Are Archaeological Bones Similar to Modern Bones

8/4/2019 Are Archaeological Bones Similar to Modern Bones

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Journal of Radioanalyt ical and Nuclear Chemistry, Articles , Vol . 11 O, No. 1 (1987) 28 3-2 91A R E A R C H A E O L O G I C A L B O N E S S IM I L A R T O M O D E R N B O N E S ?

A N I N A A A S S E S S M E N TR . G . V . H A N C O C K , * M . D . G R Y N P A S , * * B . A L P E R T * *

*SL 0 ICPOKEReac tor Facili ty and Department o f Chem ical Engineering and Applied Chemistry,University o f Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M 5S 1A4 (Canada)*~Department of Pathology, Mou nt Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto,Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 (Canada)

(R ece ived J anua ry 3 , 1987)For m ore th an a decade , a rchaeo me tr is ts have been anal),z ing archaeological ly recovered hu m an

bones in an a t t em pt to re l a t e the i r tr a ce e l emen t con ten t s to d i e t . A l thou gh the p rob lem s o fdiagenesis have been recognized, the variable effec ts have been d iff icul t to es tabl ish . In th is paper , ana s s e s s men t i s mad e o f the ana ly ti c a l re li ab il it y o f the INAA de te rmina t ion o f ma jo r and t ra cee lemen t s , u s ing the i r s ho r t- lived rad io i so topes in b o th regu lar and de fa t t ed m od em cance l lous bone ,and in m od em cort ic al bone . Th i s m od em bon e in fo rma t ion i s t hen com pared wi th ana ly t i c al da tafo r bones f rom Egyp t i an mu mm ies rang ing in age f rom ~ 2000 to ~ 3700 B P, and wi th no rma l ly -bu r i ed 1 th c en tu ry Frenc h bones . D iagene ti c e f fec t s m ay read i ly be de tec ted by the m eas u rem en t o fe l eva ted quan t i t i e s o f V , M n , and A1 in s o i l - con tamina ted bones . The C a to P con cen t ra t ion ra t io s andthe org anic conte nt ma y a lso be use d to separa te bo ne fro m diagenet iea lly a l te red archaeologica ls pec imens .

I n t r o d u c t i o nT h e d r e a m o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s t a t e o f h e a l t h o r d ie t o f a n c i e n t p e o p l e ,

t h r o u g h c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t r a c e e l e m e n t s i n t h e i r a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y r e c o v e r e dI - I Ib o n e s , h a s k e p t m a n y r e s e a r c h e r s b u s y o v e r t h e p a s t d ec a d e o r m o r e , e . g .P r o b l e m s o f d i a g e n e s i s - th e a d d i t i o n o r r e m o v a l o f t r a c e e l e m e n t s b y s o l l

o r g r o u n d w a t e r e f f e c t s - h a v e b e e n c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d , a n d d i a g e n e t i c e f f e c t sh a v e o v er t h e y e a r s b e e n he l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e l e v a t e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n l e v e l s f o rm a n y e l e m e n t s w h i c h a t f i r s t w e r e t h o u g h t t o h a v e b e e n o f d i e t a r ys i g n i f i c a n c e 1 , 8 , 1 2 , 1 3 . T h r o u g h o u t m u c h o f t h i s w o r k w i t h ol d a n d a n c i e n tb o n e s , v e r y l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n p a i d t o t he n a t u r a l l e v e l s o f t r ac ee l e m e n t s i n m o d e r n b g n e g r a d u a l l y b e i n g e s t a b l i s h e d b y m e d i c a l l y o r i e n t e d1 4 - i ~r e s e a r c h e r s , e . g.

I n s t e a d o f e s t a b l i s h i n g n a t u r a l l e v e l s f o r t r a c e e l e m e n t s i na r c h a e o l o g i c a l b o n e , i t w a s d e c i d e d t o a t t e m p t t o e s t a b l i s h n a t u r a l l e v e l s o ft r a c e e l e m e n t s i n m o d e r n b o n e s a mp l e s . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n w a s t h e n u s e d toa s s e s s t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e n a t u r a l l e v e l s i n a r c h a e o l o g i c a l b o n e s t o d e t e r m i n ew h i c h e l e m e n t s w e r e a f f e c t e d o r u n a f f e c t e d b y d i a g e n e s i s . T h e e l e m e n t s w h i c ha r e c e r t a i n l y a f f e c t e d b y d i a g e n e t i c p r o c e s s e s c o u l d t h e n b e i g n o r e d i ns u b s e q u e n t d i s c u s s i o n s o f a n c i e n t d i e t a n d h e a l t h.

T o g i v e d i r e c t i o n t o t h i s a s s e s s m e n t p r o c e d u r e , t h r e e q u e s t i o n s w e r ea s k e d :

I. C a n o n e r a p i d l y a n d n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e l y c h a r a c t e r i z e t h ec h e m i s t r y o f h u m a n b o n e ?

2 . A r e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l b o n e s c h e m i c a l l y s i m i l a r t o m o d e r n b o n e s ?3 . I s c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s o f a r c h a e o l o g i c a l b o n e a r e a l i s t i c m e t h o d o f

i n v e s t i g a t i n g a n c i e n t d ie t s ?Elsevier Sequoia S. A.,.La~sanneA kaddm iai Kiad6, Bud apest


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R. G. V. HANCOCK et al , : ARE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE S SIMILAR

%o 2 0- r0 .(/1oTD .=UJ( 9 2 0 p p m AI .285


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R. G. V. HANCOCK et al.: ARE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONES SIMILARA f t e r a f e w d a y s , t h e s a m o l e s w e r e i r r a d i a t e d u n d e r i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s

w h i l e w r a p p e d i n c a d m i u m l o l l 2 0 , a n d a s s a y e d a s b e f o r e . F r o m t he d e c r e a s e i n2 8 A I p r o d u c t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e f i r s t i r r ad i a t i o n , t h e r e a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o fA I a n d P w e r e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a m e t er s ;

A I / P s e n s i t i v i t y = 6 8 4A 1 c a d m i u m r a t i o 1 5 : 1P c a d m i u m r a t i o i : i

F i n a l l y , t h e c l e a n b o n e s w e r e i r r a d i a t e d f o r i m a t 1 . 0 x 1 0 1 2 n . c m - 2 . s - I ,a n d a f t e r a p p r o x i m a t e l y a n h o u r ' s d e l a y , w e r e r e a s s a y e d f o r D y , Ba , Sr , M n a n dNa .

R e s ~ t s a n d d is cu s si onM o d e r n B o n e

T h e c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s d a t a f o r m o d e r n b o n e s a m p l e s i s l i s t e d i n T a b l e 2 .

Table 2Chemical analysis of dried modern bone

C a n c e l l o u s D e f a t t e d C a n c e l l o u s C o r t i c a l A v e r a g e

N a % 0 . 5 2 0 . 6 2 0 . 6 0 0 . 5 8 M g % 0 . 1 7 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 2 0 . 2 0

AI < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20P % 7 . 1 1 8 . 7 0 9 . 6 7 8 . 4 5 C I % 0 . 1 7 0 . 2 7 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 9 C a % 1 5 . 5 1 8 . 6 2 2 . 5 1 8 . 7 ! 3 . 8

Ti pp m < 44 < 48 < 50 < 50V p p m < 0 . 2 6 < 0 . 3 1 < 0 . 3 5 < 0 . 3 0Mn ppm < 0.9 < 1.0 r 1.1 < 1.0B r p p m 1 8 0 2 9 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 Sr pp m < Ii0 < 110 < 110 < 110Ba pp m < 40 < 50 < 20 < 40D y p p m < 0 . 1 5 < 0 . 1 9 < 0 . 0 8 < 0 . 1 4U p p m < 0 . 3 4 < 0 . 5 3 < 0 . 6 0 < 0 . 5 0C a / P 2 . 1 7 2 . 1 4 2 . 3 2 2 . 2 0

O f t h e 1 3 e l e m e n t s s e a r c h e d f o r , o n l y 6 w e r e p r e s e n t i n m e a s u r a b l ec o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( N a , M g , P , C I , C a , B r ) . S e v e n t r a c e e l e m e n t s w e r e p r e s e n t a tc o n c e n t r a t i o n l e v e l s l o w e r t h a n 1 t o 2 0 0 p p m .

T h e C a : P m a s s r a t i o s s h o w e d r e a s o n a b l e c o n s i s t e n c y , a l t h o u g h t h e a b s o l u t ev a l u e s o f C a a n d P v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y b e c a u s e o f th e d i f f e r i n g q u a n t i t i e s o fo r g a n i c d i l u e n t s ( s e e a l s o F i g u r e i ).28 6


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R . G . V . HANC OC K e t a l. : AR E A R C HA EOL OGIC A L B ONES SIM ILA R

M u m m i f i e d B o n e

T h e e i g h t p i e c e s o f m u m m y b o n e , r a n g i n g i n a g e f r o m ~ 2 0 0 0 B P t o ~ 3 7 0 0B P, c o u l d b e s o r t e d a r b i t r a r i l y i n t o t w o g r o u p s b a s e d o n t h e i r t r a c e e l e m e n tl e v e l s . T h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e " c l e a n " g r o u p a r e l i s t e d i n t h e f i r s t p a r t ofT a b l e 3 a n d t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e " d i r t y " g r o u p a r e l i s t e d i n t h e s e c o n d p a r t .[ T h e a r b i t r a r i n e s s o f t hi s g r o u p i n g c a n b e s e e n r e a d i l y s i n c e S a m p l e A w i t h" h i g h " A I a n d l o w M n w a s p l a c e d i n th e " c l e a n " g r o u p w h i l e S a m p l e C w i t h l o w A Ia n d " h i g h " M n w a s p l a c e d i n t he " d i r t y " g r o u p ] .

T h e v a l u e s f o r t h e m o d e r n b o n e s a m p l e s w e r e C a - n o r m a l i z e d t o b r i n g t h e M g ,P a n d C a c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t o l i n e w i t h t h e m u m m y b o n e s f o r e a s e o f c o m p a r i s o n( M e a s u r a b l e e l e m e n t s w e r e m u l t i p l i e d b y 2 3 . 6 / 1 8 . 7 a n d n o n - m e a s u r a b l e e l e m e n t sw e r e m u l t i p l i e d b y 2 3 . 6 / 1 8 . 7 / ~ p r o d u c i n g a p o s s i b l y l o w b u t s t i l l r e a s o n a b l ee s t i m a t e o f t h e d e t e c t i o n l i m i t ) .

Table 3C h e m i c al a n a ly s is o f m u m m y b o n e s ( P a r t 1 )

E l e m e n tM o d e r n * N a k h t G e o r g e " R o m a n . . . . R o m a n "D r i e d = 3 2 0 0 B P ~ 3 7 0 0 B P = 2 0 0 0 B P = 2 0 0 0 B P

2 3 s a m p l e s A ( s k u l l ) D ( v e r t e b r a ) E ( s k u l l ) F ( s k u l l )

N a % 0 . 7 3 + 0 . 1 3 0 . 5 3 0 . 9 8 0 . 6 6 0 . 8 5M g % 0 . 2 5 + 0 . 0 4 0 . 2 9 0 . 2 7 0 . 2 7 0 . 2 6

AI ppm ~ 16 67 ~ 16 ~ 16 25"P" % 10.7_+1.9 15.9 11.7 10.4 11.3P% 10.7_+i .9 Ii.3 ii.0 ii.2 9.6CI% 0.24_+0. Ii 0.0 8 0.5 8 0.3 6 0.42C a % 2 3. 6_ +4 . 8 2 4 . 0 2 5 . 4 2 3 . 0 2 2 . 4

Ti ppm < 56 < 50 ~ 60 4 50 < 80V p p m < 0 . 3 5 < 0 . 3 8 < 0 . 4 9 ~ 0 . 3 0 ~ 0 . 6 5Mn ppm < 1.2 1.4 _+ 0.i 1.9 _+ 0.I < 1.2 2.2 0.iBr pp m 250_+120 < 7 15 < 8 17Sr pp m < i00 < 90 120 i0 140 _+ 20 210 +_ 20Ba ppm < 50 < 18 ~ 44 ~ 24 ~ 28D y p p m < 0 . 1 8 < 0 . 0 7 ~ 0 . 1 5 < 0 . 0 9 < 0 . 0 9U pp m


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R . G . V . H A N C O C K e t a l . : A R E A R C H A E O L O G I C A L B O N E S S I M I L A R

T a M e 3C h e m i c a l A n a l y s i s o f M u m m y B o n e s ( P a r t 2 )

E l e m e n tN a k h t N a k h t " R o m a n . . . R o m a n "

= 3 2 0 0 B Y ~ 3 2 0 0 B P ~ 2 0 0 0 B P = 2 0 0 0 B PB ( r i b ) C ( s k u l l) G ( s k u l l ) H ( v e r t e b r a )

N a Z 0 . 0 5 0 . 9 0 1 . 4 5 2 . 2 7M g % 2 . 7 6 0 . 2 4 0 . 3 5 ~ 0 . 1 6

A I p p m 2 8 0 0 2 5 1 6 0 2 3 0" P " % 2 0 2 1 1 . 4 2 0 . 4 1 7 . 1P % 1 0 . 9 9 . 7 9 . 5 1 . 4C I % 0 . 0 2 0 . 3 5 1 . 3 4 3 . 6 2C a % 2 7 . 2 1 8 . 0 2 0 . 1 3 . 3

Ti pp m ~ 150 ~ 65 ~ II0 ~ 170V p p m 4 2 ~ 0 . 5 1 1 . 0 < 1 . 3M n pp m 78 _+ 3 12 _+ I 6. 5 21Br pp m < 22 ~ I0 I0 _+ 2 125 _+ 5Sr pp m 120 0 _+ 50 130 _+ 30 22 0 _+ 20 r 50Ba pp m I00 _+ i0 ~ 44 r 43 4 25D y p p m 0 . 4 4 _ + 0. 0 4 r 0 . 1 5 < 0 . 1 5 ~ 0 . 0 9U pp m 3.2 _+ 0. 3 ~ 0. 70 ~ I.I r 0 . 8 4C a / " P " 0 . 1 3 1 . 5 8 0 . 9 9 0 . 1 9C a / P 2 . 4 9 1 .8 6 2 . 1 2 2 . 3 6

Table 4. D e s al ti n g o f R o m a n P e r i o d m u m m y b o n e s

S a m p l e s

F GOr ig in al % Na 0.85_+0.03 1.45_+0.05Wa sh ed % Na 0.68_+0.02 0.53-+0.02A % Na 0.17_+ 0.04 0.92_+0.05Or ig in al % CI 0.42_+0.02 1.34_+0.04Wa sh ed % CI 0.17-+0.01 0.14_+0.01A % CI 0.25_+0.02 1.20_+0.04

CI 1.47_+0.15 1.30_+~.08A N aN a C I C I / N a m a s s r a t i o 1 . 5 4

H

2 . 2 7 + O . 0 7O. 14_+0.012.13_+0.073.62-+0. IIO. 16-+O.013.46_+0.111.62_+0.07

2 8 8


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R. G. V. HANCOCK et al.: ARE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONES SIMILAR

T h e C a / P m a s s r a t i o s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 . 1 f or al l t h e m u m m y b o n e s b u t t h eC a / " P " m a s s r a t i o i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i s t o r t e d i n t h e d i r t y b o n e s a s t h e A Ic o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a s es .

I n t h e d i r t y m u m m y b o n e s , M n , A 1 a n d V s e e m t o b e t h e m o s t s e n s i t i v ei n d i c a t i o n o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n .

S a m p l e H e x h i b i t e d a b n o r m a l l y l o w M g , P , a n d Ca c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a n d S a m p l eB d i s p l a y e d s i g n i f i c a n t d i a g e n e t i c i n c r e a s e s i n M g , A I , Ba , S r, M n , V , D y a n d Ua n d d e c r e a s e s i n N a a n d C I . A p a r t f r o m t h e s e tw o s a m p l e s , t h e r e m a i n d e rc o n t a i n e d M g , P a n d Ca c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e r e g i o n n o r m a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t hc o r t i c a l b o n e ( s e e T a b l e 2 ) ; h e n c e , t h e y r e f l e c t a m i n i m a l l o s s o f o r g a n i cp h a s e .

T h e e l e v a t i o n o f N a an d C I i n t h e m u m m i f i e d b o n e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n s a m p l e s Ga n d H , w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d u s i n g S a m p l e s F , G , a n d H . E a c h s a m p l e w a s s o a k e dr e p e a t e d l y i n f r e s h b a t c h e s o f d e i o n i z e d w a t e r o v e r a p e r i o d o f 1 w e e k u n t i lt h e r e w a s n o f u r t h e r t r a n s f e r o f y e l l o w c o l o u r t o t h e w a t e r f r o m t h e b o n e . T h eb o n e s w e r e t h e n a i r d r i e d a n d r e a n a l y z e d . T h e r es u l t s , p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 4,s h o w t h a t t h e r e w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t l o s s o f b o t h N a a n d C 1 f r o m t h e b o n e s .F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e l o s s o f e a c h e l e m e n t w a s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e N a C I m o l a rr a t i o; i . e . , = 1 . 5 t i m e s a s m u c h C 1 w a s l o s t a s w a s N a . T h i s o b s e r v a t i o nc o n f i r m s t h e u s e o f s a l t i n t h e m u m m i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s .

S o i l - B u r i e d B o n e s

R e p l i c a t e s a m p l e s o f ll t h c e n t u r y s o i l - b u r i e d b o n e s f r o m G u r a t , F r a n c ew e r e a n a l y z e d a s o u t l i n e d , a n d t he r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 5 . M a s s i v ee l e m e n t a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n i s a p p a r e n t i n a l l b o n e s . E a c h b o n e g e n e r a t e d ac h a r a c t e r i s t i c e l e m e n t a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n p a t t e r n , w i t h Mn , A 1 a n d V s h o w i n g g o o di n t e r - b o n e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . A l t h o u g h V a n d A 1 t e n d e d to a c c u m u l a t ep r e f e r e n t i a l l y i n t h e m o s t l y t r a b e c u l a r b o n e s ( v e r t e b r a + f e m o r a l h e a d ) , t h e M nf a v o u r e d t h e f e m o r a l h e a d a n d h u m e r u s o v e r t h e v e r t e b r a a n d f e m u r , a n dt h e r e f o r e s h o w e d n o p r e f e r e n c e f o r t r a b e c u l a r o r c o r t i c a l b o n e .

I n th e t w o c a s e s w h e r e A 1 w a s t h e h i g h e s t , i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e t o m e a s u r et h e P c o n t e n t o f t he b o n e ; b u t , i n t h e o t h e r t w o b o n e s w i t h l e s s A1c o n t a m i n a t i o n , t h e C a / P r a t i o w a s c l o s e t o t h e e x p e c t e d v a l u e o f 2 . 2 .

Conclusions

A p a r t f r o m t h e s a mp l i n g i t s e lf , o n e m a y r a p i d l y a n d n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e l yc h e m i c a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e h u m a n b o n e u s i ng I N AA .S i n c e " c l e a n" E g y p t i a n m u m m y b o n e s e x h i b i t s i m i l a r t r a ce e l e m e n t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n l e v e l s t o m o d e r n b o n e s , t h i s w o r k s h o w s t h a t t h e t r a c e e l e m e n tc o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n m o d e r n u n b u r i e d b o n e s m a y b e u s e d as a b a s e l i n e f o ra r c h a e o l o g i c a l m a t e ri a l .

T h e " d i r t y " m u m m y b o n e s s h o w e d t h a t , e v e n i n a r e l a t i v e l y d r y a n d c l e a nb u r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t , s o m e t r a c e e l e m e n t l e ve l s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y e n h a n c e d . A sw e l l , t h e b u r i e d b o n e s d a t a s h o w t h e d a n g e r o f t r y i n g t o r e l a t e a r c h a e o l o g i c a lb o n e t r a c e e l e m e n t i n f o r m a t i o n b a c k t o th e p h y s i o l o g i c a l s t a t u s o f t h e p e o p l ef r o m w h o m t h e y c a m e . O f t h e 9 t r a c e e l e m e n t s ( A I , T i , V , M n , B r , S r, Ba , D y ,a n d U ) s t u d i e d , a l l e x c e p t S r s h o w e d s i g n i f i c a n t d i a g e n e t i c e f f e c t s i n t h es o i l - b u r i e d b o n e s , a n d a l l e x c e p t T i e x h i b i t e d s i g n i f i c a n t d i a g e n e t i c e f f e c t si n t h e ' d i r t y ' m u m m y b o n e s .

19 289


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R. G. V. HANCOCK et al.: ARE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONES SIMILARTable 5Analysis of 1 lt h century soil-buried bones from Gurat, France

E l e m e n t F e m u r V e r t e b r a F e m o r a l H e a d H u m e r u sI, J K, L M, N O, P, Q

N a % 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 2 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 4 M g % 0 . 0 8 r 0 . 4 8 4 0 . 5 2 4 0 . 1 7A 1 p p m 4 2 0 1 1 , 0 0 0 1 5 , 8 0 0 3 1 0 " P " % 4 2 . 7 7 5 0 1 0 9 0 3 3 . 9 P % 1 4 . 2 . . . . 1 2 . 7 C I % ~ 0 . 0 2 ~ 0 . 0 2 4 0 . 0 3 < 0 . 0 3C a % 3 1 . 5 3 2 . 2 2 6 . 4 2 9 . 9

T i p p m 4 8 0 5 2 0 4 I 0 0 0 ~ 1 8 0V p p m 1 7 3 6 6 0 2 2 M n p p m 1 8 I i 0 3 1 0 0 1 5 0 0 B r p p m 2 4 1 8 2 2 1 4 Sr pp m 130 i0 120 I0 4 870 4450B a p p m 8 8 6 1 2 0 1 0 4 4 0 0 4 1 9 0D y p p m 0 . 2 0 i . i 0 . i ~ 1 . 2 4 0 . 6 5U p p m 1 . 4 1 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 5 C a / " P '~ 0 . 7 4 0 . 0 4 3 0 . 0 2 4 0 . 8 8C a / F 2 . 2 2 . . . . 2 . 3 5

T o m a k e m a t t e r s w o r s e , a l t h o u g h t h e i n t r a b o n e v a r i a t i o n s o f t r a c e e l em e n tc o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e s m a l l fo r b u r i e d b o n e s , t h e i n t e r b o n e v a r i a t i o n s w e r ee n o r m o u s .

G i v e n t h e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e e l e m e n t s s t u d i e d h e r e , o n e m a y r e a s o n a b l ye x t r a p o l a t e t h a t t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e a n a l y s i s o f a l l t r a c e e l e m e n t s i na r c h a e o l o g i c a l b o n e i s e x t r e m e l y s u s p e ct , u n l e s s r i g o r o u s s c i e n t i f i c p r o o f t ot h e c o n t r a r y c a n b e o f f e r e d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e d i e t a r y s t a t u s o f p r e h i s t o r i c m a ns h o u l d b e l e f t to s t a b l e i s o t o p e a n a l y s i s .

This work was supported in part by an NIH grant and by the Arthritis Society of Canada. The INAA work wasmade possible by an NSERC infrastructure grant to the SLOWPOKE Reactor Facility o f the University of Toronto.

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R e f e r e n c e s1 . P . BR~ TT ER , D . G A W LIK , J . LA U SC H , U . RO SICK , J . R a d ioa na l. Che m. , 37 (1977 ) 39 3 .2 . G . J . BA T RA , D . K . BEW LEY , J . Ra d ioa na l . Che m . , 16 (1973 ) 275 .3 . H . TO O TS, M. R . V O O R H IES, Sc ie nc e , 149 (1965 ) 149.4 . C . B . SZPU N A R , J . B . LA MBE RT, J . E . BU IK ST RA , A m. J . Phys . A n th ropo l . , 48 (197 8 ) 199 .5 . A . S ILLEN , A m. J . Phys . A n th ro po l . , 56 (1981 ) 137.6 . M. J . SCH O EN IN G ER, A m. J . Phys . A n th rop o l . , 58 (1982 ) 37 .7 . D . A . N ELSO N , N . J . SA U E R, A m e r . A n t iq u i ty , 49 (1984 ) 141.8 . J . B . LA MB ERT, S . V . S IMPSO N , C. B . SZPU N A R , J . E . BU IK S TRA , A rc ha e om e t ry , 26 (1984 ) 131 .9 . R . A . G EID E L, MA SCA Jou rna l , 2 (1982 ) 13 .

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13 . R . C . A . RO T TL ~N D E R, J . A rc h . Sc ie nce , 3 (1976 ) 83 .14 . W . G A TS CH K E, D . G A W LIK , J . C l in . Che m . Clin. Bioc he m. , 18 (1980 ) 403 .15. D. BEHNE, J . Cl in. Chem . Cl in . Bioch em., 19 (198 1) 115.16 . G . C . G O O D E, C . M. H O W A RD , A . R . W ILSO N , V . 'PA RSO N S, A na l . China . A c ta . , 58 (1972 ) 363 .17 . D . G A W LIK , D . BEH N E, p . BR ~,TTER , W . G A T SCH K E, H . G ESSN ER , D . K R A F T, J . C l in . Che m . Cl in .

B i o c h e m . , 2 0 ( 1 9 8 2 ) 4 9 9 .18 . B . H . O 'CO N N O R , G . C . K ER RIG A N , K . R . TA Y L O R , P . D . MO RRIS , C , R . W RIG H T, A rc K Env i ron . H e a l th ,35 (1980 ) 21 .19 . J . J . DO YL E, J . Anim al Sc ience , 49 (1979) 482.20 . W . G A T SCH K E, D . G A W LIK , D . K R A F T, J . C lin. C he m. Clin. Bioc he m . , 18 (1980 ) 40 3 .

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