ArcticCircle&Assembly&& 2014& University&of&Iceland...

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1 Arctic Circle Assembly 2014 University of Iceland Student Briefings Anja Allabar: Indigenous People .................................................................................................. 2 Joel Zushman: Arctic Circle Assembly: Indigenous given a voice, but who was listening? ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Sindri Snær Jónsson: Ice navigation in the Arctic ................................................................. 4 Susanne Claudia Möckel: The people in the North ............................................................... 6 Nicolas Stoll: Google Fishing for data ......................................................................................... 7 Evan Alexander Adamic: The loss of place in the Arctic .................................................... 9 Jónas Þór Markússon: Freight shipping through the Arctic .......................................... 10 Sarah Løhr: Søndag eftermiddag blev højdepunktet for den 3 dage lange conference ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Josephine Dagmar Munch: The challenged Arctic ............................................................. 13 Raphael Hagen: Public data in a changing world ............................................................... 14 Omar Berbar: The Arctic Circle 2014 – A review ............................................................... 16

Transcript of ArcticCircle&Assembly&& 2014& University&of&Iceland...

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Arctic  Circle  Assembly    2014  

University  of  Iceland  Student  Briefings    

 

 

   

Anja  Allabar:  Indigenous  People  ..................................................................................................  2  

Joel  Zushman:  Arctic  Circle  Assembly:  Indigenous  given  a  voice,  but  who  was  listening?  .................................................................................................................................................  3  

Sindri  Snær  Jónsson:  Ice  navigation  in  the  Arctic  .................................................................  4  Susanne  Claudia  Möckel:  The  people  in  the  North  ...............................................................  6  

Nicolas  Stoll:  Google  Fishing  for  data  .........................................................................................  7  

Evan  Alexander  Adamic:  The  loss  of  place  in  the  Arctic  ....................................................  9  Jónas  Þór  Markússon:  Freight  shipping  through  the  Arctic  ..........................................  10  

Sarah  Løhr:  Søndag  eftermiddag  blev  højdepunktet  for  den  3  dage  lange  conference  ...........................................................................................................................................  12  

Josephine  Dagmar  Munch:  The  challenged  Arctic  .............................................................  13  

Raphael  Hagen:  Public  data  in  a  changing  world  ...............................................................  14  Omar  Berbar:  The  Arctic  Circle  2014  –  A  review  ...............................................................  16  

   

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Anja  Allabar:  Indigenous  People  The  second  Arctic  Circle  Assembly  2014  in  Reykjavík  was  an  event  to  hear  both  sides  of  interests  about  the  future  of  the  Arctic.  On  the  one  hand  the  interest  of  exploiting  the  Arctic,  for  example  due  to  oil  and  gas  resources  and  new  shipping  routes  was  one  topic,  which  was  extensively  discussed.  On  the  other  hand  countries  were  introducing  their  interest  in  the  Arctic  in  their  country  sessions.  Only  a  small  session  was  about  the  voices  of  indigenous  peoples,  who  are  affected  by  climate  change  and  the  advance  of  interest  in  the  Arctic.  Since  the  session  about  indigenous  peoples  was  on  the  last  day  of  the  conference  it  gave  the  impression  of  disregard.  The  time  to  discuss  their  point  of  view  after  the  topic  was  introduced  to  the  audience  was  too  short.  

One  of  the  indigenous  peoples  in  the  Arctic  and  one  of  three  distinct  aboriginal  groups  in  Canada  are  the  Inuit.  60000  of  them  live  there  and  obtain  their  food  traditionally  from  land  and  sea,  hunting  polar  bears  and  seals.  70%  of  the  Inuit  population  relies  on  hunting  and  fishing  for  viability.  Thus,  the  proceeding  climate  change  affects  their  livelihood,  society  and  health.  To  travel  on  thinner  ice  for  hunting  becomes  more  dangerous  and  the  polar  bears,  which  live  on  the  edge  of  the  ice  are  fewer  sighted.  Also  sea  mammals  and  fish  species  shift  to  other  locations.  Hence,  the  necessity  to  travel  longer  distances  to  reach  the  essential  resources  increases  the  costs  and  the  danger  for  the  Inuit.  To  change  from  traditional  food  to  imported  food  is  highly  expensive.  The  loss  of  important  food  sources  is  only  one  of  numerous  impacts  of  climate  change  to  indigenous  communities.    

The  bitter  fact  of  this  story  is,  that  innocent  people  have  to  suffer  for  the  lifestyle,  who  people  in  more  southern  regions  enjoy  since  decades.  By  blowing  tremendous  amounts  of  CO2  into  the  atmosphere,  they  are  responsible  for  the  concerns  about  the  Arctic.  But  not  only  climate  change  impacts  their  livelihood  but  also  economic  impacts  by  national  societies  are  a  maybe  even  greater  threat  to  indigenous  societies.  The  national  societies  thirst  for  oil  leads  the  companies  to  initiate  oil  drilling  in  the  Arctic,  as  25%  of  the  known  remaining  global  Oil  and  Gas  resources  are  in  the  Arctic.  The  indigenous  peoples  land,  which  they  call  their  home  for  more  than  a  millennium  is  invaded  to  operate  to  the  advantage  of  foreign  people.  The  interests  of  commercial  development  results  in  dispossession  of  land  and  human  rights  of  indigenous  people  and  threatens  their  survival.  The  indigenous  peoples  in  the  Arctic  are  a  matter,  which  should  awake  more  attention  since  they  are  one  of  the  unprivileged  societies  in  the  Arctic.  The  Arctic  itself  needs  more  respect  and  therefore  people  should  think  about  their  own  lifestyle,  as  the  CO2  emissions  are  not  from  the  Arctic  but  affect  the  Arctic  and  their  peoples.  

     

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Joel  Zushman:  Arctic  Circle  Assembly:  Indigenous  given  a  voice,  but  who  was  listening?  Harpa,  REYKJAVIK—  Before  lunch  on  Sunday,  the  plenary  session,  ‘Indigenous  Voices  from  the  Arctic’,  rang  out  to  a  half-­‐full  conference  hall—  a  room  that,  in  previous  sessions,  had  been  filled  to  watch  a  video  message  from  German  Chancellor  Angela  Merkel,  or  a  thinly  veiled  sales  pitch  from  sharply  dressed  British  representatives,  or  a  Google  Maps  demonstration.  The  Indigenous  Peoples  of  the  Arctic  were  given  a  voice,  an  opportunity  to  be  heard,  but  who  was  listening?    

In  the  two  days  of  presentations  before  the  ‘Indigenous  Voices’  session,  representatives  from  governments  and  organizations  gave  us  what  we  wanted  to  hear.  Terms  like  “responsibility”  and  “conservation”  and  “sustainable  development”  were  cast  about  freely,  as  well  as  an  acknowledgement  that  interests  of  the  Indigenous  Peoples  must  be  taken  into  account.  But  when  it  came  to  action,  the  Indigenous  Peoples  were  given  45  minutes,  on  the  last  day  of  the  conference,  when  all  the  Country  Sessions  had  been  delivered  and  representatives  likely  on  a  plane  home.    

For  those  of  us  listening,  the  message  was  loud  and  clear.  Indigenous  Peoples  live  in  the  Arctic  and  have  for  a  very  long  time.  “The  Arctic  is  not  a  frontier  to  be  conquered,”  said  Okalik  Eegeesiak,  Chair,  Inuit  Circumpolar  Council,  “People  live  here  and  have  for  thousands  of  years.”  She  asked  us  to  imagine  Arctic  Indigenous  Peoples  holding  a  meeting  to  decide  how  use  of  land  and  resources  should  be  regulated  in  Southern  cities.  The  meeting  would  probably  not  be  taken  seriously,  so  how  then  are  the  Indigenous  Peoples  to  accept  regulations  that  come  from  governments  so  far  from  the  Arctic?    

Regulations  on  hunting  seal,  whale,  walrus,  and  polar  bear  threaten  a  means  of  subsistence  that  Arctic  Peoples  have  relied  on  for  thousands  of  years.  Well-­‐intentioned  ‘Save  the  Arctic’  campaigns  do  not  address  the  right  problems.  The  reason  the  sea  ice  is  melting,  the  reason  animal  numbers  are  dwindling  is  not  because  of  activities  of  the  Arctic  Peoples,  it  is  because  of  the  activities  of  the  rest  of  the  world.  Pollution  and  emissions  from  places  well  south  of  the  Arctic  Circle  are  the  cause  of  changes  to  the  Arctic.  Problems  are  not  caused  by  the  Arctic,  but  felt  by  the  Arctic.    

Terry  Audla,  president  of  Inuit  Tapiriit  Kanatami,  who  represents  over  55,000  Inuit  Peoples  living  in  Canada’s  North  says  to  look  in  your  own  back  yard  first,  rather  than  look  to  the  Arctic  to  solve  problems  it  hasn’t  itself  caused.  Audla  pronounced,  “We’re  doing  fine  in  the  Arctic.  We  always  have.”  The  Indigenous  Peoples  of  the  Arctic  know  how  to  survive  in  their  environment.  Traditional  knowledge  kept  the  Arctic  Peoples  alive  and  their  land  and  resources  preserved  long  before  science  was  introduced.  On  the  question  of  traditional  knowledge  still  being  relevant,  Audla  retorts,  “Is  science  relevant?”  

In  the  following  session,  US  representatives  for  Fulbright  proudly  quoted  Secretary  John  Kerry  as  saying,  “The  Arctic  region  is  the  last  global  frontier.”  They  clearly  weren’t  listening  to  Ms.  Eegeesiak  when  she  said  it  wasn’t.  They  weren’t  listening  to  the  Indigenous  voices,  but  I  was.  

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Sindri  Snær  Jónsson:  Ice  navigation  in  the  Arctic    Are  you  tired  of  your  desk  job  or  having  to  attend  lectures  on  Monday  mornings?  Does  your  life  lack  excitement  and  adventure?    

Then  welcome  the  adventures  of  ice  navigation,  the  perfect  new  field  for  you!  With  no  global  standards  of  education  and  training  combined  with  ever  growing  demand,  anyone  can  hop  aboard  and  sail  the  cold  regions  of  the  Arctic.  But  that  is  about  to  change…  During  the  Arctic  Circle  Assembly  held  this  October  in  Iceland,  Captain  David  Snider,  senior  vice  president  of  the  Nautical  Institute  hosted  a  breakout  session  aboard  Sæbjörg  an  Icelandic  training  vessel,  where  he  confronted  both  a  curious  and  astounded  audience  with  this  problem.  Based  on  an  already  existing  program  taught  in  Finland,  David  has  suggested  and  developed  a  program  with  new  globalized  standards  which  are  aimed  to  provide  sailors  and  those  of  maritime  interest  with  an  international  license  claiming  them  to  be  suited  for  sailing  in  the  harsh  and  chilling  conditions  which  of  the  Arctic.  

But  one  could  ask,  why  do  we  all  out  of  sudden  need  such  a  program?  Haven‘t  we  sailed  the  Arctic  for  centuries,  back  when  the  conditions  where  even  harsher?  

Yes  indeed,  we  have.  But  with  our  ever  growing  population  and  expansion  of  mankind,  our  need  to  travel  and  transfer  supplies  is  also  expanding.  As  the  ice  grows  thinner  we  are  getting  closer  to  being  able  to  sail  across  the  Arctic,  at  least  in  the  summertime.  But  the  Arctic  is  treacherous.  Ships  can  easily  get  stuck  in  ice  due  to  rapidly  changing  weather  patterns  or  poor  judgment  on  part  of  its  crew,  this  is  quite  common  nowadays.  Colossal  icebreakers  are  available  from  most  Arctic  countries  for  rescue  missions  and  are  now  being  rapidly  upgraded  and  newer  models  constructed,  even  in  countries  far  away  from  the  Arctic,  e.g.  India  and  South  Korea.  To  maintain  order,  security  and  to  prevent  insurance  complications  an  ice  navigation  license  is  vital.    

   Figure  1:  A  common  sight  in  the  Arctic  

But  what  makes  the  Arctic  so  formidable?  

There  is  a  huge  difference  in  the  meaning  of  the  word  ice.  Ice  that  forms  over  a  single  winter  is  soft  and  easily  rammed  through  on  a  slightly  modified  ship.  As  the  ice  ages,  a  new  layer  of  ice  and  snow  forms  atop  of  it.  With  time  the  ocean  salts  escape  the  ice,  allowing  the  ice  to  get  even  more  compacted  and  dense,  

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closing  all  empty  spaces  and  air  gaps.  Every  child  battling  snowball  fights  in  the  winter  knows  this,  yesterday’s  snow  is  often  than  not,  more  dense  and  way  too  dangerous  for  your  average  playground  battles.  Knowledge  like  this  tends  to  be  forgotten  as  you  grow  up,  only  to  pop  up  again  on  a  snowless  October  evening,  listening  to  Captain  David  explaining  how  a  coffee  table  sized  iceberg  can  make  a  hole  in  a  steel  icebreaker  if  dense  enough.  We  must  approach  the  Arctic  with  respect  and  means  of  Arctic  security  must  be  considered  before  we  send  our  ships  across  the  Arctic  for  the  snowball  fight  of  our  lifetime.    

   

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Susanne  Claudia  Möckel:  The  people  in  the  North  In  the  very  beginning  of  the  conference,  Friday  before  noon,  one  fact  was  pointed  out  by  Lisa  Murkowski,  the  senior  United  States  Senator  from  the  State  of  Alaska.  We  were  always  talking  about  the  Arctic  in  general,  whereas,  according  to  her,  there  was  no  such  thing  as  one  Arctic,  but  two.  On  the  one  hand  there  was  the  Arctic  of  the  Scandinavian  countries  and  Iceland,  with  good  infrastructure,  access  to  affordable  energy,  clean  drinking  water,  internet  etc.  On  the  other  hand  there  was  the  Arctic  of  countries  like  Russia,  Alaska  and  Greenland,  which  largely  lacked  the  aforementioned  essentials.  Instead,  many  communities  in  this  part  of  the  Arctic  were  struggling  to  survive  and  besides  confronted  with  high  suicide  rates  and  violence.  To  provide  a  better  standard  of  living  for  the  people  in  the  North,  responsible  handling  of  the  ocean  and  land  in  these  regions  as  well  as  collaboration  and  corporation  beyond  borders  was  crucial.    

One  could  have  thought  that  statement  very  promising,  containing  a  few  words  that  shall  be  emphasized  here:  the  people  in  the  North,  responsible,  collaboration  and  corporation.  At  least  the  latter  three  words  were  used  by  many  speakers  throughout  the  days  of  the  conference.  Especially  collaboration  and  corporation  seemed  to  be  expressions  that  every  person  of  importance  in  politics  or  economics,  thought  necessary  to  weave  into  their  speech  at  least  once.  But  where  were  the  people?  The  people  of  the  North,  the  indigenous  peoples?  Are  they  not  included  in  the  idea  of  collaboration  and  corporation?  Could  they  not  possibly  teach  us  about  the  responsible  handling  of  ocean,  land  and  other  resources  in  their  regions?  Because  what  is  it  if  not  the  homeland  of  the  indigenous  peoples  that  we  are  talking  about,  when  discussing  the  future  of  the  Arctic!  Whose  environment  and  hunting  grounds,  whose  life  is  the  most  affected  by  environmental  changes,  not  to  mention  the  consequences  of  the  climate  change?  They  were  there,  the  people.  But  their  presence  did  not  seem  to  be  regarded  as  a  priority  by  the  organizers  of  the  conference.  On  Sunday,  the  third  day  of  the  conference,  a  small  group  of  indigenous  peoples  was  allowed  a  plenary  session  of  one  hour.  According  to  the  remarks  of  many  auditors,  this  was  one  of  the  most  important  and  interesting  sessions  of  the  whole  conference  and  should  not  have  been  scheduled  on  the  last  day  of  the  conference.  As  pointed  out  by  Gunhild  Hoogensen  Gjørv,  Professor  at  the  University  of  Tromsø  –  the  Arctic  University  of  Norway,  it  was  quite  striking  how  sparsely  seated  the  audience  was  at  that  time  compared  to  previous  sessions,  when  speeches  of  representatives  of  economics  and  politics,  or,  as  Gunhild  Hoogensen  Gjørv  called  them,  “the  big  boys”,  were  in  the  majority.    Nonetheless,  I  personally  could  draw  one  very  important  fact  from  this  session:  As  inhabitants  in  a  highly  man-­‐made  environment,  disconnected  from  nature,  we  have  to  listen  to  the  indigenous  inhabitants  of  the  Arctic  and  collaborate  with  them  to  understand  what  a  better  standard  of  living  means  to  them  and  how  we  can  better  handle  the  Arctic  environment.        

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Nicolas  Stoll:  Google  fishing  for  data  You’re  snorkeling  through  a  magnificent  reef  landscape,  surrounded  by  a  million  of  colorful  fishes,  sparkling  corals  and  creatures  you  have  never  seen  before.  Suddenly  a  fast  moving,  black  shadow  is  drawing  closer  while  you’re  trying  to  draw  your  diving  knife  in  vain.  But  instead  of  revealing  itself  as  a  hungry  shark,  the  mysterious  thing  turns  out  to  be  a  camera,  attached  to  a  robot  with  a  well-­‐  known  logo  on  it:  GOOGLE.  The  multi-­‐billion  dollar  company  presented  its  newest  ideas  about  mapping  the  coasts  and  oceans  of  our  planet  on  the  “2014  Arctic  Circle  Assembly”,  which  was  held  in  Reykjavik  from  the  31st  of  October  to  the  2nd  of  November.  

Situated  in  a  plenary  session  about  the  future  of  fisheries  in  the  Arctic  region,  Michael  Jones,  Chief  Technology  Advocate  of  Google,  used  this  platform  to  inform  the  guests  about  the  newest  developments  and  trends  in  Google’s  all-­‐time  goal:  “Organizing  the  world’s  information  and  make  it  universally  accessible  and  useful”.  By  doing  a  rather  unusual,  but  entertaining  presentation,  it  was  a  simple  task  to  catch  the  attention  of  the  weary  audience,  which  had  to  fight  through  another  lengthy  country  session  by  Japan  just  some  minutes  before.  His  presentation  included  the  concept  of  taking  pictures  of  coastlines  from  moving,  unmanned  swimming  vessels  to  improve  the  current  version  of  Google  Map’s  Street  View.  Taking  this  to  the  next  level,  Jones  implemented  the  goal  to  map  and  document  entire  oceans  since  we  know  less  about  it  than  we  do  about  the  Moon.  And  as  if  this  wasn’t  enough  he  even  outnumbered  this  approach  by  presenting  the  next  step:  the  installation  of  transmitters  on  every  ship  on  the  seven  seas.  Sharing  this  data  would  lead  to  the  possibility  for  everyone  to  see  and  follow  every  single  movement  undertaken  by  ships.  Sounds  great  doesn’t  it?  Improving  the  huge  safety  issue  in  the  Arctic  and  the  better  chance  of  tracing  illegal  fishing  vessels  is  a  great  thing,  but  Edward  Snowden’s  publications  showed  the  danger  of  data  collecting  projects  very  recently.  On  the  one  hand  there  is  the  technical  question,  is  it  really  possible  and  affordable  to  collect  enough  data  to  fulfill  such  a  quest.  On  the  other  hand  there  is  the  second  big  question  whether  we  really  need  this.  Are  we  not  being  watched  enough  already,  shouldn’t  we  be  able  to  move  unobserved  in  the  vast  waters  of  the  oceans.  Nevertheless  it  is  overdue  to  collect  more  information  about  the  oceans,  since  mankind  spent  250  times  more  money  on  space  exploration  than  on  the  exploration  of  the  oceans.  The  total  number  of  12  people,  which  walked  on  the  moon,  compared  to  the  number  of  3  people,  who  have  been  on  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  enhances  this  necessity.  It  is  just  important  to  approach  this  in  a  sustainable  and  appropriate  way,  which  means  that  laws  and  guidelines  have  to  be  clearly  defined.  Also  the  public  has  to  know  what  is  going  on  and  what  the  data  is  being  used  for.  In  addition,  the  whole  presentation  represents  one  of  the  major  issues  of  the  conference  in  general  that  could  and  should  have  been  better.  The  enormous  number  of  businesses  and  countries  rather  presenting  themselves  in  an  unnecessary,  infantile  way  instead  of  using  their  resources  for  finding  a  reasonable  solution  for  climate  change  and  its  consequences  was  just  too  high.  

The  main  aspect  should  have  been  to  find  a  solution,  which  combines  the  interests  of  indigenous  peoples,  science,  politics  and  industry.  Beyond  doubt,  this  

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is  a  Sisyphean  challenge,  but  still  the  reason  for  the  conference  and  it  is  time  to  approach  the  future  of  our  planet  and  our  species  in  a  serious  and  active  way.      

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Evan  Alexander  Adamic:  The  loss  of  place  in  the  Arctic  On  31.  October  to  1.  November,  I  attended  the  2014  Arctic  Circle  Assembly  in  Reykjavík.  For  three  days  I  sat  and  listened  to  row  after  row  of  people  (mostly  male  business  executives  and  politicians)  in  suits  speak  about  what  they  intended  to  take  from  my  home,  seemingly  without  being  aware  that  they  were  even  discussing  a  home  or  an  inhabited  landscape.  Ideas  were  presented  about  continued  petroleum  extraction,  infrastructure  and  even  floating  cities  on  the  Arctic  Ocean,  all  which  seemed  to  ignore  the  disappearing  identity  of  the  cultures  of  place  that  inhabit  the  region  and  the  land  itself  that  they  are  grounded  in.  That  which  was  wanting  throughout  the  conference  was  the  concept  of  landscape  and  its  meaning  for  identity  in  Arctic  cultures.  It  was  not  until  the  second  day  that  a  man  mentioned  briefly  the  «spirit  of  the  North»,  and  the  meaning  that  it  has  for  the  people  that  experience  the  Arctic  landscape  whether  as  tourists,  workers  or  inhabitants.  It  is  rather  amusing  to  mention  that  he  was  the  owner  of  a  mining  company,  for  mining  causes  often  some  of  the  most  drastic  changes  in  the  landscape  that  demonstrate  disrespect  for  this  spirit.  The  connection  between  humans  and  the  northern  landscape  was  of  course  implicit  in  all  that  the  Indigenous  groups  that  spoke  on  the  third  day  said,  but  to  them  the  importance  of  the  landscape  is  self-­‐evident,  and  thus  is  it  likely  that  they  feel  no  need  to  discuss  it  specifically.  Especially  striking  was  the  lack  of  recognition  about  the  condition  of  the  built  environment  as  an  element  of  the  concept  of  infrastructure.  It  was  often  repeated  that  the  built  environment  will  expand  in  coming  times  as  Arctic  habitability  is  seen  in  better  light  in  societies  in  the  south,  but  as  we  sat  in  a  building  itself  that  promotes  an  excessively  disconnected  experience  of  the  urban  landscape  in  Reykjavík,  no  one  recognized  how  the  dispersion  of  southern  forms  and  urban  patterns  northwards  has  slowly  degraded  the  identity  of  the  cultures  of  place  amongst  Indigenous  communities  in  Arctic  Canada,  the  persistent  and  serious  psychological  problems  that  disconnected  architecture  has  caused  in  these  same  societies,  or  how  traditional  activities  of  the  Sami  people  have  been  sundered  by  roadways  and  other  infrastructure  in  northern  Norway.  

I  hold  that  it  is  the  spirit  of  the  North  that  is  the  region’s  most  valuable  resource,  rather  than  petroleum  or  minerals  or  other  material  elements,  and  although  I  find  it  uncomfortable  to  associate  it  with  this  economic  term,  it  is  this  spirit  that  all  northern  nations  have  in  common  and  that  gives  all  northern  inhabitants  a  common  foundation  for  identity  that  is  connected  to  place.  It  is  with  the  common  will  to  respect  this  spirit  and  strengthen  its  connections  to  human  life  that  healthy  cooperation  amongst  Arctic  nations  and  not  least  a  sustainable  society  can  be  achieved.  The  question  remains  unanswered  after  the  conference:  how  can  we  who  live  in  the  North  and  experience  the  region's  spirit  help  those  who  choose  to  understand  the  Arctic  landscape  in  terms  of  business  opportunities,  resource  exploitation  and  numbers  in  a  spreadsheet  to  respect  and  value  the  spirit  of  the  North,  the  spirit  that  makes  our  lives  meaningful?    

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Jónas  Þór  Markússon:  Freight  shipping  through  the  Arctic  With  Arctic  sea  ice  showing  a  decline  due  to  climate  changes  for  the  last  years,  shipping  through  the  Arctic  has  become  more  of  a  viable  option  for  big  freight  ships.  The  sea  ice  reached  a  record  low  in  2012  with  coverage  of  only  3.4  million  square  kilometers,  in  2013  this  number  rose  to  5.1  million  km2  but  was  still  the  sixth  lowest  record  of  sea  ice  and  reinforces  a  long-­‐term  downward  trend.    In  the  past  shipping  through  the  Arctic  required  big  icebreakers,  ships  that  have  strongly  enforced  hulls  that  break  “thin”  ice  sheets  and  make  way  for  the  bigger  ships  that  haul  the  cargo.  Due  to  the  lowering  of  ice  sheets  freight  companies  have  been  toying  with  the  idea  of  sending  ships  through  the  Arctic  when  the  sea  ice  is  at  a  yearly  low  (in  September)  without  the  company  of  icebreakers.    

But  what  benefits  does  shipping  through  the  Arctic  impose?  Shipping  routes  through  the  Artic  have  been  classified  into  two  different  routes,  Northwest  Passage  and  the  northern  sea  route.    The  Northwest  Passage  has  been  used  to  transfer  coal  from  the  west  coast  of  Canada  to  European  market.  This  serves  then  as  an  alternative  to  taking  the  Panama  Canal.  Ships  that  take  this  route  from  the  west  coast  of  North  America  save  4-­‐5  days  on  average  and  as  a  plus  can  also  carry  more  cargo  due  to  weight  restrictions  when  going  through  the  Panama  Canal.  

The  Northern  Sea  Route  has  been  passed  by  Chinese  and  Russian  ships.  In  2013  the  Chinese  cargo  ship  Yong  Shenq  became  the  first  ship  to  reach  European  markets  via  the  Northern  Sea  Route.  The  transportation  time  was  cut  from  48  days  down  to  35,  saving  a  total  of  13.  For  a  70.000  metric  ton  ship  this  saving  adds  up  to  1000  million  liters  of  gasoline  or  650.000$  per  trip.  As  expected  this  also  boasts  a  major  cut  in  CO2  emission  for  the  freight  ship.  Using  the  Northern  Sea  Route  shipping  companies  save  on  insurance  due  to  the  relatively  low  risk  of  piracy  when  traveling  through  the  Arctic  compared  to  usual  shipping  route  through  the  Gulf  of  Aden.  

Still  not  viable  

Many  maritime  experts  have  weight  in  on  this  topic  and  most  of  them  agree  that  sailing  through  the  Arctic  at  a  major  scale  is  still  not  a  viable  solution.  These  trips  that  have  been  made  are  all  one-­‐time  event.  Gary  Li  a  senior  maritime  analysis  said,  “It’s  early  days.  The  Northern  Sea  Route  probably  needs  another  20  or  30  years  of  climate  change  to  make  it  fully  viable.  And  even  then  it  got  so  many  constraints”.  

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On  of  the  major  hurdle  regardless  of  the  sea  ice  is  the  lack  of  service  station  and  the  distance  from  available  resources.  The  shores  up  in  the  Arctic  have  very  few  harbors  and  they  are  not  tailored  to  servicing  big  cargo  vessels  if  something  happens  or  major  components  brake  down.  So  all  in  all  the  opportunity  for  shipping  through  the  Arctic  is  a  great  one  but  whether  it  will  become  one  of  worlds  biggest  shipping  route  time  can  only  tell.  

   

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Sarah  Løhr:  Søndag  eftermiddag  blev  højdepunktet  for  den  3  dage  lange  conference  Det  har  været  en  weekend  pakket  med  indtryk  af  alle  slags  i  rammerne  af  den  smukke  Harpa  bygning.  Det  som  står  stærkest  er  søndagens  program  og  i  særdeleshed  dagens  sidste  oplæg.  5  paneldeltager  fortalte  med  passion,  nærvær,  mod  og  håb  om  klimaændringernes  påvirkning  af  ’Nordborenes’  liv.  ’Nordboer’  er  et  begreb  som  dækker  over  alle  dem  som  bord  nord  for  polarcirklen.  Vi  blev  introduceret  for  betydningen  af  sikkerhedstrusler  for  familier,  og  hvor  meget  det  påvirker  den  enkelte.  Sikkerhed  i  det  Arktiske  er  af  høj  betydning,  da  man  her  oplever  større  omfang  af  kriminalitet  end  man  gør  i  samfund  lige  syd  for  Arktis.  Det  er  ikke  alle  områder  i  Arktis  der  er  lige  berørt  af  usikkerhed  i  forhold  til  kriminalitet,  men  alle  områder  af  Arktis  er  påvirket  af  den  usikkerhed  som  klimaforandringerne  bringer  med  sig.  Nordborene  lever  i  tæt  symbiose  med  og  af  naturen,  og  naturens  hastige  forandringer  skaber  usikkerhed,  om  hvorvidt  der  er  muligt  at  skaffe  sit  levebrød  og  i  det  hele  taget  forsætte  den  vanlige  levevis.  Denne  usikkerhed  er  svær  at  håndtere,  og  det  har  vist  sig  især,  men  ikke  udelukkende,  at  påvirket  dem  mandlige  befolkningen.  Fordi  de  helt  konkret  har  vanskelige  ved  at  udfører  deres  rolle  i  dagligdagen,  meget  af  deres  identitet  bliver  hængt  op  på  deres  jagt  og  fiskerievner.  Den  mest  nærliggende  løsning  på  problemet  og  det  som  en  vesterlænding  omgående  tænker,  er  mere  uddannelse.  Nordboerne  skal  blot  uddanne  sig  så  de  kan  bestride  nogen  andre  job.  Afslutningen  på  dette  oplæg  var  en  kommentar  fra  en  ung  publikummer,  der  kort  sagt  fortalte  at  uddannelse  i  vedkommendes  øjne  var  et  nødvendigt  unde.  Reelt  ville  den  nordboer  helst  fortsætte  et  traditionelt  liv,  hjemme  med  familie  og  traditionelle  gøre  mål  og  rammer.  Pludselig  stod  der  en  person  og  delte  sine  egne  tanker  og  drømme  om  et  liv  i  nord,  disse  mennesker  som  gennem  hele  weekenden  har  været  omtalt  stod  her,  med  en  kommende  kandidatgrad  i  hånden  og  sagde  at  uddannelse  ikke  var  det  første  valg.  Et  valg  truffet  for  at  kunne  sikre  andre  et  liv  uden  uddannelse,  men  med  traditionelle  levevilkår.  Modsætningen  stod  pludseligt  lysende  klart  og  har  virkelig  tydelig  gjort  vanskelighederne  ved  et  globaliseret  Arktis.  For  hvordan  kan  Arktis  være  en  del  af  verdenssamfundet,  uden  at  blive  underlagt  vestens  samfundsstrukturer?  Både  fredag  og  lørdag  hørte  vi  talrige  politikere  fra  en  snes  lande  fortælle  hvor  gerne  de  ville  støtte  op  om  nordboerne  og  deres  kultur,  men  fremmødet  søndag  bestod  kun  af  en  lille  flok  dedikerede.  Hvordan  skal  nordboerne  kunne  råbe  os  andre  op  uden  at  ændre  livstil  og  uden  at  skifte  sprog  og  identitet  til  det  vestlige?  Hvordan  ændre  man  fredag/lørdags  gode  intentioner,  til  faktiske  handlinger?  Mange  af  disse  spørgsmål  har  jeg  hørt  før,  men  at  deltage  på  Arctic  Circle  seminaret  har  gjort  at  jeg  selv  stiller  de  spørgsmål  og  betydningen  af  dem  er  blevet  langt  mere  nærværenden.        

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Josephine  Dagmar  Munch:  The  challenged  Arctic  The  second  annual  Arctic  Circle  Assembly  has  just  finished.  In  spite  of  its  short  existence,  it  has  quickly  gained  a  big  role  as  a  gathering  place  for  anyone  with  interests  in  the  Arctic  region.    What  is  the  future  of  the  Arctic  region?  –  An  unspoilt  and  sustainable  natural  region,  or  a  highly  economically  developed  Arctic  region,  but  unsustainable  environment?  Throughout  the  conference  the  various  and  conflicting  interests  of  the  region  became  very  clear.  

With  many  different  interests  of  the  Arctic  and  the  unknown  factor  of  climate  change  –  how  will  this  affect  the  future  of  the  Arctic?  From  finance  point  of  view  the  Arctic  has  got  a  huge  amount  of  resources  and  new  possibilities  to  create  economic  development  on  local,  national  and  international  scale.  On  the  other  side  stand  the  indigenous  peoples  with  a  wish  for  a  sustainable  living  circle.    

The  speeches  from  four  indigenous  peoples  in  the  plenary  session  “Indigenous  voices  from  the  Arctic”  send  a  strong  message  regarding  their  representations  in  forums  and  assemblies  like  these.  They  expressed  their  emotions  and  feelings  of  not  being  taken  seriously  enough  about  the  future  of  the  Arctic,  their  homes.  They  questioned  the  fact,  on  how  they  are  listened  to.  They  uttered  their  dissatisfaction  on  their  missing  position  in  the  top  political  and  finance  discussions.  Well  expressed  by  the  National  Inuit  leader  and  President  of  Inuit  Tapiriit  Kanatami,  Terry  Audla:  “Who  is  asking  what  we  think  should  happen  in  our  homeland?”  The  described  situation  was  well  supported  by  the  appearance  of  the  audience,  or  more  correctly,  the  missing  appearance  of  suits  in  the  audience.  

The  indigenous  peoples  do  not  want  to  be  saved.  They  do  not  want  to  be  shown  in  national  costumes  and  become  “tourist  attractions”.  They  want  to  be  respected  as  inhabitants  of  the  Arctic.  They  want  to  be  represented  on  equal  terms  with  the  business  and  political  organizations.  Their  message  was,  that  it  is  about  time,  that  we,  the  people  outside  the  Arctic,  starts  to  acknowledge  the  importance  of  traditional  knowledge  and  experiences  which  the  indigenous  people  holds.  

How  do  we  change  this?  First  of  all,  indigenous  peoples  have  to  become  just  as  big  a  player  as  the  rest  of  the  participants  of  these  types  of  assemblies.  Secondly,  indigenous  people  have  to  have  a  seat  in  the  discussion  panels  in  order  to  express  their  views  of  the  future  Arctic  along  with  politicians  and  business  people.  They  should  not  have  separate  discussion  panels.  Finally,  traditional  knowledge  has  to  be  put  on  the  same  footing  as  scientific  knowledge  –  they  have  similar  value  and  contribute  both  to  a  wider  understanding  of  the  broad  topic  of  the  Arctic.  

The  future  of  the  Arctic  is  not  only  determined  by  the  eight  artic  countries,  their  population  and  the  indigenous  peoples.  They  are  affected  by  worldwide  activities  and  decisions.  

Is  the  sustainable  living  of  the  indigenous  people  going  to  survive  the  strong  interest  of  exploiting  the  new  Arctic  activities  and  available  natural  resources?  This  conference  did  not  give  a  positive  reply.  

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Raphael  Hagen:  Public  data  in  a  changing  world  The  Arctic  Circle  Assembly  is  a  multi-­‐disciplinary  conference  that  focuses  on  the  future  use,  development  and  conservation  of  the  Arctic.  This  broad  field  approach  lets  a  diverse  range  of  disciplines  connect  and  share.  Indigenous  groups,  scientific  collaborations,  oil  &  gas  companies,  startups  and  countries  each  presented  their  visions  of  the  future  of  the  Arctic.  In  the  plenary  session,  titled  ‘The  Arctic  from  Space’,  a  San  Francisco  based  startup  called  Planet  Labs  gave  two  talks  about  how  Earth  observations  from  space  can  help  build  a  better  world.  Planet  Labs  manufactures  miniature  Earth-­‐facing  satellites,  called  Doves,  which  are  equipped  with  high-­‐resolution  cameras.  These  satellites  orbit  Earth  in  what  they  call  ‘flocks’  and  together  they  steam  beautiful  images  of  Earth’s  landscape  back  down  to  us.  These  cameras  have  a  resolution  of  ∼3-­‐5  meters  per  pixel,  which  prevents  them  from  being  used  for  surveillance.  The  goal  of  Planet  Labs  is  not  to  compete  with  Google  Earth,  but  instead  provide  high  time-­‐resolution  space  based  images.  High  time-­‐resolution  means  images  every  hour,  instead  of  every  few  years.  They  have  71  satellites  currently  in  orbit  around  the  earth  and  as  they  add  more,  the  time  resolution  increases.  This  unique  goal  will  allow  us  to  see  how  our  planet  changes  in  real  time,  allowing  for  the  public  to  witness  deforestation  in  the  Amazon,  melting  of  Arctic  sea  ice  and  slash  and  burn  agriculture.  

 The  inspiring  thing  about  Planet  Labs  vision  is  that  they  aim  to  make  their  data  open  access,  so  everyone  with  an  internet  connection  will  be  see  the  change  

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around  them.  Making  data  accessible  allows  anybody  with  an  interest  to  explore  the  world  around  them.  The  opening  of  access  to  scientific  data  and  satellite  imagery  builds  the  public’s  confidence  and  excitement  in  science,  which  leads  to  increased  support  and  funding  for  science  and  returns  to  the  public.  After  the  plenary  session,  I  got  the  chance  to  talk  with  the  president  of  Planet  Labs,  named  Robbie  Schingler.  I  questioned  him  about  the  company’s  recent  loss  of  many  of  their  satellites,  which  were  scheduled  to  go  into  orbit  aboard  the  Antares  rocket  that  tragically  exploded  mid-­‐launch.  He  laughed  about  it,  then  said  ‘Space  is  hard’.  This  was  their  third  satellite  launch,  the  first  two  were  insured  and  went  off  without  a  hitch,  but  this  one  wasn’t  insured  and  exploded.  He  told  me  that  the  company  is  still  very  optimistic  and  is  already  building  more  satellites  and  planning  their  next  launch.      

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Omar  Berbar:  The  Arctic  Circle  2014  –  A  review  The  Arctic  Circle  Assembly,  now  in  its  second  official  year,  was  organized  by  Icelandic  President  Ólafur  Grimson  to  spark  conversation  and  serve  as  a  forum  on  the  everchanging  realities  of  the  Arctic.  Attended  by  politicians,  scientists,  and  professionals  from  across  the  globe,  the  forum  sought  to  promote  dialogue  between  the  different  Arctic  stakeholders  and  to  further  the  understanding  of  the  changes  in  the  region.  Although  informative,  the  conference  fell  short  of  providing  any  concrete  steps  forward  and  left  many  questions  unanswered.  

Melting  sea  ice  is  opening  up  new  shipping  routes  and  facilitating  the  extraction  of  resources  that  were  previously  inaccessible.  Arctic  nations  pose  to  profit  from  the  untapped  wealth  that  the  Arctic  presumably  holds.  But  development,  as  some  argue,  does  not  come  without  its  consequences.  Further  exploitation  of  the  planet  will  only  lead  to  the  burning  of  more  fossil  fuels,  exasperating  climate  change.  Thus  the  notion  of  the  Arctic  Paradox  takes  shape,  a  congruent  theme  seen  throughout  the  conference.  The  paradox  is  the  notion  that  developing  the  Arctic  will  accelerate  climate  change,  while  climate  change  itself  is  the  reason  development  can  take  place.  It  is  essentially  an  infinite  loop;  a  never-­‐ending  cycle.    

Some  delegates  from  academia  were  calling  for  a  boycott  of  all  development,  to  leave  nature  as  is.  They  argue  that  the  language  shouldn’t  be  focused  on  say,  how  can  we  extract  oil  or  develop  the  Arctic,  but  rather,  why  should  we  even  do  it.  They  argue  that  we  stand  at  a  threshold,  a  tipping  point  if  we  want  to  limit  global  temperature  rise.  That  argument  indeed  has  merit;  the  world  is  over-­‐saturated  in  oil,  we  produce  enough  as  is  not  only  to  meet  but  exceed  our  consumption  rates.  And  with  the  current  plummeting  oil  prices,  further  oil  exploration  and  extraction  does  not  make  much  environmental  or  economic  sense.  But  why  shun  all  Arctic  development  entirely?  Why  paint  all  development  in  the  region  with  the  same  brush?  New  shipping  routes  through  the  Arctic  linking  Asian  markets  with  Europe  can  shave  thousands  of  kilometers  off  the  current  routes  across  the  Indian  Ocean,  not  only  increasing  profit  margins  on  all  sides,  but  also  decreasing  the  amount  of  fuel  burned  to  make  the  journey.  Such  routes  however  require  the  development  of  ports  and  other  infrastructure  across  the  Arctic.  Other  industries  such  as  mining  and  hydropower  also  have  potential  in  the  region,  but  require  infrastructure  and  development  to  take  place.    

All  in  all,  the  conference  was  productive  in  generating  ideas  and  discussion,  but  the  debate  was  polarized  with  business  on  one  side  and  the  environment  on  the  other.  There  needs  to  be  something  of  a  middle  ground  linking  the  two  camps.  While  we  most  certainly  cannot  continue  on  our  current  path  burning  fossil  fuels  with  no  end  in  sight,  we  can’t  just  flip  a  switch  and  convert  to  renewables  and  recyclables.  There  needs  to  be  a  transition  while  we  continue  developing  resources  that  are  readily  available  in  a  responsible  manner.  Debating  endlessly  whether  a  paradox  exists  or  not  and  the  realities  of  climate  change  will  lead  to  nowhere.  Realities  of  a  changing  Arctic  need  to  be  accepted  and  the  debate  on  how  to  effectively,  responsibly,  and  sustainably  develop  the  region  needs  to  occur.  As  one  speaker  put  it,  we  now  stand  at  a  cross  roads,  we  can  either  debate  about  whether  or  not  the  Arctic  paradox  exists  and  its  effects,  or  we  can  put  our  heads  together,  and  try  to  come  up  with  an  appropriate  solution  to  responsibly  

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adapt  to  the  changing  Arctic.  Granted,  the  conference  is  young  and  has  plenty  of  room  to  grow.  In  future  years,  language  should  gravitate  away  from  the  classic  change  is  coming  mantra  and  rather  accept  that  change  is  here,  and  it’s  time  to  seize  the  day.