Arteries AWAY Branch Typically oxygenated.. Capillaries Smallest. Most abundant. – How many?? –...
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Arteries
• AWAY
• Branch
• Typically oxygenated.
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Capillaries
• Smallest.
• Most abundant.– How many??
– Why?
• Exchange
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Veins
• TOWARDS
• Converge.
• Typically deoxygenated.
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3 Layers of the Vascular Wall
• Tunica interna
• Tunica media
• Tunica externa.
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Tunica Interna/Intima• Lining.
• Endothelium.
• Supported by loose CT.
• Only layer in capillaries.
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Tunica Media
• Primarily smooth muscle plus elastic fibers.
• Most prominent layer in arteries.
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Tunica Media
• Smooth muscle tone
• Regulated by:
– Metabolites
– Hormones
– Sympathetic vasomotorneurons.
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• Vasomotor neurons constantly release NE onto TM smoothmuscle.– What does the NE do?
– Why have a constant release?
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Increased NE release by a vasomotor neuron causes:
– Tunica media smooth muscle tone to:
– Vessel diameter to:
– Resistance to blood flow in the vessel to:
– Blood flow thru the vessel to:
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This gentleman has fatty plaques in his lowerleg arteries.
How do you think they affect blood flow?
How does that relate to his facialexpression?
His doctor recommends that the sympatheticnerves to those arteries be cut.
Why?
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Tunica Externa/Adventitia
• Primarily collagen
• Function?
• Most prominentlayer in veins
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Elastic Arteries
• Aorta and major branches.
• Act as AUXILIARY PUMPS.
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• Regional distribution
• Significant layer
Muscular Arteries
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• Smallest.
• May or may not have an externa.
• Highly innervated by vasomotor neurons.
Arterioles
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• Regulation of blood pressure and flow.
• Easy to change the diameter.– How would you do it?
– Why would you want to?
Arterioles
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Capillaries
• Smallest.
• Thin walls
• Billions
• Function?
• Almost everywhere.
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Continuous capillaries––––
Most common and least permeable.No endothelial “holes”Intercellular clefts.Abundant in…
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Fenestrated capillaries– Endothelial “holes”– Intercellular clefts– Found in…
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Sinusoidal capillaries.––––
Most permeable and least common.Big endothelial “holes”Intercellular clefts.Can have macrophages in theirlining. Why?
– Found in…
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Why are capillaries organized into beds?
What tissues will have high densities of capillary beds?
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What determines whether thesphincters are open or closed?
What do precapillary sphincters do?
Vascular shunt vs.True capillaries
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If you were running,
1. Precapillary sphincters in your biceps femoris would …
2. Precapillary sphincters in your large intestine would…
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Veins
• All 3 tunics.
• TE is the largest.
• Thin walls
• Large lumens.
• Low resistance
• High compliance
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Veins
• Smooth muscle toneprevents too muchdistention.
• Capacitance vessels/Bloodreservoirs.
• 65%
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Veins
• Low pressure vessels.
• Contain valves.– What do they do?– Where are they needed?
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Venous Sinuses
• Thin-walled veins made of endothelium only.
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Blood Flow
• Volume per time.
• Flow thru systemic circuit = cardiac output.
• Flow to individual organs varies.– How is this achieved?
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Blood Pressure
• Force per unit area exerted onthe vessel wall by blood.
• Millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
• All vessels
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Resistance
• Opposition to flow
• Measure of friction.
• Peripheral resistance.
• Direction!
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While this guy is running,
- the resistance of the arteriolesof his quadriceps needs to…
- the resistance of arterioles inhis colon needs to…
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Sources of Resistance
• Blood viscosity.
• Total vessel length.
• Vessel radius.
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Viscosity
• Viscosity resistance.
• Can you drink one of these witha straw?
• What makes it challenging?
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• What are the major contributors to bloodviscosity?
• Does viscosity change often in a healthyperson?
• An increase in plasma EPO will causeresistance to…
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Total Vessel Length
• Length resistance.
• Does total vessel length change in a normal person?
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A B
• Which tube has greater intrinsic resistance?
• As total vessel length increases, resistance will…
• As total vessel length decreases, blood flow will…
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Vessel Radius
• (1/radius4) resistance
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• Does vessel radius change in a normal healthyperson?
• Which vessels?
• How is the change achieved?
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Which tube has the greater intrinsic resistance?
What layer of the vessel wall has the greatest effect onvessel resistance?
a.
b.
c.
Interna
Media
Externa
A B
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Resistance (length)(viscosity)
(radius)4
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Which tube has the LEAST resistance?
Which tube has the GREATEST resistance?
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FLOW PRESSURE GRADIENTRESISTANCE
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• As resistance decreases, flow will…
• As the pressure gradient increases, flow will…
• Which does the heart influence more: pressuregradient or resistance?
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Blood Pressure• Why do all blood vessels have a BP?
• Which vessel do we usually care about?
• Where is systemic BP the highest?
• Where is systemic BP the lowest?
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Arterial Blood Pressure Model
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• What would happen to AP if the amount of bloodpumped into the arteries increased?
• Thus, arterial pressure varies directly with…
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• What would happen to AP if the resistance in thearterioles went up?
• Thus, arterial pressure varies directly with…
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• What would happen to AP if there was more bloodin the entire system?
• Thus, arterial pressure varies directly with…
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Systolic Blood Pressure
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
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• What creates it?
• How/Where do you measure it?
• What’s its relationship to heart rate?
Pulse
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Pulse Pressure
• Change in arterial pressure caused by ventricularsystole.
• Varies directly with…
• PP = SBP – DBP.
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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)• Arterial BP fluctuates. Why?
• MAP is the pressure driving blood flow.
• MAP is a weighted average of SBP and DBP.
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• MAP = ⅔DBP + ⅓SBP
• MAP = DBP + ⅓PP
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
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Capillary Blood Pressure• Low BP.
• Why is this good? (Think about the structure of acapillary.)
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Venous Blood Pressure
• Even lower BP.
• Very small gradient.
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What is responsible for venous return?
• Remaining force imparted by ventricular systole.
• Gravity.
• Skeletal muscle pump.
• Respiratory pump.
• Venomotor action.
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Skeletal Muscle Pump
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Respiratory PumpDeep Inspiration
Thoracic volume will…
Pressure in thoracic cavity will…
Pressure in thoracic veins will…
Blood flow into thoracic veins andtowards the heart will…
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Venomotor Tone
• An increase in sympathetic activity causes:– NE release on the TM of medium/large veins to…
– Venous pressure to…
– Venous return to…
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Controlling MAP
• Why do we need to control it?
• Short term
• Long term
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• Vasomotor
• Cardioinhibitory
• Cardioacceleratory
Brain Centers for Short Term MAP Control
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Increased vasomotor center activity
__creased sympathetic output to arterioles
Vaso__________
__creased peripheral resistance
__creased blood pressure
What about a decrease in vasomotor activity?
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Increased cardioacceleratory center activity
__creased sympathetic output to heart
__creased heart rate and stroke volume
__creased cardiac output
__creased blood pressure
What about a decrease in cardioacceleratory activity?
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Increased cardioinhibitory center activity
__creased parasympathetic output to heart
__creased heart rate
__creased cardiac output
__creased blood pressure
What about a decrease in cardioacceleratory activity?
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Baroreceptor Reflex
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Baroreceptor Reflex
• Baroreceptors signals thecardiac and vasomotorcenters via CN IX and X.
• Frequency of theseimpulses is proportionalto MAP.
• Cardiac and vasomotorcenters adjust theiroutput accordingly.
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Demonstrating the Baroreceptor Reflex
• Take the subject’s radial pulse.
• Find the carotid pulse point and GENTLY presson it.
• What will happen to the radial pulse?
• Why?
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Adrenal Medullary Mechanism
• Release epinephrine (and asmall amt of NE) in responseto:– Large drops in MAP.
– Increases in physical activity.
– Stressful situations.
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–
–
–
–
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HR
SV
CO
PR
BP
Adrenal Medullary Mechanism
• How would activation of the adrenalmedulla affect:
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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Renin
Angiotensin II
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Indirect Mechanism
Vasoconstriction Aldosterone & Thirst
Antidiuretichormone
Increased TPR
Increased BV
Increased BP
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Angiotensin II
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• In response to a fall in MAP, renin releaseby the kidney would:
• In response to a rise in MAP, renin releaseby the kidney would:
Indirect MechanismRenin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
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A 25yo woman complains to her doctor ofheadaches and blurred vision. Her blood pressure is200/130 mmHg. After the BP has been reduced,investigations are made to find the cause of theproblem. It’s discovered that her left renal artery isnarrowed.
Why would this cause the rise in BP?
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Long Term BP Control
• Achieved by the...
• Primarily done by altering...
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____________blood volume
_________BP
Long Term BP Control
Large increase in BP
____________urine formation
____________urine output
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• As we go from theaorta to thebillions ofcapillaries, whathappens to thetotal cross-sectional area?
• What happens tothe velocity ofblood flow?
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• As we go from thebillions ofcapillaries to thevenae cavae, whathappens to thetotal cross-sectional area?
• What happens tothe velocity ofblood flow?
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The Paradoxical Problem of theVasomotor Center
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Local Regulation of Blood Flow
• Autoregulation - adjustment of blood flow toeach tissue according to its immediate needs.
• Surplus or deficiency of local chemicalsinfluences local vessel diameter and blood flow.
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WorkingMuscle Tissue
Tissue CO2 levels ___
Tissue O2 levels ___
Arteriolesserving tissuevaso________
Lactic acid levels ___
______bloodflow to tissue
CO2 _______
Lactic acid _______
Heat _______ O2 ________
Local Regulation of Blood Flow
Tissue temp. ____
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Capillary Exchange
• Btwn blood plasmaand tissue fluid.
• Nutrients, wastes,signaling molecules
• FLUID
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Capillary Fluid Exchange
• 4 forces– Capillary osmotic pressure.
– Capillary hydrostatic pressure.
– Interstitial osmotic pressure.
– Interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
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Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
• A.k.a…
• What does it do?
ISF
CAPILLARY HP
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Capillary Osmotic Pressure
• Mostly due to…
• What does it do?
ISF
CAPILLARY OP
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Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure
• Usually inconsequential b/c…
• What would it do?
ISF HPCAPILLARY
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Interstitial Osmotic Pressure
• Usually inconsequential b/c…
• What would it do?
ISF OPCAPILLARY
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Capillary Fluid Exchange
• Thebalance of what 2 forces typically determines iffluid enters or exits the capillary?
• Net filtration pressure
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Capillary Filtration
• If capillary HP >> capillary OP,
– What kind of fluid movement will occur?
ISFCAPILLARY
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Capillary Reabsorption
• If capillary HP << capillary OP,
– What kind of fluid movement will occur?
ISFCAPILLARY
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Pressure
Capillary Fluid Exchange• Is capillary HP constant??
• Is capillary OP constant??
Distance along the capillaryArterial end Venous end
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Pressure
Capillary Fluid Exchange
• At which end of the capillary is filtration likely to occur?
• At which end is reabsorption likely to occur?
Distance along the capillaryArterial end Venous end
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Capillary Fluid Exchange
• Capillary HP usually slightly exceeds capillary OP.
• Why does this matter?
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