ARCoFS 2013 Nuclear Tech in sustainable food production (kar NM) 9 Oct 2013.pdf

7/22/2019 ARCoFS 2013 Nuclear Tech in sustainable food production (kar NM) 9 Oct 2013.pdf

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Dato Muhamad b. Lebai Juri, Ph.D.

Director GeneralMalaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia)

Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia (MOSTI)

ASEAN Regional Conference on Food Security; Penang, 8-10 ct. 2013

Ministry of Science, Technology

and Innovation Malaysia

Malaysian Nuclear Agency

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Outline

Nuclear technologies in agriculture.

Nuclear technology applications in

agrofood industry in Malaysia.

Strategies to harness nucleartechnology for a sustainable food

production in Malaysia.

The way forward.

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Nuclear Technologies

in Agriculture


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Nuclear Technologies in Agriculture

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-ray

, X, n, ion beam

, X, e-beam

N-15, C-13

N-15, C-13, P-32,

P-33, K-40, Rb-86

, n

N-15, C-13

Ionising radiation; stable & radioactive tracers; nuclear instrumentation


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Food SecurityFood

Availability

Domestic

production

Importcapacity

Food stocks

Food aid

Food utilization

Food safety

Hygiene & Good

Practices applied in

food chain

Diet quality &

diversity: meeting

needs of energy,

macro/micro

nutrients

Access (Physical

& economics)

Purchasing

power

Income ofpopulation

Transport &

market

infrastructure

Dimensions of food security

& sustainable production

Stability (of supply

&

access)

Weather

variabilityPrice fluctuations

Political

/economic factors

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Nuclear technologies provide unique or substantial complementary values in addressing

food security challenges. They are used in to increase production sustainably by

breeding improved crops, enhancing livestock reproduction and nutrition, as well as

controlling animal and plant pests and diseases. Post-harvest losses can be reduced

and safety increased with nuclear technology. Soil can be evaluated with nuclear

techniques to conserve and improve soil productivity and water management.


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Physical87%

Chemical

13%

Mutant varieties generated through radiation breeding programmes

2012: 3218 officially released mutant varieties worldwide from 214

different plant species.

More than 80% mutant varieties have been developed by using

nuclear techniques.

http://mvgs.iaea.org

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Radiation Mutation Breeding in Japan

(e,g. economic value of 1.2 billion yen)

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Nuclear Technology Application

in Malaysian Agrofood Industry


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Induced Mutation Breeding

In 1984, Nuclear Malaysia started a coordinatedresearch programme under RCA/IAEA/FAO entitled

Semi-dwarf mutants for rice improvement in Asia and

Pacific using the variety Manik. The main objective of

the project was to generate semi-dwarfs in both native

and improved cultivars for possible use as new

cultivars, or as parents in cross breeding programs.Within five years, 101 semi-dwarf mutants with were

recovered and evaluated. Among them, twenty-nine of

these lines were reported to have grain yields of

between 6.0-7.3 t/ha from experimental plots, higher

than the parent, which yielded 5.7 t/ha; forty-seven

lines had similar grain yields (5.0-6.0 t/ha) to theparent. Twelve mutants were resistant to brown

planthopper (BPH) but had poorer yields.

MA 03, a rice mutant , dubbed tongkat ali developed through

Nuclear Malaysia R&D under the RCA/IAEA/FAO Coordinated

Research Program.9-Oct-13 9


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Development of Improved Rice Varieties through the Use of Induced

Mutations in Malaysia

The first rice mutant through radiation induced mutation breeding

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Useful Rice Mutants Derived From Mutation Breeding Programmes in Malaysia

Mutant Original or parent

variety

Characteristics or traits observed in mutant

Mahsuri Mutant Mahsuri Good eating quality (high quality rice); elongation trait for cooked rice

MM98 Mahsuri Mutant Early maturity; splitting of cooked rice.

Q34 Mahsuri Mutant Good eating quality

Muda 2 Muda Short stature; good grain elongation

MR90 Muda Moderate improvement in BPH resistance

MA03 Manik Semidwarf; high yield and upright panicle

Manik 817 Manik Short stature; glutinous endosperm

PS1297 Pongsu Seribu 2 Reduce pigmentation on the panicles and grains; shorter and erect flag

leaf; more tiller per plant; shorter panicles with less spikelets; increasedamylose content and higher spikelet sterility

SPM29 & SPM39 Jarum Mas Reduce maturation period; increase number of tiller per plant; reduced

percentage of sterile grains; reduced panicle length; increase 1,000-grain

weight

SPM 68 Basmati Reduce plant height; higher yield; grain quality reduce (does not quality as

Basmati rice)

SPM 106 through

115

MR 162 Higher grain weight (in preliminary yield trial)

Y 1281 Q31 Reduced maturation period; reduced plant height

Y 1290 Mayang Bunga Reduced maturation period; reduced plant height; higher yield potential

MR 215 & MR

216

Y 1150 Better resistance to BLB and PMV

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Mutation Breeding for Varietal Improvement

of Irrigated Rice under Minimal Water Conditions

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Collaboration of UPM, MARDI,

DOA, MADA, Nuclear Malaysia


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Rice mutants MR219-4 and MR219-9

under aerobic condition

Trial Plot at MARDI Serdang

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just recently


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Mutation breeding of groundnut

for Cercospora leaf spot disease

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Groundnut mutants launched in 2005

KARISMA Serene was derived from variety Matjan which received 200 Gray

of gamma radiation. It is high yielding (4.8 6 t/ha), resistant to Cercospora

leaf spot disease and efficient at fixing atmospheric nitrogen (>70% of the total

N sources)

KARISMA Sweet was derived from variety Matjan which received 400 Gray

of gamma radiation. It is high yielding (4.6 5.9 tone/ha), resistant to

Cercospora leaf spot disease and efficient at fixing atmospheric nitrogen

(60% of the total N sources)

Seeds of KARISMA Sweet and KARISMA Serene

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Mutation breeding of Cavendish banana undertaken by IAEA-Nuclear

Malaysia-UM-UP Berhad leading to development of Novaria

Grand Naine GN-60A mutagenesis with gamma radiation. 1990 - field trials in Malaysia.

Released in August 1994. Flowering ten weeks earlier than parent.

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Selected mutants resistance to Papaya Ring Spot Virus

(PRSV) with improved fruit quality (bigger fruit size and higher

sugar content)

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Collaboration of MARDI, UM, Nuclear Malaysia


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Micropropagation using bioreactor systems

Gamma irradiation induced mutation for the improvement of

Josapine pineapple against bacterial heart rot and multiple crown.

To evaluate and select mutations

with resistance to bacterial heart rot

disease and single crown

characteristic with improved fruit

quality.

A total of 10,000 mutant plants were

irradiated with 10,20,30 and 40Gy of

gamma rays and screened in the field

a) Cylindrical fruit shape with bigger

fruit size between 800-900g (Highest

recorded 1,160g and Control 300-500g)

b) Higher sugar content (20-25 sugar

index, control only 18 sugar index)

c) Smooth leaves

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Field test in MARDI Kluang, Johor

Josapine pineapple

In vitro shoots from bioreactor

Rooting and hardening of in vitro shoots

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Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques

in Agronomic Management Nitrogen-15 labelled fertilizer identifying factors that affect nitrogen fertilizer

use efficiency; determine amount of N fixed through BNF.

Soil moisture neutron probe monitoring soil water to improve water use

efficiency.

18O, 2H isotopes partitioning soil evaporation and crop transpiration from

total ET to minimize water losses; identifying sources and pathways of

agricultural water. Carbon isotope discrimination () selecting crops tolerant to drought and

salinity.

13C for quantifying carbon sequestration and organic matter turnover.

15N natural abundance for tracing sources of agricultural N to improve

farming practices. Natural cosmic ray neutron for area-wide agricultural water management to

improve water productivity.

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Nuclear Techniques in Soil-Water-Crop-Nutrient Management

15N

15N

14N

13C

12C

13CO2

12CO2

18O 2H

Carbon isotopediscrimination to

assess adaptation of

crops tolerant to

drought and salinity

To quantify the flow andfate of N fertilizers to

improve fertilizer use by

crops

To quantify biologicalnitrogen fixation to

save N fertilizers

To assess soil organic carbon

storage

To estimate sourcesand fluxes of water

to improve WUE

15N 15N 13C

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Oil Palm Plot UPM, Golden Hope (Prang Besar, Carey Island).

Rubber LGM Sg Buloh Sgor, Pegoh Melaka, Siliau & Sunggala NS

(rubber & cash crop)

Coffee MARDI Serdang, Kluang, Pontian, Parit Botak.

Cocoa MARDI Serdang, Plot DOA Serdang, DOA Tawau Sabah

Black pepper MARDI Kluang, Serdang, DOA Semonggok Sarawak

Acacia mangium FRIM Kepong, Setol Forestry Neg. 9, Jengka Forestry

Pahang, Forestry Sandakan Sabah

Rattan manau FRIM, Lanchang Pahang.

Guava, Star fruit, Groundnut, Rice - NM

Banana Felcra, Batu Kurau Perak

Dokong LDBJ Jerangau Terengganu.

Rice, Tobacco (15N) MARDI, DOA, Kelantan

Sago CRAUN Mukah Sarawak

Highlights on use of isotopic tracers in agronomic studies

involving various agencies 1980s-1990s


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32P isotope aided experiment to delineate active rootzones of sago palm on peat (CRAUN-NM)


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Defence against insect pestsNuclear techniques can be used as part of an integrated

approach to control insect pests that destroy crops and spread

disease. Diseases and pests destroy more than a third of cropsbefore and after harvesting.

Insect pests can be controlled using the sterile insect technique

(SIT). In SIT, an environmentally friendly alternative to

insecticides, male, laboratory-raised insects, are sterilized withgamma radiation. When they are released into the wild and mate,

no offspring are produced. Over time, insect populations shrink

and are eventually fully suppressed, reducing the need for

pesticides. SIT has been used to eradicate the medfly, a threat to

some 250 species of fruit and vegetables, from Chile and Mexico,

as well as from parts of Guatemala and the United States.

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Malaysia, 1990s SIT trials on P l u t e l la x y l o s t e l l a (diamond back

moth) of cabbage MARDI, UPM, DOA, Nuclear Malaysia


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Improving Food Safety by Irradiation


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Improving Food Safety by Control of Food Hazard


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Improving Food Quality and Safety

Food irradiation for food processing andphytosanitary applications (UKM, UPM, DOA,MARDI, Nuclear Malaysia)

Nuclear and related analytical techniques for

multi-residue or multi-target; fate of pesticide inrice ecosystem (MARDI, MADA, UPM, DOA, UKM,MOH, Nuclear Malaysia)

Development of techniques for traceability of

food products (USM, MARDI, MADA, NuclearMalaysia)

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Malaysia

4 Gamma plants (Sinagama, Sterilgamma,Isotron, Ansell).

7 Electron beam machines (Alurtron in NuklearMsia: 3 MeV).Cross-linking of wire, cable,film, tubes,

hydrogel, medical product sterilization

Irradiation facilities

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Types of Food Purpose of Irradiation Max. Dose

(kGy)Milled rice Insect disinfestation 1.0

Pepper Reduce microbes 10.0

Frozen shrimp Eliminate pathogenic microbes 5.0

Chilled chicken Eliminate pathogenic microbes

and extend shelf-life

3.0

Fresh ginger Inhibit sprouting 0.05

Cocoa beans Disinfect fungi 6.0

Fresh fruits-papaya Disinfest insect (quarantine) 0.15 (min)

FI R D activities in Malaysia (1980s 2000)

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Quantity/Types of Irradiated Food

Year Metric Ton1997 - 1999 100

2005 475

2006 800

2007 728

2008 691

2009 826

2010 785

Spices curry powder, coriander, white and black pepper, lemon grass,fennel, fenugreek, aniseed, bay leaves, ginger, cumin, paprika, nutmeg,

cardamom, chili

Herbs - tongkat ali, kacip fatimah, ginseng, misai kucing, mengkudu,Chinese herbs, Ganoderma, Spirulina, green tea, chitosan, birds nest.

Commercial application in Malaysia

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Pre-audit by USDA officials at Sinagama, Nuclear Malaysia & fruit packaging

facility, DOA

Mock Trial forRambutan Exportationto USA (2013)9-Oct-13 31


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No demand for the benefit provided - due to

unawareness / limited knowledge of technology

Image of technology

Cost-benefits

Competitiveness with alternative processes

Unharmonised regulations

Current restricted market for irradiated products

Uncertainty of consumer acceptance / perceived

consumer resistance

Factors delaying commercial application

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Application of food irradiation controlled by:Food Act 1983 Regulation 396(2)(a):Prior approval required from Director-General of

Health for importation, preparation, advertisement

for sell and sale of irradiated food in Malaysia

Food Irradiation Regulation 2011

Gazetted April 2011 (not enforced yet)

Approval of 8 classes of food

Registration of Food Irradiation Premises

Certificate of Irradiation

Packaging and Labelling Requirements

Regulatory control

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Strategies to Harness Nuclear

Technology for Sustainable FoodProduction in Malaysia


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Strategies to Harness Nuclear Technology for a

Sustainable Food Production in Malaysia

Collaborative work between Nuclear Malaysia andagricultural agencies in R&D and services (e.g. through

inter-ministerial/inter-departmental Joint Committees).

Promotion of nuclear technologies to the agroindustry,

especially the gamma irradiation facilities for varietal

crop improvement, and for food preservation and

phytosanitary purposes.

Facilitating fruit export to USA and European countries compliance to phytosanitary requirements through

gamma irradiation.

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The Way Forward


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The Way Forward

Blue Ocean @ multi-agency approach utilisationof nuclear technology in Malaysian agrofood sectors;

including allocation of a developmental budget for

enhancement of agrofood industry (e.g. tropical fruit

export) through nuclear technology. Enhancement of nuclear application in the socio-

economic sectors, especially for agriculture (from the

current 0.03% to the GDP; cf. 0.3% for Japan).

Promotion of atoms for peace schoolchildren,

youths, public/consumers & the agroindustry.

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Terima Kasih/Thank You

MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR AGENCY

Acknowledgment:

Organisers of ARCoFS

Universiti Malaysia Kelantan & Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia; MOSTI & Central Agencies for financial support;

Project collaborators and all researchers and support staff involved.

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ARCoFS 2013 Nuclear Tech in sustainable food production (kar NM) 9 Oct 2013.pdf

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