Area-based Governance for Fisheries and Aquaculture Sustainability in Southeast Asia
24
Area-based Governance for Fisheries and Aquaculture Sustainability in Southeast Asia Simon Bush Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University
-
Upload
simon-bush -
Category
Science
-
view
79 -
download
4
Transcript of Area-based Governance for Fisheries and Aquaculture Sustainability in Southeast Asia
Area-based Governance for Fisheries and Aquaculture Sustainability in Southeast Asia
Simon Bush Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University
Seafood production
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Pro
du
ctio
n p
er c
apit
a (k
g)
Fish
erie
s an
d A
qu
acu
ltu
re P
rod
uct
ion
(m
illio
n t
)
Capture fisheries Aquaculture Production/capita
8.1% per annum since 1970
60% stocks fully exploited
~8% growth p.a.
Challenges in coastal Southeast Asia
IUU fishing beyond control of coastal communities Insecure or non-existent
rights based management systems Overcapacity in fishing and
rapid expansion in aquaculture Global market volatility Overall ... risky business
Shifts in governance
Perceived over regulation in North, under-regulation in South Growing demand for
sustainable fish in high value seafood markets Global sustainable
seafood movement Industry co-management
and global sustainability partnerships
Private certification
Limited (!) market demand Narrow take on sustainability Self-selection of good
performers in need of small improvements Exclusion of poor performers
in need of large improvements Dependence on public and
private intermediaries for ‘improvement’
Bush et al. 2013; Gulbrandsen 2010
Demonstrating improvement
Cambridge et al. 2011; Bush and Oosterveer 2015, Sustainability
Certification ‘pull’ below certification threshold?
Credibility
Accessibility Continual improvement
‘Devil’s triangle’
Key governance challenge
Developing world
producers?
Best performing producers?
New approaches
needed?
Bush et al. 2013, Marine Policy
Clustering
Cooperative production to enhance farm level production and trade function.
Time for area-based governance?
Ecosystem based approach
Ecological function central, but little attention on organisation, trade and risk transfer.
Zonal management
Disease, regulation and certification. Less focus on ecological function.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
What is a meaningful scale for producers? �What incentives can foster collaboration?
Vo et al. 2013, Remote Sensing
Farms in landscapes
Ha et al. 2012 Journal of Rural Studies
Mangrove-shrimp integrated systems, Ca Mau, Vietnam ● Timber: US$596 ha/yr; vs.
Shrimp US$ 1539 ha/year
● But ... farmers see mangroves as income and disease (risk) reduction
● Government forest-pond ratios tiered by farm scale
● Naturland set ≥50%
Joffre et al. 2014
CONTINUE INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
MOVE FROM EXTENSIVE TO INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
INTE
RNAL
DRI
VERS
DRIVER WEIGHT (100 total)
Joffre et al. 2014
MOVE FROM EXTENSIVE TO INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
EXTERNAL DRIVERS
CONTINUE INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
DRIVER WEIGHT
Overcoming regulatory fragmentation?
Landscape level coordination to reduce farm level risk
Benefit sharing models incentivise coordination
State oversight on ecological and production functions
Claiming value and reducing risk
Possibility for claims to be made and rewarded in the market Support from buyers and
the state – although benefit sharing remains an issue Possibilities for
certification to provide assurance for insurance and finance?
Case 2: Indonesian coastal tuna
Information poor
Transboundary Small-scale
FAD distribution based on logbooks handline, P&L fishers, Bitung Indonesia. Nugroho et al. In Prep
Inclusive, transparent, traceable
Middlemen Processor Exporter Buyer
RFMO Licence Register
POINT 2: Catch and vessel enumeration
POINT 1: On the water
POINT 3: Traceability data
Presenter
Presentation Notes
POINT 2: Catch and vessel enumeration Info on harvester/producer, evidence of authorization; UVI; Gear Fish info: Spp; Product Description; Name of product (Kg) Where harvesting: where; when; landed; date of landing; name of processor/dealers ETP interactions POINT 3: Traceability data Catch volumes verified through catch landings Vessel level data to assessment on effort, not only catch Supplier codes and volumes – to assess leakage/mass balance
Risk profile of tuna fishery
http://thisfish.info/fishery/yellowfin-tuna-handline-buru-indonesia/
Handline Fishery, Buru, SERAM SEA INDONESIA (WPP 715)
Timely and legible information
iFISH
Sub-national National Regional
Producer Consumer
Mar
ket
Sta
te
?
Inclusive, risk assessed area-based approach?
Co-management data-management areas?
Market recognition for not IUU, but LRR fisheries?
New possibilities for area-based approaches?
Inclusive business models
Risk transfer (Finance and
insurance)
Secure market supply and
claims
Reinforcing government regulation
Continuous improvement
Conclusions
Need to move beyond technical interventions at producer level to govern shared social and ecological factors
Area based as a new kind of governance – bring together different forms of market and state authority
New informational technologies making area based management possible to address production and market risks
