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Arms Control and Disarmament

Prof. Philip YangNational Taiwan University

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Controlling the Instruments of War Disarmament and arms control are

often linked but are not synonymous.

Disarmament means a reduction in the means to engage in war.

Arms control involves mutual restraint and enhancing stability through the regulation of both the qualitative and quantitative dimensions of arms competition.

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The history of disarmament

1817, under the terms of the Rush-Bagot treaty, Great Britain and the Unite States agreed to the demilitarization of the Great Lakes, an important step in the attitude of friendly confidence that has pervaded most U.S.-Canadian-British relations for 150 years.

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1959 Antarctic treaty: banned deployment of nuclear weapons in Antarctica, 18 states parties, including US and SU

1963 Limited test ban treaty: no tests in space, under water, or in atmosphere

1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco (Mexico): nukes banned from Latin America, except peaceful nuclear research, first attempt to establish NWFZ (nuclear weapon-free zone)

1967 Outer Space Treaty: nukes banned from Outer Space

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Nuclear Weapon

The first fission weapons ("atomic bombs") were developed in the United States during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project, two were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.

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Fat Man

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Nuclear Fireball, U.S.

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Nuclear Arms Race The nuclear arms race was

a competition for supremacy in nuclear weapons between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies during the Cold War.

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Nuclear Deterrence

Balance of Terror

MAD: Mutually Assured Destru

ction

First Strike and Second Strike

Cuba Missile Crisis

Reagan and Star Wars

U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2006

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B-52 (U.S.) and Agni II (India)

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States with Nuclear WeaponCountry Warheads

Active/TotalYear of first test

United States 5,735/9,960 1945

Russia 5,830/16,000 1949

United Kingdom 200 1952

France 350 1960

PRC 130 1964

India 70-120 1974

Pakistan 30-52 1998

North Korea 1-10 2006

Israel 75-200 NA

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NPT The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation

of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is an international treaty, opened for signature on July 1, 1968.

There are 190 states party to the treaty. Only five states are not – India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea (withdrew), Taiwan.

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Three Pillars of NPT

1. Non Proliferation

2. Disarmament

3. Peaceful Use of Nuclear

Energy

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First pillar: non-proliferation

Five NWS agree not to transfer "nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices" and "not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce" a non-nuclear weapon state (NNWS) to acquire nuclear weapons (Article I).

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NNWS parties to the NPT agree not to "receive," "manufacture" or "acquire" nuclear weapons or to "seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons" (Article II).

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NNWS parties also agree to accept safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to verify that they are not diverting nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (Article III).

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Second Pillar: Disarmament Article VI asks all State Parties "to

pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control."

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Third Pillar: Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

The treaty recognizes the

inalienable right of sovereign states

to use nuclear energy for peaceful

purposes, but restricts this right for

NPT parties to be exercised "in

conformity with Articles I and II"

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IAEA and Safeguards To further the goal of non-

proliferation and as a confidence-building measure between States parties, the Treaty establishes a safeguards system under the responsibility of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Safeguards are used to verify compliance with the Treaty through inspections conducted by the IAEA.

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1996 CTBT 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban

Treaty No any nuclear weapon test explosion

or any other nuclear explosion Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban

Treaty Organization, CTBTO (International Monitoring System, on-site inspection)

Will not enter into force until 44 states ratify.

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Nuclear-Free Zone (NFZ) 1959 The Antarctic Treaty

1967 Outer Space Treaty

1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco

1985 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone

Treaty

1991 Treaty of Pelindaba (Africa)

1997 Treaty of Bangkok (ASEAN)

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1972 Biological Weapons Convention

The BWC bans 1) the development,

stockpiling, acquisition, retention, and

production of a) biological agents and

toxins, b) Weapons, equipment, and

delivery vehicles

Every 5 years: review conference

Still 10 states have programs: Iran,

Russia

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1993 Chemical Weapons Convention

CWC bans chemical weapons and requires their destruction within a specified period of time.

The CWC is implemented by the

Organization for the Prohibition of

Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is

headquartered in The Hague with almost

500 employees.

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US-Soviet Strategic Weapons 1969 SALT: Strategic Arms

Limitation Talks Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, ABM

1979 SALTⅡ 1991 START I, Strategic Arms

Reduction Treaty 1993 START Ⅱ 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions

Treaty, SORT

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1991 United Nations Register of Conventional Arms

General Assembly adopted resolution "Transparency in armaments", which requested the Secretary-General to establish a Register of Conventional Arms, to include data on international arms transfers as well as information provided by Member States on military holdings, procurement and relevant policies.

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1997 Antipersonnel Landmines Treaty States-parties commit to not using,

developing, producing, acquiring, retaining, stockpiling, or transferring anti-personnel landmines

It entered into force on March 1, 1999. By 2002, 129 states had become party to the accord.

United States, Russia and China, have not signed the treaty

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2001 Program of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects

There are over 600 million small arms and light weapons (SALW) in circulation worldwide. Of 49 major conflicts in the 1990s, 47 were waged with small arms as the weapons of choice. Small arms are responsible for over half a million deaths per year, including 300,000 in armed conflict and 200,000 more from homicides and suicides.

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Discussion Question

When the British Labour party advocated unilateral nuclear disarmament in its 1983 election manifesto, the manifesto was referred to as "the longest suicide note in history". Why did the idea of unilateral nuclear disarmament become an electoral liability? Do you support the idea of a nuclear free world, and if so do you see any other ways to achieve it?