Arthrology Lincoln
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Transcript of Arthrology Lincoln
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Arthrology
Chapter 9
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Arthrology Is
Study of joints
Joints are defined as places where
the rigid elements of the skeletonmeet.
HOWEVER, joints can be betweenthe soft parts of the skeleton.
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Classification of Joints
2 Methods of Classification
Functional Classification
*focuses on the amount ofmovement
allowed.
Structural Classification*focuses on the material that binds
the joint together.
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ARTHROLOGY
Types of Joints
1. SYNOSTOSIS
- called a synarthrosis or
syndesmosis- is a bone to bone union
- begins as a joint where there is afibrous membrane between the two
bones. They are sometimes calledFIBROUS JOINTS or LIGAMENTOUSUNIONS.
- These are NON-MOVEABLE
- Fontanelles are examples
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2. AMPHIARTHROSIS (cartilagenousjoints)
- moveable and immoveable- cartilage between two bones
- these joints allow somemovement while still providingprotection.
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3. DIARTHROSIS (synovial joints)
- allow for free movement
- have three characteristics:
1. synovial membrane- a serous membrane that
produces synovial fluid which reducesfriction and absorbs shock.
2. articular cartilage3. capsule
-dense connective tissuecovering the joint
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Summary of Joint Classes
Structural Class Characteristics Types Mobility
Fibrous Bones united by
collagen fibers
1. Suture
2. Syndesmosis
3. gomphosis
1. Immobile
(synarthrosis)
2. Slightly moveable
(amphiarthrosis)
3. Immobile
Cartilaginous Bone ends united by
cartilage
1. Synchondrosis
(hyaline)
2. Symphysis
(fibrocartliage)
1. Immobile
2. Slightly moveable
Synovial Bone ends covered with
articular cartilage and
enclosed within a
capsule lined with a
synovial membrane
1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and socket
Freely moveable
(diarthrosis) which depends
on joint design
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The synovial fluid helps reducefriction, disipate heat, and absorbshock.
The articular cartilage acts similarly toteflon, which helps reduce friction
and pressure.
The joint capsule covers and protects
the synovial membrane.
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There are several ligaments that helphold the portions of the jointtogether.
Intracapuslar Ligament hold thebones together. Not found in every
joint.Extracapsular Ligament called the
collateral ligament. It is a singleband that is actually a thickening ofthe joint capsule.
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The synovial membrane is 3-dimensional, like aknee support enclosing the entire joint. It is NOTfound between the bones. It produces thesynovial fluid.
BURSAE are found between the muscle andtendons and the bone/joint. These are fluid filledsacs that reduce friction. In some cases they areextensions of the synovial sac. When theybecome tubular, they can envelope the tendonsand become a SYNOVIAL SHEATH. When thesebursa become dry, friction and inflammationresult, causing BURSITIS.
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We can increase the surface area ofa joint by having a MENISCUS. Theknee has this sort of anatomy.
This type of cartilage can be torn bytorque. Meniscal cartilage cannotheal itself.
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How Do Muscles Act on Bones?
Flexion vs. Extension
Dorsiflexion vs. Plantarflexion
Abduction vs. Adduction
CircumductionRotation
Pronation vs. Supination
Protraction vs. Retraction
Elevation vs. Depression
Inversion vs. Eversion
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Types of Joints (Articulations)
1. Ball and Socket Joint
- allow for the most freedom of movement
- triaxial movement flexion, extension,abduction, adduction, circumflexion, and
rotation2. Hinge Joint
- uniaxial allows movement in only onedirection. Back and Forth
- allows only flexion and extension in oneplane (sagittal)
- many times the articular surfaces will havea distinct shape (ie: spool shaped trochlearsurface of the humerus)
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3. Pivot Joint
- allows rotation (uniaxial)
- rounded, pointed, or conical surface on onebone that fits into a ring of bone on another.
4. Saddle Joint
- biaxial
- allows flexion, extension, abduction,adduction, and circumduction.
- surfaces are inverted relative to each other.
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5. Condyloid Joint
- biaxial
- one bone is concave(hollowed out depression) and theother is convex (rounded orelliptical).
- allows flexion, extension,abduction, and adduction.
- NO ROTATION
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6. Sliding or Gliding Joint
- biaxial
- side to side, back and forth
- two flat surfaces that slide over each other
- NO ANGULAR MOTION
7. Tongue and Groove (Mortise and Tenon)
- uniaxial
- one side is a slot, the other side is an
extension that fits into the slot.- NO SIDE TO SIDE MOVEMENT
- Allows flexion and extension
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Introduction to Myology and Movement
Human motion and walking is dueto a system of levers that are madefrom bones and muscles.
A lever has a fulcrum, or pivotpoint; a force, or energy that hasto be applied; and a resistance, or
opposition to movement. A wheel is a lever with the pivot in
the center.
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3 Types of Human Levers Systems
Class 1: Fulcrum is between theforce and load.
load
Force
fulcrum
This type of lever pulls our head into an extended position once flexed.
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Class 2: The load is between theforce and fulcrum.
The muscles that elevate us to our tip toesplantarflexion of the foot on the leg.
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Class 3 Lever
The load is opposite the fulcrum.
Examples of this type of
lever are muscles that movethe forearm.
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Requirements For Movement
1. An alive muscle
2. A stimulus
- nerve impulse
3. At least 2 bones- diarthrosis
- the joint must allow for movement inplane that the muscle shortens.
- the muscle must be able to pull theload
- force must be greater than theresistance
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Muscles that stabilize a limb so it canmove is a FIXATOR.
For example, the trapezius stabilizes the
clavicle and scapula so we can move thearm but not have the head of thehumerus become deflected in anydirection.
A muscle that provides most of the forcefor a particular movement is the PRIMEMOVER. For example, the deltoid is theprime flexor of the arm on the shoulder.
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Muscle pairs must work together:
AGONIST assists movementANTAGONIST resists movement
For example: The triceps surae (gastrocnemius andsoleus complex) plantarflexes the foot on the leg.This is the plantarflexory agonist. The musclesthat work against the triceps are the dorsiflexorymuscles (tibialis anterior and long extensors).
The opposite is also true: The plantarflexors are theantagonists to the dorsiflexors.
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Occurs at ends of bones Articular cartilage enclosed within an
articular capsule and lined with a synovialmembrane.
All freely moveable (diarthrosis) Type of movement depends on the shape
and design of the joint. 6 Types
1. Plane 4. Condyloid2. Hinge 5. Saddle3. Pivot 6. Ball and Socket
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Part of a Synovial Joint
Joint Cavity fluid filled potential space. Articulating surfaces:
simple joint 2 articulating surfacescompound joint - >2 articular surfaces
Articular Cartilage hyaline cartilage. Spongycushions absorb compression
Articular Capsule2 layers:
1. fibrous capsule outside, dense irregular
CT that is continuous with the periosteum.2. synovial membrane loose CT. Makessynovial fluid for protection.
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Synovial Fluid*viscous fluid resembling raw egg whites.*filtrate of blood*contains glycoproteins
Reinforcing Ligaments*bands that hold the joint together.*Extracapsular outside the capsule*Intracapsular internal to the capsule
Neurovascular Bundle
*Nerves and Blood Vessels*Detect pain when joint is disrupted (ie:
sprains,dislocations)
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Synovial joints have lubricating devices toallow the bones to move across oneanother with minimal friction.
Synovial joints are subject to
compression. Compression occurs whenmuscles that hold the bones togethercontract.
Lubricating fluid is squeezed out of thejoint onto the opposing surfaces. When
pressure on the joint ceases, the fluidrushes back into the articular cartilage.The fluid is absorbed back into thecartilage ready for the next compressiveforce. This is called weeping lubrication.
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MOVEMENTS OF
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Movement caused by muscularcontraction.
3 Types of Movments:
1. Gliding sliding of flat surfacesacross each other. Found mainly betweenthe carpals and between the tarsals.
2. Angular increase or decreases the
angle between the two bones
3. Rotation movement of bonearound its long axis.
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED
BY SHAPE
The shapes of the articulating surfaces determinethe movement allowed at a joint.
Types of synovial joints:
1. plane flat articular surfaces. Short gliding
movements are allowed.2. hinge cylindrical end of one bone fits into
the trough of another bone. Angular movement isin one plane. Uniaxial joint along one plane.
3. pivot rounded end of one fits into a ring
formed by another bone.
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4. Condyloid egg shaped articularsurface fits into the oval concavityin another.
5. Saddle Joint has both convexand concave areas.
6. Ball and Socket spherical head
of one bone fits into a round socketin another.
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Disorders of Joints
Injury
1. Sprain
- stretching or tearing of aligament
2. Dislocation
- joint alignment is interrupted- Subluxationis a partial or
incomplete dislocation of a
joint.
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Inflammatory Conditions
1. Bursitis
- inflammation of a bursa
- Bursae are sacs of fluid thatserve to
protect boney prominences.2. Tendinitis
- inflammation of a tendonsheath
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3. Osteoarthritis- most common type of arthritis- degenerative condition of the
articular cartilage- Enzymes wear down the cartilagematrix due to wear and tear
4. Rheumatoid Arthritis- inflammation of the synovium- autoimmune in origin- often results in ankylosis of the
joint