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Are you Ready! Let’s Go!
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Explain the structure of the lymphatic system
A. LYMPH – 1. Straw-colored, similar to plasma2. Interstitial fluid-in spaces
between cells3. Composed of H2O lymphocytes,
O2, digested nutrients, etc., but no red cells or protein (too large)
B. LYMPH VESSELS – 1. Closely parallel veins2. Located in almost all tissues
and organs that have blood vessels
3. Thoracic duct – largest lymph vessel
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Structure cont.C. LYMPH NODES –.1.Tiny, oval shaped size of a pinhead to
size of almond2. Located in neckD. TONSILS-1.Get smaller as person gets older2. Located in the throat3. Adenoids tonsils on upper part of throat.E. SPLEEN –1.Sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue2. The largest organ that is located in
the Upper left abdominal cavity just below diaphragm.
F. Thymus gland – 1. Upper anterior chest above the heart.
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Analyze the function of the lymphatic system. Lymph – fluid that goes
between capillary blood and tissues.
1. Carries digested food, O2, and hormones to cells
2. Carries wastes back to the capillaries for excretion
3. Since lymphatic system has not pump, skeletal muscle action squeezes lymph along
4. Lymph in tissues is interstitial fluid.
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Lymph VesselsLymph vessels- transport excess tissue fluid back into circulatory system1.Valves prevent backward flow2.Lymph flows in only one direction-from body organs to heart3. Closely parallel veins4.Tissue lymph enter small lymph vessels which drain into larger lymph vessels (lymphatics) into two main lymphatics –the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
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Lymph Nodes
1. Produce lymphocytes
2. Filter out harmful bacteria
3. If substance can’t be destroyed, node become inflamed.
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Tonsils
1. Lymph tissue that produces lymphocytes.
2. They get smaller as a person gets older
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Spleen
1. Produce lymphocytes and monocytes
2. Filters blood3. Blood reservoir- Stores
large amounts of RBCs – contracts during vigorous exercise or loss of blood, to release RBC’s
4. Recycles-destroys old or fragile RBC’s
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Thymus
1. Produces lymphocytes
2. Thymus is also considered an endocrine gland
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Immunity- the body’s ability to resist disease.
NATURAL IMMUNITY – at birth, inherited and permanent. Includes:
Unbroken skin Mucus and tears Blood phagocytes Local inflammation
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PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
From injecting antibodies, only lasts a few weeks
Body’s reaction to invaders.
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NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY – result of having had and recovered from a disease. For example, a child who had measles will usually not get it again – child’s body has manufactured antibodies.
ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY comes from being vaccinated
IMMUNIZATIONAntigen injected into a person to
stimulate production of antibodies
Lasts longer
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Disorders of the Lymphatic SystemTONSILLITIS 1. In childhood, they may
become infected, enlarged,2. cause difficulty swallowing3. Tonsillectomy in extreme
casesLymphadenitis generalized
enlargement of the lymph nodes (adenitis)
1. Enlargement of the lymph glands
2. Occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection.
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HODGKIN’S DISEASE 1. Cancer of the lymph
nodes,2. Painless swelling of lymph
nodes is early symptom.3. Rx – chemotherapy and
radiationINFECTIOUS
MONONUCLEOSIS1. Caused by virus2. Frequently in young adults
and children3. Spread by oral contact
(kissing)4. Symptoms – enlarged lymph
nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue, leukocytes
5. Rx- bedrest
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Hypersensitivity
1. Abnormal response to a drug or allergen.
2. Antibodies made in response to foreign material ALLERGEN irritate certain body cells
3. Allergen - is an antigen that causes allergic responses. (Examples of allergens – ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods, etc.)
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Anaphylaxis
1. Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction
2. Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a massive secretion of histamine
3. Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting
4. Rx – adrenaline5. Those who have
hypersensitivity to bee stings should wear a medic alert bracelet
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HIV/AIDS 1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
2. Caused by HIV3. Three responses to HIV
infection:a. AIDS – full disorderb. ARC – AIDS – related complexc. Asymptomatic infection
4. Screening tests for HIV available.
5. AIDS victim subject to opportunistic infections (cancer, infections) that a healthy person would fight off but AIDS victim has compromised immune response.
6. Incubation period – 1 month to 12 years.
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7. RX and prevention- advances being made.
8. ARC – AIDS- related complex – HIV but not AIDS – less severe symptoms.
9. Transmissiona. Sex with someone HIV positiveb. Sharing needles with infected drug users.c. At birth from infected mother
10. Cannot be spread by casual contact, coughing, sneezing, shaking hands and sharing eating utensils.
11. Prevention – avoid risky behaviors and observe standard precautions.
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Guidelines to be used in patient care setting
Must be used when there is contact with blood, any body fluid (except sweat), mucous membranes and non-intact skin.
Handwashing – the single most effective way to prevent infection.
Wash hands after touching body fluids, even if gloves are worn.
Wash hands immediately after removing gloves, between patient contacts.
Use a plain (non-antimicrobial) soap Wash for a minimum of 10 seconds Personal protective equipment Gloves – worn when touching blood,
body fluids, etc. Mask, eye protection, face shield and
gown – during patient care activities that may generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, etc.
Patient care equipment and linens
Handle with care,
Don’t let it touch your or clothing, clean or discard appropriately.
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Occupations Health and Bloodborne Pathogens Beware of needles! Never recap used needles. Dispose of all needles and sharp objects in
sharps container. Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or
other ventilation devices as alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
A patient who contaminates the environment should be in a private room or relatively isolated area.
The AIDS Patient Sometimes treated as outcasts Healthcare worker should be supportive Use of gloves for normal patient contact is
not necessary
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Neat Internet Site
http://www.nanobugs.com/index.php http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/closet/movies/h
ow_the_body_works_interim.html