vehicles within the
overall stock will nevertheless
take a number of years.0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Band F or below (140g/km or more)
Band D or E (120-140g/km)
Band A, B or C (120g/km or less)
Driving more
l d b d l
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
34/58
Driving moreefficiently Electric and Hybrid Electric
Vehicles Licensed in Scotland
Currently less than
1% of licensed road
vehicles in Scotland
are electric or
hybrid electric. **
The number of
electric and hybrid
electric vehicles on
the road has
increased in recent
years, albeit from avery low baseline.
Number of licensed electric and hybrid electric vehicles in
Scotland, 2002-2012*
Driving more
h h d
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
35/58
Driving moreefficiently Drivers agreeing that they drive
slower to save money on fuel
For most cars, the most fuel
efficient speed is 45-50mph.
Driving at 50mph rather than
70mph reduces fuel
consumption by 10%**.
Just under half of car drivers
surveyed in 2012 said they
reduce their speed to save
money on fuel.
55% of drivers either dont
or dont know if they adjust
driving speed for fuel
efficiency.
Percentage of car owners and drivers who reducespeed for fuel efficiency, 2012*
Yes, I do
45%
No, I dont
51%
Cant recall
4%
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
36/58
Key Behaviour Areas in Personal Transport
Less relianton cars
Walking and/or
cycling Using public
transport
Car sharing
Driving moreefficiently
Using a low
carbon vehicle Following fuel
efficient drivingprinciples
Alternatives toflying
Flying less
frequently Taking trains
instead ofdomestic flights
Alternatives to
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
37/58
Alternatives toflying Percentage of people taking
fewer flights
always
6%very often
5%
quite often9%
not very often
19%
never
61%
Percentage who say they take fewer flights when
possible, 2009*Only 11% of people say they
always or very often take
fewer flights when possible.
Three in five Scots (61%) say
they never take fewer flights,
and a further 19% dont avoid
flying very often.
Our flying emissions are
strongly related to income.
The international aviationemissions of the highest
earners are more than ten
times that of the lowest
income households**.
* UK Household Longitudinal Survey (2011) Early Findings 2009
Alternatives to
D ti i t l
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
38/58
Alternatives toflying Domestic air travel
The number of air transport passengers has more than doubled since 1990. Domestic
passengers account for around half of the total. However, there has been a decline indomestic passenger numbers since 2006. This reflects the growth of air travel from low cost
operations, which levelled off and reversed during the economic downturn. As the
economy has improved, the position has picked up again in the last 2 years*.
Domestic flights have the highest emissions per passenger/km of all modes of transport**.
Number of domestic passengers travelling to/from
Scotlands five major airports, 2001-2011*
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Num
berofpassengers(thousands
)
Grams of CO2 emitted per passenger km for different
modes of UK transport, 2012**
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140160
180
GramsofCO2perpass-km
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
39/58
Personal transport behaviours
Summary
The key low carbon behaviour indicator for transportthe percentage of journeys
to workmade by public transport or active travelhas remained unchanged ataround 30% since 1999.
More positively, in terms of driving more efficiently, there is a clear trend towards
the purchase of fuel efficient vehicles, whilst the purchase of alternatively fuelledvehicles is increasing, albeit from a very low base.
The number of domestic air passengers has decreased since 2006, although this is
likely to be due to factors other than positive behaviour change, such as the
economic slowdown.
The recently published Report on Policies and Proposals (RPP2) outlines the range
of actions the Scottish Government is taking forward to positively influence
personal transport behaviours.
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
40/58
The Key Behaviour AreasFood
Home Energy
The systemsthat heat ourhomes
Keeping theheat in
Managing homeheating
Saving Electricity
Personaltransport
Becoming lessreliant on thecar
Driving moreefficiently
Usingalternatives toflying wherepractical
Food
Eating a healthy
diet, high in fruit
and vegetables,
in season where
we live
Avoiding food
waste
Consumption
Reducing andreusing
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
41/58
Key Behaviour Areas in FoodDiet
Avoiding foodwaste
Throwing awayless food
Reusing leftoverfood
Eating ahealthy, localdiet
Eating more fruitand vegetables
Eating food inseason where welive
S i bl l h i Ch iEating a
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
42/58
Sustainable Healthy Diet Choices
*Estimated GHG Emissions from Scottish Households (2006), Table 15. This includes the emissions associated with the production and transportation of food, but
excludes emissions from food waste. **Derived from Macdiarmid et al. (2013), Table 1, for the FSA in Scotland. GHGE estimates only based on the first stages of the
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%35%
40%
45%
Fruit & vegetables Bread, rice, potato,
pasta & other
starchy foods
Meat, fish, eggs,
beans & other non-
dairy sources ofprotein
Milk & dairy Food & drinks high
in fat &/or sugar
Other foods
Percentage
Food Groups
Quantity of food
(percentage byweight in the
eatwell diet)
Pre-Regional
Distribution
Centre GHGE for
different food
groups
Contribution of pre-RDC GHGEcompared to the relative quantities of food in the eatwell week **
Food accounts for around a fifth of Scottish households greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE)*. Evidence shows that dietary choice can
influence the carbon footprint from the food we eat.
Currently, the composition of the average diet in Scotland is not balanced to meet our health and low carbon targets.
The eatwell week, developed by the Food Standards Agency (FSA) in Scotland, shows that it is possible to eat a healthy, balanced diet
that has lower GHGE. The eatwell week is estimated to be approximately 28% lower in pre-RDC GHGE than the current UK diet**.
The chart shows the share of different food groups in the eatwell week and their associated GHGE. For example, fruit and vegetables
account for 42% of food (by weight) and 36% of GHGE, whilst meat, fish, eggs and other non-dairy sources of protein account for 10% of
food and 27% of GHGE.
This reflects the relative weight of these foods within a healthy diet and their associated GHGE. The figures illustrate the importance of
eating a balanced diet.
Eating ahealthy,local diet
Eating a
d l
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
43/58
The Scottish Governments dietary targets
include:
increasing our consumption of fruit &
vegetables, wholegrains and pulses
reducing our fat intake
Average daily consumption of fruit and
vegetables increased from 259g in 2001 to 279g
in 2009 . This is equivalent to 3 portions perperson*.
While this shows progress, it is short of the
Governments target of a minimum of 400g - 5
portions - of fruit and vegetables a day. As the
chart shows, a fifth of people ate the
recommended 5 or more portions in 2012, with
no statistically significant change compared to
2008**.
Further research in the area of healthy diets and
GHGE is required, e.g. to take account of the
whole life cycle GHGE of different foods. The
Scottish Government will continue to fund and
monitor the evidence base and keep under
review the most appropriate key behaviour
ghealthy,local diet
Key indicatorPeople eating 5 or
more fruit and vegetables a day
*Food Standards Agency (2012) Estimation of Food and Nutrient Intakes
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percentageofadultsconsumingrecommended5-a-day
Consumption of recommended fiveportions-a-day of fruit and veg: 2008-
2012
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
44/58
Eating a healthy, local, in season diet
Summary
The key behaviour indicator shows little change so far in peoples food
consumption behaviours.
The Scottish Government promotes a healthy, balanced diet through a variety of
means, including the EatWell Plate, Healthier Scotland Cooking Bus and
Community Food and Health Scotland, and improves access to fresh fruit andvegetables in local communities through the Healthy Living Programme.
The farming industry is reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the Farming
For a Better Climate Initiative. Between 2010-11, there were decreases in
emissions of 3% from the agriculture and related land use sector (0.3 MtCO2e)*.
Initiatives such as Nourish Scotland are working towards sustainable localised foodsystems.
The Scottish Government continues to fund scientific research to help enable
healthy, sustainable dietary choices that are based on sound evidence.
*Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2011
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
45/58
Key Behaviour Areas in FoodAvoiding
Food Waste
Avoiding foodwaste
Throwing awayless food
Reusing leftoverfood
Eating ahealthy, localdiet
Eating more fruitand vegetables.
Eating food inseason where welive.
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
46/58
Emissions from food waste
Emissions associated withhousehold food waste inScotland are estimated to bethe equivalent of 1.7 milliontonnes of CO2 each year*.
If avoided, this would beequivalent to removing one inevery five cars from Scottishroads.
A fifth of the food and drink
we buy ends up being thrownaway. This costs the averageScottish household 430 peryear**.
Avoiding food
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Y3C8PhBKKDHmNM&tbnid=2nLotqTdMs2l1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://car-pictures.feedio.net/modern-small-car-public-domain-image-picture-in-gallery-cars-is-in/&ei=pjNcUerqA4Oe0QWeyYDQAw&bvm=bv.44697112,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNHYI-RKfuf4Kf5wMc5Rgf14G-qPxQ&ust=1365083423044154http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Y3C8PhBKKDHmNM&tbnid=2nLotqTdMs2l1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://car-pictures.feedio.net/modern-small-car-public-domain-image-picture-in-gallery-cars-is-in/&ei=pjNcUerqA4Oe0QWeyYDQAw&bvm=bv.44697112,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNHYI-RKfuf4Kf5wMc5Rgf14G-qPxQ&ust=1365083423044154http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Y3C8PhBKKDHmNM&tbnid=2nLotqTdMs2l1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://car-pictures.feedio.net/modern-small-car-public-domain-image-picture-in-gallery-cars-is-in/&ei=pjNcUerqA4Oe0QWeyYDQAw&bvm=bv.44697112,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNHYI-RKfuf4Kf5wMc5Rgf14G-qPxQ&ust=1365083423044154http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Y3C8PhBKKDHmNM&tbnid=2nLotqTdMs2l1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://car-pictures.feedio.net/modern-small-car-public-domain-image-picture-in-gallery-cars-is-in/&ei=pjNcUerqA4Oe0QWeyYDQAw&bvm=bv.44697112,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNHYI-RKfuf4Kf5wMc5Rgf14G-qPxQ&ust=1365083423044154 -
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
47/58
People throwing food away
59% of people say they
waste little or no food
and only 1% admit to
wasting quite a lot*.
However, food andkitchen waste accounts
for almost a third (31.5%)
of all household waste -
by far the biggest share
by waste type**. This
suggests people arent
always aware of how
much food theyre
throwing out.
Percentage of people who throw food away by quantity (Spring 2011, 2012, 2013)*
waste
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2011
2012
2013
None Hardly any A small amount
some A reasonable amount Quite a lot
Avoiding food
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
48/58
People who reuse leftover food
** Zero Waste Scotland/ WRAP Consumer Food Waste Prevention Tracker (Spring
More people say they
reuse leftover food
than throw it away*.
Almost half of Scots
use leftovers as part of
another meal, and
about a third use
leftovers as a meal in
itself. Less than one in
six say they throw
leftovers away**.
Percentage of people who reuse and throw away leftovers, 2011-2013**
waste
* Multi-code question where more than one response was possible
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2011 2012 2013
Percentage
Year
Used as part of
another meal
Used as a meal
in themselves
Didn't get used
and were
thrown away
d b h
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
49/58
Food waste behaviours
Summary
There is limited trend data on food behaviours. The data that we do have since
2011 shows little change so far in peoples behaviours.
By changing our behaviour around how we buy, store, and prepare our food we
can reduce food waste. Prevention involves behaviour throughout the foodjourney.
The Scottish Governments 2012 national food waste prevention campaign
combined practical advice with information on the cost and environmental impacts
of food waste.
Furthermore, major grocery manufacturers and supermarkets have signed up to
use their influence to help consumers make further reductions, for example
through pack design, clearer date labelling and storage advice.
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
50/58
The Key Behaviour Areas - Consumption
Home Energy
The systemsthat heat ourhomes
Keeping theheat in
Managing homeheating
Saving Electricity
Personaltransport
Becoming lessreliant on the
car
Driving moreefficiently
Usingalternatives toflying wherepractical
Food
Avoiding foodwaste
Eating a healthy
diet, high infruit andvegetables,grown in seasonwhere we live
Consumption
Reducing andreusing, inaddition to the
efforts wealready makeon recycling
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
51/58
Reusing andrepairing
Giving productsa second useand only
replacing whennecessary.
Recycling -Closing the
production loopby recovering,and processing
materials thatwould
otherwisebecome waste,into the original
or similarproducts.
ReducingPurchasing
second handgoods andavoiding
unnecessarypackaging.
Reducing, re-using andrecycling
Reducing andi d Key indicator Municipal solid
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
52/58
reusing , andrecycling
Key indicatorMunicipal solid
waste generated
Local authority collected municipal solid waste, 2000/01- 2011/12* A reduction in the amount ofwaste generated is an indicator
of greater resource efficiency
and more sustainable
consumption behaviour -
addressing the first step in the
waste hierarchy ('Reduce, Re-
use, Recycle, Recover'). In thefirst instance, the indicator
measures local authority
collected municipal solid waste
with a view to focusing on
household waste when data
becomes available.
This type of waste decreased
by 3% in 2011/12, continuing a
downward trend from
2006/07.
*Scotland Performs National Indicators : Reduce Waste Generated, SEPA data
** Local Authority Collected Municipal Waste is waste generated by households, plus commercial and industrial waste similar to that generated
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
WasteArising(M
illionTons)
Year
The amount of
waste is now
11% lower than
at its peak in
2006/07.
How common household itemsReducing and
R i d
http://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/content/campus-reducing-waste -
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
53/58
How common household items
are disposed ofReusing, andrecyclingThis table indicatesdifferent pathways of
disposal for reusable items.
Donating to charity is the
most popular option for
disposing of clothes andtextiles, and the second
most popular option for
disposing of furniture.
For all categories except
clothing/textiles, disposalat the tip is the most
popular option. Potential
for re-use and recycling at
the tip is site dependent.
CLOTHING / TEXTILES
(832)
LARGE APPLIANCES
(266)
ELECTRICALS
(421)
FURNITURE
(267)
% % % %
Donated to
charity68
Disposed of
at my local
tip
23Disposed of at
my local tip60
Disposed of at
my local tip31
Disposed of at
my local tip14
Arranged for
a collection
by the
council
22
Gave to
family or
friends
10Donated to
charity29
Other 7 Donated to
charity9
Threw it away
in my bin9
Arranged for
a collection by
the council
21
It was takenaway when
the new
product was
delivered
8Donated to
charity8
Gave to
family or
friends
16
Gave to
family or
friends
5
Arranged for
a collection by
the council
5
Pathways of disposal for reusable household items, 2013*
People choosing to buy secondReducing andReusing and
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
54/58
People choosing to buy second
hand items
Reusing, and
recycling
Furniture (31%
including bed frames,
sofas/armchairs &
other large furniture)
and clothing/textiles
(15%) are the most
popular second hand
purchases. Only a
small proportion of
people currently buy,
or consider buying,
second handelectrical goods.
0%
2%
4%
6%8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Item bought second hand
Perce
ntage
Percentage of people buying an item that chose to buy second
hand, 2013*
Reducing andReusing and
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
55/58
Recycling different items
Batteries (1058)
Plastic carrier bags (1060)
Food waste (1046)
Soft plastic packaging (1088)
Foil (1072)Aerosol cans (1014)
Plastic pots, tubs and trays (1080)
Drink cartons/tetrapak (1060)
Glass jars or bottles (1086)
Garden waste (917)
Plastic bottles (1088)
Food and drinks cans/tins (1086)
Card / cardboard (1086)
Paper (1054)
Recycle kerbside Recycle other means Put in the general rubbish Do something else
Reusing, and
recycling
Percentage of householders recycling different items, 2013*
Paper and card/cardboard are the most recycled items, with a high proportion being
recycled kerbside. Food and drinks cans/tins, plastic bottles, garden waste and glass jars or
bottles also have the highest levels of recycling. The figures for kerbside recycling broadly
reflect the availability of this service. Foil (62%), soft plastic packaging (62%) and food waste
(58%) are currently the items most likely put in the general rubbish.
C ti R d l
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
56/58
Consumption: Reduce, reuse, recycle
Summary
The trend data for the key behaviour indicator shows that the volume of municipal
solid waste collected by local authorities is declining.
The Scottish Government and Zero Waste Scotland (ZWS) are working together to
improve data collection on the 3Rs behaviours that will complement other sources ofdata. For example, from 2012 the Scottish Household Survey will provide trend data
on households use of local authorities food waste kerbside collection service and
home composting.
The Scottish Government and ZWS are working to improve the collection of reusable
items and recyclingparticularly food waste with over 1 million households (46% )
expected to have access to a food waste collection service by February 2014. Work
with reuse organisations to help them expand their operations is currently underway.
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
57/58
Key contacts and the data reported in this publication are
available to download from the Scottish Government
website as a separate Excel file.
Published: October 2013
-
8/13/2019 Articol - psihologia mediului
58/58
t l d k
Crown copyright 2013
You may re-use this information (excluding logos and images) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of theOpen Government Licence. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/
or e-mail: [email protected] .
Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need toobtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.
ISBN: 978-1-78256-901-5 (web only)
The Scottish GovernmentSt Andrews HouseEdinburghEH1 3DG
Produced for the Scottish Government by APS Group ScotlandDPPAS14749 (09/13)
Published by the Scottish Government, September 2013