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y Rulersy incapable of supporting the depth of civic infrastructure

required to maintain libraries, public baths, arenas, andmajor educational institutions

y Cities and merchantsy lost the economic benefits of safe conditions for trade and

manufacturey Intellectual Devleopment

y

suffered from the loss of a unified cultural and educational milieu of far-ranging connectionsy Trade and Manufacture

y Unsafe to travel , collapsed

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y E arly Middle Agesy Breakdown of Roman society y Church and monasticismy Carolingiansy Carolingian Renaissancey Breakup of the Carolingian empirey Art and architecture

y High Middle Agesy Crusadesy Science and technology y

Changesy Late Middle Ages (Great Famine, Black Death)

y State resurgencey Hundred Years' Wary Controversy within the Church

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E arly ChristianByzantineCarolingianRomanesqueGothic Art

- E arly Christian- Byzantine- Gothic

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P lanarThree quarter profile ruleFull profile & pure front view- exception

Optically effective means of modelling and cast shadowManipulation of linear contours and f lat areas of color

Foreshortened- however, they were not supported by optical means

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y Flattening of the body- incompatible with the antiqueanthropometry

y P resupposes the idea of a 3-dimensional solidy Unrestrained mobility of these forms

y Made it impossible to accept a system whichpredetermines the technical as well as the objectivedimensions

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E gyptians identified the technical and objective- had been able to combine the characteristics of anthropometry

Greeks- renounced the technical ambitionMedieval- renounced the objective

Restricted itself to organizing the planar aspect of thepicture

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y Schematic

y 2 kinds:y Byzantiney Gothic

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Almost exclusively serves to determine the contours anddirections of movement

Villard de Honnecourt-little to do with measurement of proportion-ignores the natural structure of the organism

- Figures are no longer measured- System of lines are often conceived from a purely

ornamental point of view- Straight lines- Guiding Lines than measuring lines

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y E arly Gothic Arty Christian iconography

y Late Gothic Arty strange hybrid styley dark yet uplifting, its beauty was in its immaculately

naturalistic styley The heady combination of traditional Gothic style and

Renaissance art created an art formy centuries secular subjects such as hunting scenes, chivalric

themes, and depictions of historical events also appearedy

International Gothic styley a reflection of the transformation that was taking place in

E urope, the change from the Dark Ages to a moreenlightened, tolerant society

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Christ Carrying the Cross Garden of E arthly Delights

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Dream of St. Anthony Madonna of the Annunciation

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Madonna and Child

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Virgin E nthroned with Child Investiture of St.Louis of Toulouse

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