INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCL0056: Introduction to the Archaeology of Sudan

Module handbook 2018–2019

Years 2 and 3 option, 15 credits, Term I, Friday 10.00-12.00

Moodle password: ARCL0056 (tbc)

Turnitin ID: 3884512

Turnitin password: IoA1819

Deadlines for coursework for this module: 15/11/2018, 12/12/2018

Target dates for return of marked coursework to students: 30/11/2018, 09/01/2019

Co-ordinators: Dorian Q Fuller and Claudia Näser

d.fuller@ucl.ac.uk and c.naeser@ucl.ac.uk

UCL Institute of Archaeology, Rooms 311 and 113

Tel: 020 7679 4771 and 020 7679 1533 (from within UCL: 24771 and 21533)

Please see the last page of this handbook for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages.

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1 OVERVIEW

Short description

The aim of this module is to acquaint students with the Middle Nile valley, i.e. present-day Sudan, as a region of archaeological enquiry, which may be particularly pertinent to students with interests in African archaeology, Egyptology and, more generally, fieldwork in this area.

The module offers a broad sweep of the archaeology of the Middle Nile valley from the Palaeolithic to the post-Medieval Islamic period. Lectures will focus on issues surrounding major cultural trans-itions and current scholarly debates regarding the nature of local societies during the various periods discussed, including the beginnings of food production and the potential role of climatic change, the relationships between Middle Nile polities and Egypt through the various periods, and the rise and trajectory of state-level societies – Kerma, Napata, Meroe and Medieval Nubia. Issues surrounding the social, economic and political organisation of Middle Nile socities from prehistory to post-Medieval times and their appraisal in the context of World Archaeology will also be discussed.

Week-by-week summary

1 Setting the scene: geographical background, palaeoecology, history of research (DQF, CN)

05.10.2018

2 The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic: The emergence of sedentism and pottery (DQF) 12.10.2018

3 The Neolithic and Chalcolithic: The way to food production, and the divergence of the Middle Nile valley and Egypt (CN)

19.10.2018

4 The Bronze Age Kerma culture: Towards social complexity (DQF) 26.10.2018

5 Egypt in Nubia: A casestudy in early colonialism (CN) 02.11.2018

Reading week

6 C-Group and Pan-Grave culture: Variability in Bronze Age ways of life (CN) 16.11.2018

7 The Napatan and Meroitic period I (DQF) 23.11.2018

8 The Meroitic period II (DQF) 30.11.2018

9 The post-Meroitic period and the Medieval period I (CN) 07.12.2018

10 Medieval period II and the Islamic period (CN) 14.12.2018

Deadlines for coursework for this module: 15/11/2018, 12/12/2018

Basic reading

General reference works for the module as a whole, with useful bibliographies. Refer to this list for background research for essays. All titles are in the Institute of Archaeology Library. Note also the online resources listed below in chapter 4 of this handbook.

Essential reading

Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

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Adams, W.Y. 1977. Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 ADA and available online through SFX@UCL; Arabic translation by Mahgoub El-Tigani Mahmoud .Al‐Fatima Brothers .النوبة رواق إفريقيا .2004

Other introductions, overviews and major syntheses

Cabon, O. and V. Francigny 2017. Historie et civilisations du Soudan: De la préhistoire à nos jours. Paris: Éditions Soleb.

Davies, W.V. (ed.) 1991. Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV

Kendall, T. 2007. Egypt and Nubia. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. London, New York: Routledge, 401–416. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL and available online through SFX@UCL

O’Connor, D. 1993. Ancient Nubia: Egypt’s Rival in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 OCO

Smith, S.T. 1998. Nubia and Egypt: Interaction, acculturation, and secondary state formation from the Third to First Millennium B.C. In: Cusick, J.G. (ed.). Studies in Culture Contact. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper 25. Carbondale, Ill.: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, 256–287. INST ARCH BD CUS

Török, L. 1997. The Kingdom of Kush. Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. Handbuch der Orientalistik. 1. Abteilung: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten 31. Leiden: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 TOR

Trigger, B. 1965. History and Settlement in Lower Nubia. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 69. New Haven, CT: Dept. of Anthropology, Yale University. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 TRI

Welsby, Derek A. 1996. The Kingdom of Kush: The Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press EGYPTOLOGY B 60 WEL

Encyclopedias and collections of source material

Eide, T., T. Hägg, R.H. Pierce and L. Török 1994–2000. Fontes Historiae Nubiorum. Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD. 4 vols. Bergen: Department of Greek, Latin and Egyptology. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 FON

Porter, R. and R.L.B. Moss 1951. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. Volume 7: Nubia, the Deerts, and Outside Egypt. Oxford: Clarendon. EGYPTOLOGY A 1 POR and E-BOOK. Nicknamed the "Porter/Moss"

Vantini, G. 1975. Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia. Heidelberg, Warsaw: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Polish Academy of Sciences. STORE 02-00357; 392 B 60 VAN

Information on individual topics may also be found in Egyptological resources such as:

Bard, K.A. (ed.) 1999. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge. EGYPTO-LOGY A 2 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 17

Helck, W. and E. Otto (eds) 1975–1986. Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 LEX. Individual entries in German, English and French

Redford, D.B. (ed.) 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF and available online through SFX@UCL

UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: http://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee

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Multiple voices: Mind that the resources quoted here may not be available at UCL libraries

Faraji, S. 2012. Roots of Nubian Christianity Uncovered: The Triumph of the Last Pharaoh. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

Harkless, N.D. 2006. Nubian Pharaohs and Meroitic Kings. The Kingdom of Kush. Bloomington: AuthorHouse.

Monges, M.M. 1997. Kush, the Jewel of Nubia: Reconnecting the Root System of African Civilization. Trenton: Africa World Press.

Schmidt, P.R. (ed.) 2009. Postcolonial Archaeologies in Africa. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press, 1–20. INST ARCH DC 100 SCH

Schmidt, P.R. and R.J. McIntosh (eds) 1996. Plundering Africa's Past. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press and James Currey. INST ARCH DC 100 SCH; ANTHROPOLOGY Q 95 SCH

Source collections of early fieldwork

Bruce, J. 1790. Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 and 1773. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson. Available online through SFX@UCL; abridged edition of 1964 in Edinburgh: University Press. ANTHROPOLOGY STORE

Budge, E.A.W. 1907. The Egyptian Sudan: Its History and its Monuments. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 BUD; STORE 07-0601

Cailliaud, F. 1826. Voyage à Méroé, au fleuve blanc, au-delà de Fazoql dans le midi du royaume de Sennâr, à Syouah et dans cinq autres oasis; fait dans les années 1819, 1820, 1821 et 1822. 4 vols. Paris: Imprimerie royale. REF COLLECTION K EGYPTOLOGY RARE A 30 CAI

Emery, W.B. and L.P. Kirwan 1935. The Excavations and Survey between Wadi es-Sebua and Adindan 1929–1931. Mission archéologique de Nubie 1929–1934. Cairo: Government Press. STORE FOLIOS 7672

Firth, C.M. 1912. The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Report for 1908–1909. Cairo: Government Press. STORES ISSUE DESK STORE FOLIOS 8788; STORE FOLIOS 7554

Firth, C.M. 1915. The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Report for 1909–1910. Cairo: Government Press. STORE FOLIOS 7555

Firth, C.M. 1927. The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Report for 1910–1911. Cairo: Government Press. STORE FOLIOS 7556

Lepsius, K.R. 1849–1859. Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. Part V, vol. X: Aethiopische Denkmaeler. Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS R 392 LARGE FOLIOS 165

Shinnie, M. (ed.) 1958. Linant de Bellefonds, L.M.A., Journal d’un voyage à Méroé dans les années 1821 et 1822. Sudan Antiquities Service Occasional Papers 4. Khartoum: Sudan Antiquities Service. EGYPTOLOGY A 30 LIN

Maspero, G. 1911. Documents sur l'etat des monuments. Les temples immergés de la Nubie. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 14 MAS; STORE 392 QUARTOS E 14 MAS; STORE FOLIOS 3144

Maspero, G. 1911. Rapports relatifs à la consolidation des temples. Les temples immergés de la Nubie. Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 14 MAS

Monneret de Villard, U. 1935. La Nubia Medioevale. Mission archéologique de Nubie 1929–1934. Cairo: Government Press. STORE FOLIOS 8040–8043

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Reisner, G.A. 1910. The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Report for 1907–1908: Archaeological Report. Cairo: National Printing Department. STORE FOLIOS 7550–7553

Weigall, A.E.P.B. 1907. A Report on the Antiquities of Lower Nubia (The First Cataract to the Sudan Frontier) and their Condition in 1906–7. Oxford: Oxford University Press. STORE FOLIOS E 10 WEI

Specialised journals

Archéologie du Nil moyen

Beiträge zur Sudanforschung

Kush

Sudan and Nubia

Der antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V.

Exhibition catalogues

Bonnet, C. and D. Valbelle (eds) 2005. The Nubian Pharaohs. Black Kings of the Nile. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 BON

Welsby, D.A. and J.R. Anderson (eds) 2004. Sudan – Ancient Treasures. An Exhibition of Recent Discov-eries from the Sudan National Museum. London: British Museum. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 WEL

Wenig, St. (ed.) 1978. Africa in Antiquity. 2 vols. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 AFR

Wildung, D. (ed.) 1997. Sudan: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile. Paris: Flammarion. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 WIL Relevant collections of material can be found on display at the Petrie Museum, and in the Sudan Gallery of the British Museum. Students are recommended to visit these collections.

Methods of assessment

This module is assessed by means of two pieces of coursework of 2500 words, which each contribute 50% to the final grade for the module.

Teaching methods

The module is taught through a series of ten two-hour seminars.

Workload

There will be altogether 20 hours of lectures. Students are expected to undertake around 70 hours of reading for the module, plus 60 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 150 hours for the module.

Prerequisites

There are no prerequisites for this module.

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2 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT

Aims

The aim of the module is to provide a problem-driven historical overview and an introduction to major themes currently debated in the archaeology of Sudan, i.e. the Middle Nile valley and adjacent regions.

Objectives

On successful completion of the module, students will:

understand the outlines of Sudanese history from prehistory to the Islamic era

be familiar with archaeological key sites in the Middle Nile valley and be able to relate them to individual periods of the Sudanese history

understand the geographical, historical and social contexts of a range of material and non-material cultural expressions of the Sudanese past

understand the disciplinary underpinnings of archaeology in the Nile valley

be familiar with and able to contribute to current debates in Sudanese Archaeology within the context of World Archaeology

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of the module, students should be able to demonstrate:

source-critical approaches to archaeological material from the Middle Nile valley and adjacent regions

the ability to assess and integrate and different research resources, including research literature, objects, archives and databases

independent problem solving based on real data sets.

Coursework

Please observe the rules set out in this handbook and in the online student handbook for the preparation and submission of coursework.

There is suitable reading for all essays in the class reading lists provided – you should also make use of the bibliographies in these books to identify additional relevant readings, and remember to refer to the core reading list.

Well-chosen illustrations and maps should be used to illustrate your argument. They are not included in the word count and contribute to the clarity of your paper. They will also contribute to the marks. Mind that irrelevant illustrations are not a substitute for a reasoned argument.

If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the module co-ordinator.

Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment.

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Please note that in order to be deemed to have completed and passed in any module, it is necessary to submit all assessments.

PLEASE USE THE EXACT TITLE OF THE ESSAY, NOT AN APPROXIMATION.

Essay 1. Between 2,375-2,625 words.

The submission deadline is midnight Thursday 15 November 2018 on Turnitin (hard copy to submission box at reception desk at IoA). The marked essay will be returned to the students by 30 November 2018.

Pick ONE of the following titles:

1. How has the Mesolithic in the Middle Nile valley been characterised by archaeological research? Which similiarities and differences in comparison to other regions were established? Which reasons have archaeologists given for the trajectory witnessed in the Middle Nile valley?

2. Discuss the chronological framework and the reasons archaeologists have given for the transition to food production, i.e. the Neolithisation, in the Middle Nile valley. Weigh the evidence using one or two sites as case studies. Which of the scenarios suggested by previous research do you find convincing, and why?

3. What is the evidence for social complexity and hierarchy in early Nubia? Select a period (e.g. Neolithic, A-Group, C-Group, Early to Classic Kerma) and discuss the evidence for social complexity in the context of one or two archaeological sites. To what extent do categories such as chiefdom or state have relevance for interpreting these data?

4. What can be learnt about the social organisation and cultural traditions of prehistoric peoples of the Middle Nilvel valley from the study of cemeteries and grave assemblages?

5. How did Egyptian presence in Nubia effect the course of cultural-historical developments in the area? You may wish to focus on a particular period, such as the Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom. Also, consider the nature of Egyptian conquest/occupation in terms of colonialism or imperialism.

6. Who were the Medjay and how can they be identified archaeologically in Nubia and Egypt?

7. Discuss the methods and relevance of funerary archaeology in the Middle Nile valley with at least two case studies.

Other topics may also be chosen for this essay, but students should first clear them with the course co-ordinators.

Essay 2. Between 2,375-2,625 words.

The submission deadline is midnight Wednesday 12 December 2018 on Turnitin (hard copy to sub-mission box at reception desk at IoA). The marked essay will be returned to the students by 9 January 2019.

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Pick ONE of the following titles:

1. Critically assess the Egyptian written sources relating to Nubia from the Old and/or Middle Kingdom and discuss how they relate to our current archaeological understanding of the Middle Nile valley.

2. What is the evidence for the production, distribution, use and disposal of metal artefacts during the Napatan and Meroitic periods?

3. What is the social significance of Egyptian, Hellenistic and Roman influences on Meroitic art and architecture?

4. How have the Middle Nile polities of the 1st millennium BC and AD been characterised? Which criteria have been used, and how persuiasive do you consider the arguments brought forward based on the archaeological evidence?

5. Which factors have been named as having contributed to the end of the Meroitic Kingdom? Weigh alternative hypotheses – which do you consider most convincing and why?

6. How can the study of ceramics contribute to our understanding of local versus regional traditions and cultural change? Discuss apropos one or two periods in the cultural history of the Middle Nile valley.

7. What are the similarities and differences in royal/elite symbolism of the Meroitic and the post-Meroitic periods?

8. What characterizes Nubian church architecture and decoration? How have they been situat-ed in the interplay between external influences and indigenous developments? What does this tell us about Medieval Christianity in the Middle Niley valley?

Word counts

The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices.

Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the indicated word count range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.

In the 2018-19 session penalties for overlength work will be as follows:

For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: The lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.

Coursework submission procedures

All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically. (The only exceptions are bulky portfolios and lab books which are normally submitted as hard copy only.)

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You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate work).

All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked.

Instructions are given below.

Note that Turnitin uses the term "class" for what we normally call a "module".

1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc, docx or PDF document, and that you have the Class ID for the module (available from the module handbook) and enrolment password (this is IoA1819 for all modules this session – note that this is capital letter I, lower case letter o, upper case A, followed by the current academic year).

2. Click on http://www.turnitinuk.com/en_gb/login.

3. Click on "Create account".

4. Select your category as "Student".

5. Create an account using your UCL email address. Note that you will be asked to specify a new password for your account – do not use your UCL password or the enrolment password, but invent one of your own (Turnitin will permanently associate this with your account, so you will not have to change it every 6 months, unlike your UCL password). In addition, you will be asked for a "Class ID" and a "Class enrolment password" (see point 1 above).

6. Once you have created an account you can just log in at http://www.turnitinuk.com/en_gb/ login and enrol for your other classes without going through the new user process again. Simply click on "Enrol in a class". Make sure you have all the relevant "class IDs" at hand.

7. Click on the module to which you wish to submit your work.

8. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1).

9. Double-check that you are in the correct module and assignment and then click "Submit".

10. Attach document as a "Single file upload".

11. Enter your name (the examiner will not be able to see this).

12. Fill in the "Submission title" field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 In what sense can culture be said to evolve?).

13. Click "Upload". When the upload is finished, you will be able to see a text-only version of your submission.

14. Click on "Submit".

If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved.

One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline – even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant module co-ordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline.

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3 SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS

Teaching schedule

Lectures will be held 10:00-12:00 on Friday, Room 410 in the Institute of Archaeology. The module is taught jointly by Dorian Q Fuller (DQF) and Claudia Näser (CN).

Syllabus

The following is an outline for the module as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary readings relevant to each session. Note that the biographies are not exhaustive: they list the most relevant and/or latest discussions of a specific topic which provide a start for further bibliographical research. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the eUCLid computer catalogue system. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright) or are available online.

The sessions explore the main periods of Sudanese history a propos key sites. This provides the basis for discussing core themes and trends in current research in the archaeology of the Middle Nile valley and adjacent regions.

1 Setting the scene: geographical background, palaeoecology, history of research (DQF, CN)

This lecture will introduce the study area providing both, a geographical overview and an appraisal of the history of archaeological research in the region. Early Egyptocentric interpretations viewed the Middle Nile societies as poor reflections and peripheral to Pharaonic Egypt. The investigation of the region's past has been part of the colonial project from the 1820s onwards. Racist thinking entered archaeological interpretations at the turn to the 20th century. Only the last fifty years brought about a shift in perspective and an appreciation for the ancient cultures of the Middle Nile valley in their own right.

As a basis for further discussions, this class will also investigate the terms 'Nubia' and 'Nubians' and how they have been used at different periods in the past and in different present-day scholarly and public contexts. The lecture will also provide a background to the question of whether the Middle Nile valley should be seen as a corridor, linking Egypt and the Mediterranean with sub-Saharan Africa or a cul-de-sac, an issue which has repercussions on how we conceptualise the role of Middle Nile valley socities in superregional dynamics throughout the periods addressed in the module.

We will also examine the evidence for and the significance of past environmental change since the Last Glacial Maximum (18,000 bp), especially the oscillating wet and dry periods of the early to middle Holocene (10,000-4000 BC). We will explore how climatic changes would have affected the flora, fauna and available resource within different regions, including the desert, the wadi systems and the Nile valley. The issue of how human groups adapted to changing environmental contexts will be taken up further in subsequent lectures.

Essential reading

Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 1, pp. 1–20; EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

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Näser, C. forthcoming. Research traditions and perspectives in the archaeology of the Middle Nile valley. In: Emberling, G. and B.B. Williams (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOWNLOADABLE FROM MOODLE

Additional reading

History of Research

Adams, W.Y. 1994. The invention of Nubia. In: Berger, C., G. Clerc, and N. Grimal (eds), Hommages à Jean Leclant. Vol. 2: Nubie, Soudan, Éthiopie. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 17–22. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 LEC

Adams, W. Y. 2007. A century of archaeological salvage, 1907–2007, Sudan & Nubia 11, 48–56. INST ARCH Pers

Crawford, O.G.S. 1948. People without a history, Antiquity 22, 8–12. Available online through SFX@UCL

Trigger, B.G. 1994. Paradigms in Sudan archaeology, International Journal of African Historical Studies 27, 323–345. Available online through SFX@UCL

Physical and social geography, and language distribution

Adams, W.Y. 1977. Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Read Chapters 1–2 "The Nubian Corridor" and "The People of the Corridor", pp. 13–64; EGYPTOLOGY B 60 ADA and available online through SFX@UCL

Greenberg, J.H. 1966. The Languages of Africa. International Journal of American Linguistics 29:1. Bloomington: Indiana University. STORE 12-0223/15

Blench, R. 1993. Recent developments in African language classification and their implications for prehistory. In: Shaw, T. et al. (eds), The Archaeology of Africa. Food, Metals and Towns. London, New York: Routledge, 126–138. INST ARCH DC 100 SHA, ANTHROPOLOGY Q 95 SHA and available online through SFX@UCL

On palaeoclimates and Palaeoenvironments

Neumann, K. 1989. Holocene vegetation from the Eastern Sahara: Charcoal from prehistoric sites, African Archaeological Review 7, 97–116. Available online through SFX@UCL

[or alternatively: Neumann, K. 1993. Holocene vegetation from the Eastern Sahara: Charcoal from prehistoric sites. In: Krzyzaniak, L., M. Kobusiewicz and J. Alexander (eds), Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa Until the Second Millennium B.C. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum, 153–169. INST ARCH DC 100 KRZ]

Williams, M.A.J. 2009. Late Pleistocene and Holocene environments in the Nile basin. Global and Planetary Change 69, 1–15. Available online through SFX@UCL

Zerboni, A. 2013. Early Holocene palaeoclimate in North Africa: An overview In: Shirai, N. (ed.), Neolithisation of Northeastern Africa. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 16. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 65–82. INST ARCH DC 100 Qto SHI

Kuper, R., and S. Kröpelin 2006. Climate-controlled Holocene occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's evolution, Science 313:5788, 803-807. Available online through SFX@UCL

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De Menocal, P.B. 2015. Palaeoclimate: End of the African humid period, Nature Geoscience 8:2, 86. Available online through SFX@UCL

2 The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic: The emergence of sedentism and pottery (DQF)

This lecture offers an overview of the earliest periods of Middle Nile history, from the Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic. It introduces the evidence of human fossils from the area as well as stone tool technology and other aspects of the archaeological record from these periods. Sites from adjacent regions are discussed for comparison and in order to put the Sudanese evidence in a wider context.

Two important changes in the last ten thousand years of human history were the adoption of a sedentary way of life, which included the emergence of formal burial practices, and the introduction of pottery, which both signal major breaks in economic strategies, food technologies and social organisation. In the Middle Nile valley, both phenomena appear in Mesolithic contexts, i.e. clearly predate the 'Neolithic revolution' with the adoption of animal husbandry and farming. The session explores the trajectories of these changes and evaluates them in comparison to early Holocene dynamics in other areas of the world.

Essential reading

Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 2, pp. 21–37; EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

Usai, D. 2016. A Picture of Prehistoric Sudan: The Mesolithic and Neolithic Periods. Oxford Handbooks Online. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.56.

Additional reading

Palaeolithic

Lange, Mathias 2008. Die Altsteinzeit im Sudan, Der antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologi-schen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. 19, 89–104.

Osypinski, P. and M. Osypinska 2016. Optimal adjustment or cultural backwardness? New data on the latest Levallois industries in the Nile Valley, Quaternary International 408, Part B, 90–105. Available online through SFX@UCL

Stringer, C.B., L. Cornish and P. Stuart Macadam 1985. Preparation and further study of the Singa skull from Sudan, Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology series) 28, 347–358. STORE PERS

Van Peer, P. 1998. The Nile corridor and the Out-of-Africa Model, Current Anthropology 39, Special Issue, 115–140. Available online through SFX@UCL

Vermeersch, P.M. 1992. The Upper and Late Palaeolithic in Northern and Eastern Africa. In: Klees, F. and R. Kuper (eds), New Light on the Northeast African Past. Current Prehistoric Research. Africa Praehistorica 5. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 99–153. INST ARCH DC 100 KLE

Wendorf, F. and R. Schild 1992. The Middle Palaeolithic of North Africa: A status report. In: Klees, F. and R. Kuper (eds), New Light on the Northeast African Past. Current Prehistoric Research. Africa Praehistorica 5. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 39–80. INST ARCH DC 100 KLE

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Mesolithic

Close, A. 1995. Few and far between: Early ceramics in North Africa. In: Barnett, W.K. and J.W. Hoopes (eds), The Emergence of Pottery. Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies. Washing-ton, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 23–38. INST ARCH BC 100 BAR

Garcea, E.A.A. 2003. Cultural convergences of northern Europe and North Africa during the Early Holocene? In: Larsson, L., H. Kindgren, K. Knutsson, D. Loeffler and A. Akerlund (eds), Mesolithic on the Move: Papers Presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxford: Oxbow, 108–114. INST ARCH DA Qto LAR

Garcea, E.A.A. 2006. Semi-permanent foragers in semi-arid environments of North Africa, World Archaeology 38:2, 197–219. Available online through SFX@UCL

Haaland, R. 1992. Fish, pots and grain: Early and Middle Holocene adaptations in the central Sudan, African Archaeological Review 10, 43–64. Available online through SFX@UCL

Honegger, M. and M. Williams 2015. Human occupations and environmental changes in the Nile valley during the Holocene: The case of Kerma in Upper Nubia (northern Sudan), Quaternary Science Reviews 130, 141–154. Available online through SFX@UCL

Jesse, F. 2003. Early ceramics in the Sahara and the Nile valley. In: Kryzaniak, L., K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz (eds), Cultural Markers in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa and Recent Research. Studies in African Archaeology 8. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum, 35–50. INST ARCH DC 100 KRZ

Marks, A.E. and A. Mohammed-Ali (eds) 1991. The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel. The Mesolithic and Neolithic of Shaqadud, Sudan. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Read Chapters 1 (recommended) and 11 (essential). INST ARCH DCF MAR; Chapter 11 also in Teaching collection

Peters, J. 1996. New light on Mesolithic resource scheduling and site inhabitation in Central Sudan. In: Krzyzaniak, L., M. Kobusiewicz and K. Kroeper (eds), Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum, 381–394. INST ARCH DC 100 KRZ

Sadig, A.M. 2013. Reconsidering the 'Mesolithic' and 'Neolithic' in Sudan. In: Shirai, N. (ed.), Neolithisation of Northeastern Africa. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 16. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 23–42. INST ARCH DC 100 Qto SHI

Williams, M.A. et al. 2015. Late Quaternary environments and prehistoric occupation in the lower White Nile valley, central Sudan, Quaternary Science Reviews 130, 72–88. Available online through SFX@UCL

Comparative issues

Boivin, N.L. and D.Q Fuller 2009. Shell middens, ships and seeds: Exploring coastal subsistence, maritime trade and the dispersal of domesticates in and around the ancient Arabian peninsula, Journal of World Prehistory 22, 113–180. Available online through SFX@UCL

Claassen, Ch.P. 1991. Gender, shellfish, and the Shell Mound Archaic. In Gero, J.M. and M.W. Conkey (eds). Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell, 276–300. INST ARCH BD 20 GER

Sutton, J.E.G. 1974. The aquatic civilization of Middle Africa, Journal of African History 15, 527–546. Available online through SFX@UCL

Wendorf, F., R. Schild and A. Close (eds) 1980. Loaves and Fishes: The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya. Dallas: Southern Methodist University. INST ARCH DCA 10 WEN

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Wendorf, F., R. Schild and A. Close (eds) 1986–1989. The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya. 3 vols. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 WEN

Sites

Arkell, A.J. 1949. Early Khartoum. London: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 ARK

Edwards, D.N. 2006. Mid Holocene game drives in Nubian landscapes? In: Kroeper, K., M. Chłodnicki, M. and M. Kobusiewicz (eds), Archaeology of Early Northeastern Africa: In Memory of Lech Krzyżaniak. Studies in African Archaeology 9. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum, 49–64. INST ARCH DC 100 KRO

Honegger, M. 2004. Settlement and cemeteries of the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic at el-Barga (Kerma region), Sudan and Nubia 8, 27–32. INST ARCH PERS

Jesse, F. 2003. Rahib 80/87. Ein Wavy-Line-Fundplatz im Wadi Howar und die früheste Keramik in Nordafrika. Africa Praehistorica 16. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut. INST ARCH DC 100 JES

Keding, B. 1998. The Yellow Nile: New data on settlement and environment in the Sudanese Eastern Sahara, Sudan & Nubia 2, 2–12. INST ARCH PERS

Khabir, A.M. 1987. New radiocarbon dates from Sarurab 2 and the age of the Early Khartoum Tradition, Current Anthropology 28, 377–389. Available online through SFX@UCL

Riemer, H. 2004. Holocene game drives in the Great Sand Sea of Egypt? Stone structures and their archaeological evidence, Sahara 15, 31–42. INST ARCH PERS

Sereno, P.C. et al. 2008. Lakeside cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 years of Holocene population and environmental change, PLoS ONE 3:8, e2995. Available online through SFX@UCL

Usai, D. et al. 2010. Excavating a unique pre-Mesolithic cemetery in Central Sudan, Antiquity 84: 323. Retrieve from: http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/usai323/

Van Peer, P. et al. 2003. The Early to Middle Stone Age transition and the emergence of modern human behavior at site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan, Journal of Human Evolution 45, 187–193. Available online through SFX@UCL

Wendorf, F. 1968. Site 117: A Nubian Final Palaeolithic graveyard near Jebel Sahaba, Sudan. In: Wendorf, F. (ed.). The Prehistory of Nubia. Vol. 2. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center, Southern Methodist University Press, 954–995. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 WEN

For sites in the Kerma region see further preliminary reports by Matthieu Honneger, downloadable from: www.kerma.ch/index.php?lang=en

3 The Neolithic and Chalcolithic: The way to food production, and the divergence of the Middle Nile valley and Egypt (CN)

This lecture discusses the evidence for the transition to food production in the Middle Nile valley and adjacent regions. It visits the ongoing controversies surrounding the emergence of early pastoralism in the Eastern Sahara and the Kerma basin and situates them in their wider African and Middle Eastern contexts. Current debates about and new evidence on the origins of Sorghum and African millet cultivation will be briefly reviewed.

The transition to food production goes hand in hand social transformations. We will explore the pertinent evidence, such as changes in settlement patterns, the occurence of formal cemeteries with

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richly furnished graves and the appearance of new categories of material culture, and look into models which archaeologists have built to explain what triggered these changes and how they led to, or inversely were brought about by, social inequality or complexity.

In the late Fourth millennium BC, the early Egyptian state emerges in the Lower Nile valley. We will investigate contemporary developments in Nubia, focusing on the Lower Nubian A-Group, and evaluate the evidence of growing social stratification and changing patterns of interaction between between Egypt and Middle Nile polities in that era.

Essential reading

Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 3, pp. 38–74; EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

Usai, D. 2016. A Picture of Prehistoric Sudan: The Mesolithic and Neolithic Periods. Oxford Handbooks Online. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.56.

Winchell, F., C.J. Stevens, C. Murphy, L. Champion and D.Q Fuller 2017. Evidence for sorghum domestication in fourth millennium BC eastern Sudan: Spikelet morphology from ceramic impres-sions of the Butana Group, Current Anthropology 58:5, 673–683. Available online through SFX@UCL

Additional reading

Dittrich, A. 2011. Zur Neolithisierung des Mittleren Niltals und angrenzender Regionen. Kultureller Wandel vom Mesolithikum zum Neolithikum im Nord- und Zentralsudan. BAR Internation Series 2281. Oxford: Archaeopress. In German, but with an extensive English summary; EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DIT

Dittrich, A. 2013. Continuity, change and material memory: Taking a temporal perspective on the Neolithisation in Northeastern Africa. In: Shirai, N. (ed.), Neolithisation of Northeastern Africa. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 16. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 43–64. INST ARCH DC 100 Qto SHI

Krzyzaniak, L. 1994. Some aspects of the Later Prehistoric development in the Sudan as seen from the point of view of the current research on the Neolithic. In: Bonnet, C. (ed.), Études nubiennes. Conférence de Genève. Actes du VIIe Congrès International d’Études Nubiennes 3-8 septembre 1990. Vol. 1. Geneva, 267-273.

Linseele, V. 2013. Early stock keeping in northeastern Africa: Near Eastern influences and local developments. In: Shirai, N. (ed.), Neolithisation of Northeastern Africa. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 16. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 97–108. INST ARCH DC 100 Qto SHI

Lucarini, G. (ed.) 2016. The Neolithic from the Sahara to the Southern Mediterranean Coast: A Review of the Most Recent Research, Quaternary International 410(A), 1–216. Available online through SFX@UCL

Mohammed-Ali, A.S. 1982. The Neolithic Period in the Sudan c. 6000-2500 B.C. Oxford: BAR Inter-national Series 139. Read Section "Animal Domestication", pp. 29–35; other sections, such as Chapters 4, 7, 8 are good readings for those interested. Teaching Collection; INST ARCH DCF MOH

Reinold, J. 2001, Kadruka and the Neolithic in the Northern Dongola Reach, Sudan & Nubia 5, 2–10. INST ARCH PERS

Reinold, J. 2006. Les cimetières préhistoriques au Soudan – coutumes funéraires et systèmes sociaux. In: Caneva, I. and A. Roccati (eds), Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies, Rome 9-14 September 2002. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 139–162. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 CAN

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Sadig, A.M. 2010. The Neolithic of the Middle Nile Region: An Archaeology of Central Sudan and Nubia. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.

Wengrow, D. et al. 2014. Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: A prehistoric perspective on Egypt’s place in Africa, Antiquity 88:339, 95–111. Available online through SFX@UCL

For further discussion of plant domestication

Beldados A., A. Manzo, C. Murphy, C.J. Stevens, D.Q Fuller 2018. Evidence of sorghum cultivation and possible pearl millet in the second mllennium BC at Kassala, Eastern Sudan. In: Mercuri A.M., A.C. D'Andrea, R. Fornaciari and A. Höhn (eds), Plants and People in the African Past. Progress in African Archaeobotany. Cham: Springer, 503–528.

Fuller, D.Q. 2007. Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: Recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World, Annals of Botany 100, 903–924. Available online through SFX@UCL

Fuller D.Q and C.J. Stevens 2018. Sorghum domestication and diversification: A current archaeobotanical perspective. In: Mercuri A.M., A.C. D'Andrea, R. Fornaciari and A. Höhn (eds), Plants and People in the African Past. Progress in African Archaeobotany. Cham: Springer, 427–452.

Haaland, R. 1995. Sedentism, cultivation, and plant domestication in the Holocene Middle Nile Region, Journal of Field Archaeology 22, 157–174. Available online through SFX@UCL

Out, W.A. et al. 2016. Plant exploitation in Neolithic Sudan: A review in the light of new data from the cemeteries R12 and Ghaba, Quaternary International 412: Part B, 36–53. Available online through SFX@UCL

A-Group

Smith, H.S. 1994. The princes of Seyala in Lower Nubia in the Predynastic and Protodynastic periods. In: Berger, C., G. Clerc and N. Grimal (eds), Hommages à Jean Leclant. Vol. 2: Nubie, Soudan, Éthiopie. Cairo: Institut Francais d’Archeologie Orientale Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 361–376. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 LEC

Williams, B.B. 1986. Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier. The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul, Cemetery L. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 3. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 CHI. Read pp. 9–19, 138–185; final chapter. This longer treatise by Williams is strongly recommended, but a more synoptic version of the argument exists:

Williams, B. 1980. The lost Pharaohs of Nubia, Archaeology 33, 12–21. Available online through SFX@UCL

Williams, B. 1987. Forebears of Menes in Nubia: Myth or reality, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45, 15–26. Available online through SFX@UCL

Adams, W.Y. 1985. Doubts about the 'Lost Pharaohs', Journal of Near Eastern Studies 44, 185–192. Available online through SFX@UCL

Smith, H.S. 1991. The development of the 'A-Group' culture in Northern Lower Nubia. In: Davies, W.V. (ed.) 1991. Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV

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Sites

Chłodnicki, M., M. Kobusiewicz and K. Kroeper (eds) 2011. The Lech Krzyżaniak Excavations in the Sudan. Poznań: Poznań Archaeological Museum. STORE 17-1117

Honegger, M. 2004. Settlement and cemeteries of the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic at el-Barga (Kerma region), Sudan and Nubia 8, 27–32. INST ARCH PERS

Krzyzaniak, L. 1991. Early farming in the Middle Nile Basin: Recent discoveries at Kadero (central Sudan), Antiquity 65, 515–532. Available online through SFX@UCL

Jórdeczka, M., Królik, H., Masojć, M. and R. Schild 2013. Hunter-gatherer cattle-keepers of Early Neolithic El Adam type from Nabta Playa: Latest discoveries from site E-06-1, African Archaeological Review 30, 253–284. Available online through SFX@UCL

Maines, E. et al. 2017. Burying children and infants at Kadruka 23: New insights into juvenile identity and disposal of the dead in the Nubian Neolithic. In: Murphy, E. and M. Le Roy (eds), Children, Death and Burial: Archaeological Discourses. Oxford, Philadelphia: Oxbow, 43–55. INST ARCH AH MUR

Wendorf, F. and R. Schild 1998. Nabta Playa and its role in Northeastern African prehistory, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17, 97–123. Available online through SFX@UCL

Wendorf, F. and R. Schild 2001. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. 2 vols. New York et al.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. IOA ISSUE DESK WEN 3

Salvatori, S. and D. Usai 2004. Cemetery R12 and a possible periodisation of the Nubian Neolithic, Sudan & Nubia 8, 33–37. Available online through SFX@UCL

Salvatori, S. and D. Usai (eds) 2008. A Neolithic Cemetery in the Northern Dongola Reach: Excavations at Site R12. Sudan Archaeological Research Society Publication 16; BAR International Series 1814. Oxford: Archaeopress. INST ARCH DCF Qto SAL

For sites in the Kerma region see further preliminary reports by Matthieu Honneger, downloadable from: www.kerma.ch/index.php?lang=en

4 The Bronze Age Kerma culture: Towards social complexity (DQF)

This lecture introduces the Bronze Age Kerma Culture which flourished in the Middle Nile valley from c. 2500 to 1500 BC. Next to surveying the evidence from the eponymous site of Kerma near the Third Nile Cataract, we will explore Kerma sites in other regions, such as the island of Sai, the Fourth Cataract and Lower Nubia. Different models for conceptualising the social and political organisation of the Kerma culture will be discussed and situated in wider debates debates of the Bronze Age iN World Archaeology.

Essential reading

Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 4, pp. 75–88, 90–91, 94–97, 101–111; EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

Hafsaas-Tsakos, H. 2009. The Kingdom of Kush: An African centre on the periphery of the Bronze Age World System, Norwegian Archaeological Review 42:1, 50–70. Available online through SFX@UCL

Additional reading

Bonnet, Ch. 1990. Kerma, royaume de Nubie. L'antiquité africaine au temps des pharaons. Geneva: Mission archéologique de l'Université de Genève au Sudan, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 BON

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Buzon, M.R. and M.A. Judd 2008. Investigating health at Kerma: Sacrificial versus nonsacrificial indiv-iduals, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136, 93–99. Available online through SFX@UCL

Chappaz, J.-L. and N. Ferrero 2007. Kerma et archéologie nubienne. Collection du Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Genève. Catalogue d'exposition. Geneva: Musée d'Art et d'Histoire. EGYPTOLOGY C 28 GEN

Emberling, G. 2014. Pastoral states: Toward a comparative archaeology of Early Kush, Origini 36, 125–156. INST ARCH PERS

Emberling, G., B.B. Williams, M. Ingvoldstad and T.R. James 2014. Peripheral vision: Identity at the margins of the Early Kingdom of Kush. In: Anderson, J.R. and D.A. Welsby (eds), The Fourth Cataract and Beyond. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies. British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan 1. Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA: Peeters, 329–336. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 AND

Gratien, B. 1978. Les cultures Kerma: Essai de classification. Publications de l'université Lille III. Paris: Centre national de la recherché scientifique. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 GRA

Hafsaas-Tsakos, H. 2013. Edges of bronze and expressions of masculinity: The emergence of a warrior class at Kerma in Sudan. Antiquity 87:335, 79–91. Available online through SFX@UCL

Honegger, M. 2004. The Pre-Kerma: A cultural group from Upper Nubia prior to the Kerma civilization, Sudan & Nubia 7, 38–46. INST ARCH PERS

Kendall, T. 1999. Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush, 2500–1500 B.C. The Discovery of an Ancient Nubian Empire. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 KEN

Knoblauch, C.M. 2012. The ruler of Kush (Kerma) at Buhen during the Second Intermediate Period. A reinterpretation of Buhen stela 691 and related objects. In: Knoblauch, C.M. and J.C. Gill (eds), Egyptology in Australia and New Zealand 2009. BAR International Series 2355. Oxford: Archaeopress, 85–96. STORE 16-1014

Lacovara, P. 1987. The internal chronology of Kerma, Beitrage zur Sudanforschung 2, 51–74.

O'Connor, D. 1991. Early States along the Nile. In: Davies, W.V. (ed.), Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London: British Museum Press, 145–165. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV

Background reading on cultural complexity

Earle, T.E. 1987. Chiefdoms in archaeological and ethnohistorical Perspective, Annual Review of Anthropology 16: 279–308. Available online through SFX@UCL

Earle, T.E. 1997. How Chiefs Come to Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BD 10 EAR

Johnson, A.W. and T.E. Earle 2000. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. 2nd edition. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. INST ARCH BB 6 JOH; ANTHROPOLOGY D 6 JOH

McIntosh, S.K. 1999. Pathways to complexity: An African perspective. In: McIntosh, S.K. (ed.), Beyond Chiefdoms. Pathways to Complexity in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–30. INST ARCH DC 100 MCI

Wenke, R.J. and D.I. Olszewski 2007. Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind's First Three Million Years. 3rd edition. 5th edition. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Read Chapter 7. INST ARCH BC 100 WEN

Entries for "states", "social inequality" and "social organization" in Fagan, B.M. (ed.) 1996. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH AF FAG and avail-able online through SFX@UCL

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Sites

Bonnet, Ch. 2000. Edifices et rites funéraires à Kerma. Paris: Errance. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 BON

Bonnet, Ch. 2004. Le temple principal de la ville de Kerma et son quartier religieux. Paris: Errance. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 BON

Bonnet, Ch. 2014. La ville de Kerma: Une capitale au sud de l'Égypte. Lausanne: Favre. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 BON

Gratien, B. 1986. Saï 1, La nécropole Kerma. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. STORE FOLIOS 2315

Gratien, B. 1999. Some rural settlements at Gism El-Arba in the Northern Dongola Reach, Sudan & Nubia 3, 10–12. INST ARCH PERS

Reisner, G.A. 1923. Excavations at Kerma I-III. Harvard African Studies 5. Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum of Harvard University. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 REI

Reisner, G.A. 1926. Excavations at Kerma IV-V. Harvard African Studies 6. Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum of Harvard University. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 REI

Reports of the current excavations are downloadable from: www.kerma.ch/index.php?lang=en

5 Egypt in Nubia: A case study in early colonialism (CN)

Through all periods of history, Egypt and the Middle Nile valley societies were closely entangled economically, culturally and politically. From the Old Kingdom onwards, Egyptians exploited resources in and adjacent to the Lower Nubian Nile valley. In the Middle Kingdom, they permanently occupied Lower Nubia, creating a fortified buffer zone towards the increasingly mighty Kerma kings. Pharaohs of the early New Kingdom pushed further south, destroying Kerma and occupying the region up to Jebel Barkal below the Fourth Cataract.

This session explores the dynamics of these interactions as well as the political and economic interests which underlay them. We will investigate which resources and means Egyptian pharaohs commanded and used to dominate the Middle Nile valley. We will also discuss the roles which Nubian groups played in these dynamics and how they asserted their interests. We will visit current research which employs concepts like identity and agency to understand which impact these trajectories had on the lives of both, Egyptians and Nubians.

Essential reading

Kemp, B.J. 2006. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. Read pp. 231–244. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 KEM, ISSUE DESK IOA KEM and available online through SFX@UCL

Smith, S.T. 1998. Nubia and Egypt: Interaction, acculturation, and secondary state formation from the Third to First Millennium B.C. In: Cusick, J.G. (ed.). Studies in Culture Contact. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper 25. Carbondale, Ill.: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, 256–287. INST ARCH BD CUS

Additional reading

Bourriau, J. 1991. Relations between Egypt and Kerma during the Middle and New Kingdoms. In: Davies, W.V. (ed.) 1991. Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London: British Museum Press, 129–144. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV

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Flammini, R. 2008. Ancient core-periphery interactions: Lower Nubia during Middle Kingdom Egypt (ca. 2050–1640 B.C.), Journal of World-Systems Research 14, 50–74. Available online through SFX@UCL

Gratien, B. 2004. From Egypt to Kush: Administrative practices and movements of goods during the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period. In: Kendall, T. (ed.), Nubian Studies 1998: Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Society of Nubian Studies. Boston: Department of Afro-American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, 74–82.

Kemp, B.J. 1983. Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c. 2686 – 1552 BC. In: Trigger, B.G., B.J. Kemp, D. O’Connor and A.B. Lloyd. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 71–182. Read pp. 130–136. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI and available online through SFX@UCL

Kendall, T. 2007. Egypt and Nubia. In: Wilkinson, T. (ed.). The Egyptian World. London, New York: Routledge, 401–416. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL and available online through SFX@UCL

Morkot, R.G. 1991. Nubia in the New Kingdom: The limits of Egyptian control. In: Davies, W.V. (ed.) 1991. Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London: British Museum Press, 294–301. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV

Morris Fowles, E. 2005. The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt's New Kingdom. Probleme der Ägyptologie 22. Leiden: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MOR

Näser, C. 2013. Structures and realities of Egyptian-Nubian interactions from the late Old Kingdom to the early New Kingdom. In: Raue, D., S.J. Seidlmayer and P. Speiser (eds.), The First Cataract of the Nile: One Region – Diverse Perspectives. Sonderschriften des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 36. Berlin: De Gruyter, 135–148. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 RAU

Smith, S.T. 1995. Askut in Nubia: The Economics and Ideology of Egyptian Imperialism in the Second Millennium B.C. Studies in Egyptology. London: Kegan Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 SMI

See also the extensive review feature of Smith's Askut in Nubia by Kemp, Trigger, Postgate and Sinopoli in Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7:1 (1996), 123–137, and Smith's reply in Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7:2 (1997), 301–307. Available online through SFX@UCL

Smith, S.T. 1995. The transmission of an administrative sealing system from Lower Nubia to Kerma, Cahiers de Recherches de l’Institut de Papyrologie et d’Égyptologie de Lille 17, 219–230. INST ARCH PERS

Smith, S.T. 2003. Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt's Nubian Empire. London.

Smither, P.C. 1945. The Semnah dispatches, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 31, 6–10. Available online through SFX@UCL

Spencer, N., A. Stevens and M. Binder (eds) 2017. Nubia in the New Kingdom: Lived Experience, Pharaonic Control and Indigenous Traditions. British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan 3. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 SPE

Valbelle, D. 1995. Formes et expressions de l'etat Egyptien en Nubie au Nouvel Empire. In: Actes de la VIIIe Conférence Internationale des Études Nubiennes. Lille 11–17 September 1994. Vol. I: Communications principales. Cahiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Egyptologie de Lille 17, 167–174. INST ARCH PERS

Vogel, C. 2010. The Fortifications of Ancient Egypt 3000–1780 BC. FORTRESS 98. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 VOG

Wegner, J. 1995. Regional control in Middle Kingdom Lower Nubia: The function and history of the site of Areika, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 32, 127–160. Available online through SFX@UCL

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Sites

Dunham, D. 1967. Second Cataract Forts II: Uronarti, Shalfak, Mirgissa. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN

Dunham, D. and J.M.A. Janssen 1960. Second Cataract Forts I: Semna, Kumma. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN

Emery, W.B., H.S. Smith and A. Millard 1979. The Fortress of Buhen: the Archaeological Report. Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Society 49. London: Egypt Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY FOLIOS E 42 [49]

Knoblauch, C. and L. Bestock 2017. Evolving communities: The Egyptian fortress on Uronarti in the late Middle Kingdom, Sudan & Nubia 21, 1–9. INST ARCH PERS

Näser, C., P. Becker, K. Kossatz and O. Khaleel Elawad Karrar forthcoming. Shalfak Archaeological Mission (SAM): The 2017 field season, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. DOWNLOADABLE FROM MOODLE

O'Connor, D. 2014. The Old Kingdom Town at Buhen. Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Society 106. London: Egypt Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 42 [107]

Reading week: NO TEACHING

6 C-Group and Pan-Grave culture: Variability in Bronze Age ways of life (CN)

Next to the Kerma culture, two other groups have been differentiated for Bronze Age Nubia: the C-Group and the Pan-Grave culture. Archaeological evidence for them is concentrated in Lower Nubia and Egypt, and has given rise to a number of hypotheses and ongoing debates about their spatial extension, chronology, social organisation and entanglement with contemporary Egypt. The session introduces the archaeological material as well as major (Egyptian) textual sources related to the C-Group and the Pan-Grave culture. We will also use them as an example to study how archaeological interpretations of Nubian cultures have shaped in the past one hundred years, starting from the first salvage operations in Lower Nubia in the early 20th century, through the UNESCO Campaign to Safe the Monuments of Nubia up to present-day archival studies of material excavated in these endevaours.

Essential reading

Hafsaas, H. 2010. Between Kush and Egypt: The C-Group people of Lower Nubia during the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period. In: Godlewski, W. and A. Łajtar (eds), Between the Cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian studies, Warsaw University, 27 August–2 September 2006. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology Supplement Series 2. Warsaw: Warsaw University Press, 389–396. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 GOD

Näser, C. 2012. Nomads at the Nile. Towards an archaeology of interaction. In: Barnard, H. and K. Duistermaat (eds), The History of the Peoples of the Eastern Desert from Prehistory to the Present, Proceedings of a Conference at the Netherlands-Flemish Institute in Cairo and the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, 25–27 November 2008. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 80–89. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 5 BAR

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Additional reading

Adams, W.Y. 1977. Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Read Chapter 6 "The Pastoral Ideal. The Nubian C-Horizon" pp. 142–162; EGYPTOLOGY B 60 ADA and available online through SFX@UCL

Bangsgaard, P. 2013. Pan-Grave faunal practices – Ritual deposits at five cemeteries in Lower Nubia, Anthropozoologica 48:2, 287–297. Available online through SFX@UCL

Bangsgaard, P. 2014. Nubian Faunal Practices - Exploring the C-Group “Pastoral Ideal” at Nine Cemeteries. In: Anderson, J.R. and D.A. Welsby (eds), The Fourth Cataract and Beyond. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies. British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan 1. Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA: Peeters, 347–356. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 AND

Bietak, M., Studien zur Chronologie der Nubischen C-Gruppe. Berichte des Österreichischen Nationalkomitees der UNESCO-Aktion für die Rettung der Nubischen Altertümer 5. Graz, Wien, Köln: Böhlau. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 BIE

Bietak, M. 1979. Ceramics of the C-Group culture. In: Hintze, F. (ed.), Africa in Antiquity – The Arts of Ancient Nubia and the Sudan. Proceedings of the Symposium Held in Conjunction with the Exhibition, Brooklyn, Sept. 29 – Oct. 1, 1978. Meroitica 5. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 107–128. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 HIN

Bietak, M. 1987. The C-Group and Pan-Grave cultures in Nubia. In: Hägg, T. (ed.), Nubian Culture Past and Present. Main papers presented at the Sixth International Conference for Nubian Studies in Upp-sala, 11–16 August, 1986. Stockholm: Alqvist & Wiksell, 113–128. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 HAG

Buzon, M.R. 2011. Nubian identity in the Bronze Age. Patterns of cultural and biological variation, Bioarchaeology of the Near East 5, 19–40. Available online through SFX@UCL

Cohen, E.S. 1992. Egyptianization and the Acculturation Hypothesis: An Investigation of the Pan-Grave, Kerman and C-Group Material Cultures in Egypt and the Sudan during the Second Intermediate Period and the Eighteenth Dynasty. Ph.D. Dissertation Yale University. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. Available online through SFX@UCL

Hafsaas, H. 2005. The C-Group People in Lower Nubia, 2500–1500 BCE. Cattle Pastoralists in a Multicultural Setting. The Lower Jordan River Basin Programme Publications 10. Bergen, Ramallah: Center for Development Studies, Birzeit University.

Hafsaas, 2006–2007. Pots and people in an anthropological perspective - The C-Group people of Lower Nubia as a case study. Gratien, B. (ed.), Mélanges offerts à Francis Geus. Cahiers de Recherches de l’Institut de Papyrologie et d’Égyptologie de Lille 26, 163–171. INST ARCH PERS

Liszka, K. 2015 Are the bearers of the Pan-Grave archaeological culture identical to the Medjay-People in the Egyptian textual record? Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 7:2, 42–60. Available online through SFX@UCL

Sadr, K. 1987. The territorial expanse of the Pan-Grave culture, Archélogie du Nil Moyen 2, 265–291. INST ARCH PERS

Smith, H.S. 1966. The Nubian B-Group, Kush 14, 69–124. INST ARCH PERS

Souza, A. de 2013. The Egyptianisation of the Pan-Grave culture. A new look at an old idea, Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 24, 109–126. INST ARCH PERS

Sites

Bietak, M. 1966. Ausgrabungen in Sayala-Nubien 1961-1965. Denkmäler der C-Gruppe und der Pan-Gräber-Kultur. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse,

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Denkschriften 92 = Berichte des Österreichischen Nationalkomitees der UNESCO-Aktion für die Rettung der Nubischen Altertümer 3. Vienna: Böhlau. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 BIE

Brunton, G. 1937. Mostagedda and the Tasian Culture. British Museum Expedition to Middle Egypt. First and Second Years 1928, 1929. London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 BRU

Emery, W.B. and L.P. Kirwan 1935. The Excavations and Survey between Wadi Es-Sebua and Adindan, 1929-1931. Mission archéologique de Nubie 1929–1934. 2 vols. Cairo: Government Press. STORE FOLIOS 7672

Friedman, R. 2001. Nubians at Hierakonpolis. Excavations in the Nubian cemeteries, Sudan & Nubia 5, 29–45. INST ARCH PERS

Friedman, R., S. Giuliani and J.D. Irish 2004, The Nubian cemetery at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. Results of the 2003 season, Sudan & Nubia 8, 47–59. INST ARCH PERS

Gratien, B. 1983. La céramique à décor figuré du village fortifié du Groupe C à Ouadi es-Séboua est. In: DeMeulenaere, H. and L. Limme (eds), Artibus Aegypti. Studia in Honorem Bernardi V. Bothmer a Collegis Amicis Discipulis Conscripta. Bruxelles: Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 63–74. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 MEU

Reisner, G.A. 1910. The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, Report for 1907–1908: Archaeological Report. Cairo: National Printing Department. STORE FOLIOS 7550–7553

Säve-Söderbergh, T. (ed.)1989. Middle Nubian Sites. Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia 4. Partille: Åstrom. Read general introduction and introduction to ceramics chapter. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 56 SAV

Sauneron, S. 1981. Village du groupe C à Ouadi el-Sebou‘. In: Habachi, L. (ed.), Actes du IIe symposium international sur la Nubie, février 1–3, 1971. Supplément aux Annales du Service des antiquités de l'Égypte 24, 75 – 81. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 HAB

Steindorff, G. 1935. Aniba. Mission archéologique de Nubie 1929-1934. Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. Vol 1. Glückstadt/Hamburg: J.J. Augustin. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 13 STE, STORE FOLIOS 7675

Williams, B.B. 1983. Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier. C-Group, Pan Grave, and Kerma Remains at Adindan Cemeteries T, K, U, and J. Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 5. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 CHI, STORE 09-0624

7 The Napatan and Meroitic period I (DQF)

In this lecture we will consider the end of Egyptian imperialism in Nubia during the 20th dynasty, controversies surrounding depopulation and cultural continuities. A particular focus will be on debates surrounding evidence for the rise of a powerful Kingdom in the Middle Nile at Napata (Jebel Barkal and nearby sites like el-Kurru). This new power conquered Egypt and was accepted by the priests of Amun as the rightful pharaohs known as Dynasty 25. The origins of this dynasty, however, remain enigmatic. This lecture will also look at the archaeological signature of this new phase in Nubian culture-history. We will briefly consider the the first four centuries of the Kushite Kingdom, i.e. the Napatan Kingdom., and issues surrounding population distribution throughout Nubia, such as whether or not Lower Nubiawas depopulated in the first millennium BC?

We will then consider the shift in capital and royal burial from Napata to Meroe, and other cultural and economic innovations, including agricultural changes, that characterize the Meroitic period.

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Essential reading

Kendall, T. 1999. The origin of the Napatan state: El Kurru and the evidence for the royal ancestors. In: Wenig, S. (ed.), Studien zum antiken Sudan. Akten der 7. Internationalen Tagung für meroitistische Forschungen vom 14. bis 19. September 1992 in Gosen/bei Berlin. Meroitica 15. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 3–117. Do also take note of the other contributions, namely by Török, Morkot and others, to the debate in this volume. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 WEN

Török, L. 1997. The Kingdom of Kush. Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. Handbuch der Orientalistik. 1. Abteilung: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten 31. Leiden: Brill. Read pp. 82–130, pp. 342–424, 488–499; EGYPTOLOGY B 60 TOR

Additional reading

Adams, W.Y. 1964. Post-Pharaonic Nubia in the light of archaeology I, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 50, 102–120. Available online through SFX@UCL

Adams, W.Y. 1977. Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Read Chapters 10 and 11; EGYPTOLOGY B 60 ADA and available online through SFX@UCL

Adams, W.Y. 1981. Ecology and economy in the Empire of Kush, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 108, 1–11. Available online through SFX@UCL

Anderson, J.R. and S.e.M. Ahmed 2009. What are these doing here above the Fifth Cataract?!! Napatan royal statues at Dangeil, Sudan & Nubia 13, 78–86. INST ARCH PERS

Darnell, J.C. 2006. The Inscription of Queen Katimala at Semna. Textual Evidence for the Origins of the Napatan State.Yale Egyptological Series 7. New Haven: Yale Egyptological Seminar. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 DAR

Deypuydt, L. 1993. The date of Piye’s Egyptian campaign and the chronology of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79, 269–274. Available online through SFX@UCL

Edwards, D.N. 1996. The Archaeology of the Meroitic State. New Perspectives on its Social and Political Organisation. BAR International Series 640 = Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 38. Oxford: Tempus Repartum. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 EDW

Edwards, D.N. 1998. Meroe and the Sudanic Kingdoms, Journal of African History 39, 175–193 Available online through SFX@UCL

Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 5, pp. 112–140; EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

Eide, T., T. Hägg, R.H. Pierce and L. Török 1994–2000. Fontes Historiae Nubiorum. Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD. 4 Vols. Bergen: Department of Greek, Latin and Egyptology. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 FON

Fattovich, R. 1995. Origins of the Kingdom of Kush: Views from the African hinterland, Archéologie du Nil Moyen 7, 69–78. IOA TEACHING COLLECTION C603, C 625

Kendall, T. 1982. Kush: Lost Kingdom of the Nile. A Loan Exhibition from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, September 1981–August 1984. Brockton: Brockton Art Museum/Fuller Memorial.

Lohwasser, A. 2001. Die königlichen Frauen im antiken Reich von Kusch. 25. Dynastie bis zur Zeit des Nastasen. Meroitica 19. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Read pp. 58–191. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 LOH

Morkot, R.G. 2000. The Black Pharaohs. Egypt’s Nubian Rulers. London: Rubicon. Read Chapters 10–12, pp. 129–178.EGYPTOLOGY B 60 MOR; STORE 03-1015/9

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Redford, D. 1985. Sais and the Kushite invasion of the eighth century BC, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 22, 5–15. Available online through SFX@UCL

Redford, D. 2004. From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press. Read pp. 39–57. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 RED

Smith, S.T. 2007. Death at Tombos: Pyramids, iron and the rise of the Napatan dynasty, Sudan & Nubia 11, 2–14. INST ARCH PERS

Török, L. 1984. Economy and empire in Kush: A review of the written evidence, Zeitschrift fur Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 111, 45–69. Available online through SFX@UCL

Török, L. 1992. Ambulatory kingship and settlement history: A study on the contribution of archaeology to history. In: Bonnet, C. (ed.), Études Nubiennes. Conférence de Genève. Actes du VIIe congrès international d'études nubiennes 3–8 septembre 1990. Volume 1: Communications Principales. Geneva: Société d'études nubiennes, 111–126.

Török, L. 1999. On the foundations of kingship ideology in the empire of Kush. In: Wenig, S. (ed.), Studien zum antiken Sudan. Akten der 7. Internationalen Tagung für meroitistische Forschun-gen vom 14. bis 19. September 1992 in Gosen/bei Berlin. Meroitica 15. Wiesbaden: Harras-sowitz, 273–287. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 WEN

Welsby, D.A. 1996. The Kingdom of Kush. The Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum. Read Chapters 2–3, 7, pp. 19–71, 153–176. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 WEL; STORE 16-0811

Wenig, St. (ed.) 1978. Africa in Antiquity. 2 vols. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum. See pp. 16–17 for the list of rulers. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 AFR

Sites

Dunham, D. 1950. El Kurru. Royal Cemeteries of Kush I. Boston: Harvard University Press. EGYPTOL-OGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN

Dunham, D. 1955. Nuri. Royal Cemeteries of Kush II. Boston: Harvard University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN

Dunham, D. 1970. The Barkal Temples. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN

Heidorn, L. 1991. The Saite and Persian period forts at Dorginarti. In: Davies, W.V. (ed.) 1991. Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London: British Museum Press, 205–219. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV

Lohwasser, A. 2010. The Kushite cemetery of Sanam. A non-royal burial ground of the Nubian capital, c. 800–600 BC. London: Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 LOH

Vincentelli, I. 2006. Hillat El-Arab. The Joint Sudanese-Italian Expedition in the Napatan Region, Sudan. SARS Publication Number 15. BAR International Series 1570. Oxford: Archaeopress. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 VIN

Williams, B.B. 1990. Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier. Twenty-fifth Dynasty and Napatan Remains at Qustul: Cemeteries W and V. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 7. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 CHI

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8 The Meroitic period II (DQF)

In this lecture we will explore evidence for and debates over the organization of the Meroitic Kingdom, as well as cultural manifestations of this kingdom in the archaeological record, including temples, religious iconography, “art”, and long-distance trade. We we also consider key craft industries of the Meroitic period, including fine kaolinite pottery production, iron metallurgy and cotton textile production and how these crafts contributed to placing Meroe with a world system.

Essential reading

Edwards, D. 1998. Meroe and the Sudanic Kingdoms, Journal of African History 39, 175–193. Available online through SFX@UCL

Fuller, D.Q 2014. Agricultural innovation and state collapse in Meroitic Nubia: The impact of the Savannah Package. In: Stevens, C.J., S. Nixon, M.A. Murray and D.Q Fuller (eds), The Archaeology of African Plant Use. Walnut Creek, Ca.: Left Coast Press, 165–178. INST ARCH DC 4.5 STE

Haaland, R. 2014. The Meroitic empire: Trade and cultural influences in an Indian Ocean context, African Archaeological Review 31:4, 649–673. Available online through SFX@UCL

Humphris, J. and T. Scheibner 2017. A new radiocarbon chronology for ancient iron production in the Meroe region of Sudan, African Archaeological Review 34:3, 377–413. Available online through SFX@UCL

Welsby, Derek A. 1996. The Kingdom of Kush: The Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press. Read Chapter 4, pp. 72–95. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 WEL

Comparative “world” perspectives

Beaujard, P. 2018. The birth of a single Afro-Eurasian world system (second century BC-sixth century CE). In: Kristiansen, K., T. Lindkvist and J. Myrdal (eds), Trade and Civilization. Economic Networks and Cultural Ties from Prehistory to the Early Modern Era. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 242–250. IN PURCHASE

McLaughlin, R. 2014. The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean. Philadelphia: Pen and Sword. Read Chapters 5–7.

Additional reading: See previous class and

Adams, W.Y. 1976. Meroitic North and South: A study in cultural contrasts. Meroitica 2. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 ADA; STORE 09-0703

Brass, M. 2015. Interactions and pastoralism along the southern and southeastern frontiers of the Meroitic state, Sudan, Journal of World Prehistory 28, 1–34. Available online through SFX@UCL

Edwards, D.N. 1989. Archaeology and Settlement in Upper Nubia in the 1st Millenium A.D. Cambridge Monograph in African Archaeology 36 = BAR International Series 537. Oxford: B.A.R. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 EDW

Edwards, D. 1996. Sorghum, beer and Kushite society, Norwegian Archaeological Review 29:2, 65–77. Available online through SFX@UCL

Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 6, pp. 141–181; EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

Fuller, D. 2003. Pharaonic or Sudanic? Models for Meroitic society and change. In: O'Connor, D. and A. Reid (eds), Ancient Egypt in Africa. Encounters with Ancient Egypt series. London: UCL Press, 169–184. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 OCO; DOWNLOADABLE FROM MOODLE

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Geus, F. 1989. Enquêtes sur les pratiques et coutumes funéraires méroitiques. La contribution des cimetières non royaux. Approche préliminaire, Revue d'Égyptologie 40, 163–185. INST ARCH PERS

Haycock, B. 1967. The later phases of the Meroitic civilization, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 53, 107–120. Available online through SFX@UCL

Kendall, T. 1989. Ethnoarchaeology in Meroitic Studies. In: Donadoni, S. and S. Wenig (eds), Studia

Meroitica 1984: Proceedings of the Fifth Internation Conference for Meroitic Studies. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Read sections on "Ethnoarchaeology of ancient works of art"; "ethnography, ancient art, and the generation of archaeological hypotheses". EGYPTOLOGY B 60 DON

Ting, C. and J. Humphris 2017. The technology and craft organisation of Kushite technical ceramic production at Meroe and Hamadab, Sudan, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 16, 34–43. Available online through SFX@UCL

Török, L. 1980. To the history of the Dodekaschoenos between 250 B.C. and 298 A.D., Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Alterumskunde 107, 76–86. Available online through SFX@UCL

Török, L. 1995. Meroe. Six Studies on the Cultural Identity of an Ancient African State. Studia Aegyptiaca 16. Budapest: Chaire d'Égyptologie de l'Université Eötvös Loránd de Budapest. Read pp., 104–112. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 TOR

Török, L. 1997. The Kingdom of Kush. Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. Handbuch der Orientalistik. 1. Abteilung: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten 31. Leiden: Brill. E.g. pp. 500–532; EGYPT-OLOGY B 60 TOR

Török, L. 2004. Archaism and innovation in 1st century BC Meroitic art: Meroe Temple M 250 revisited, Azania 39 (2004), 203–224. Available online through SFX@UCL

Török, L. 2011. Hellenizing Art in Ancient Nubia, 300 BC–AD 250, and its Egyptian Models: A Study in "Acculturation". Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 53. Leiden: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 TOR

Williams, B.B. 1985. A chronology of Meroitic occupation below the Fourth Cataract, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 22, 149–195. Available online through SFX@UCL

Yellin, J. 1990. The decorated pyramid chapels of Meroe and Meroitic funerary religion. In: Apelt, D., E. Endesfelder and S. Wenig (eds), Studia in honorem Fritz Hintze. Meroitica 12. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 361–374. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 APE

Yellin, J. 1995. Meroitic funerary religion. In: Vogt, J., H. Temporini and W. Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. Part II: Principat. Vol. 18.5, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 2869–2892. MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISTORY R 5 TEM

Zabkar, L. 1975. Apedemak Lion God of Meroe. A Study in Egyptian-Meroitic Syncretism. Warminster: Aris and Phillips Ltd. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ZAB

On the Meroitic language

Rilly, C. 2008. The linguistic position of Meroitic. New perspectives for understanding the texts, Sudan & Nubia 12, 2–12. INST ARCH PERS

Rilly, C. 2010. Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique. Société d'études linguistiques et anthro-pologiques de France 454. Louvain: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 RIL

Rilly, C.and A. de Voogt 2012. The Meroitic Language and Writing System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 RIL; available online through SFX@UCL

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Sites

Chapman, S.E. 1952. Decorated Chapels of the Meroitic Pyramids at Meroë and Barkal. Royal Cemeteries of Kush III. Boston: Harvard University Press. 392 LARGE FOLIOS E 120 DUN

Dunham, D. 1957. Royal Tombs at Meroë and Barkal. The Royal Cemeteries of Kush IV. Boston: Harvard University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN

Dunham, D. 1963. The West and South Cemeteries at Meroë. The Royal Cemeteries of Kush V. Boston: Harvard University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN

Edwards, D.N. 1999. Musawwarat es Sufra III. A Meroitic Pottery Workshop at Musawwarat es Sufra: Preliminary Report on the Excavations 1997 in Courtyard 224 of the Great Enclosure. Meroitica 17:2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 EDW

Grzymski, K. 2004. Meroe, the Capital of Kush: Old Problems and New Discoveries, Sudan & Nubia 9, 47–58. INST ARCH PERS

Grzymski, K. 2008. Recent research at the palaces and temples of Meroe: A contribution to the study of Meroitic civilization. In: In: Godlewski, W. and A. Łajtar (eds), Between the Cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian studies, Warsaw University, 27 August–2 September 2006. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology Supplement Series 2. Warsaw: Warsaw University Press, 227–238. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 GOD

Hinkel, F.W. and U. Sievertsen 2002. Die Royal City von Meroe und die representative Profan-architektur in Kusch. The Archaeological Map of the Sudan Supplement IV. Berlin: Verlag Monumenta Sudanica.

Hintze, F. 1971. Musawwarat es Sufra 1: Der Löwentempel. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. EGYPTOLOGY FOLIOS E 120 HUM

Näser, C. and M. Wetendorf 2015. The Musawwarat pottery project 2014/15, Der antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 26, 35–74. DOWNLOADABLE FROM MOODLE

Shinnie, P.L. and R.J. Bradley 1980. The Capital of Kush 1. Meroe Excavations 1965–1972. Meroitica 4. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 SHI

Shinnie, P.L. and J.R. Anderson (eds) 2004. The Capital of Kush 2. Meroë Excavations 1973–1984. Meroitica 20. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 SHI

Török, L. 1997. Meroe City. An Ancient African Capital. John Garstang’s Excavations in the Sudan. Occasional Publications of the Egypt Exploration Society 12. 2 vols. London: Egypt Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 TOR; STORE 17-1117

Wenig, S. 2001. Musawwarat es-Sufra: Interpreting the Great Enclosure, Sudan & Nubia 5, 71–87. INST ARCH PERS

Wolf, S., C. Hof and H.-U. Onasch 2008. Investigations in the so-called Royal Baths at Meroe in 2000, 2004 and 2005. A preliminary report, Kush 18, 101–115. INST ARCH PERS

Woolley, C.L. and D. Randall-McIver 1910. Karanog. The Romano-Nubian Cemetery. Eckley B. Coxe Expedition to Nubia 3–4. Philadelphia: University Museum. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 PEN; STORE 17-1120/83 and 84

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9 The post-Meroitic period and the Medieval period I (CN)

In this class, we will explore the debates surrounding the end of the Meroitic Kingdom in the fourth century AD. We will examine the evidence for cultural change in the Meroitic heartland and Lower Nubia, and look at the ways in which different scholars have interpreted this evidence and its possible relationship with wider transformations at the onset of the Late Antique period. In this context, the class also introduces the archaeological cultures traditionally called the post-Meroitic and the X-Group which are mainly known from their rich funerary evidence, including the so-called royal burials in Qustul and Ballana. We will discuss the attempts to correlate the archaeological evidence with the Nobadae (Nubian-speakers) and Blemmyes (Beja-speakers) identified as ethnic groups in classical sources. Finally, we will examine the introduction of Christianity to the region, and assess the social and political contexts which led to the formation of three Medieval kingdoms in the Middle Nile valley in the later 6th century AD.

Essential reading

Lenoble, P. and N.D.M. Sharif 1992. Barbarians at the gates? The royal mounds at El Hobagi and the end of Meroe, Antiquity 626-635. Available online through SFX@UCL

Fuller, D.Q 1999. A parochial perspective on the end of Meroe: Changes in cemetery and settlement at Arminna West. In: Welsby, D.A. (ed.), Recent Research in Kushite History and Archaeology. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference for Meroitic Studies. British Museum Occasional Paper 131. London: British Museum, 203–217. British Museum Occasional Paper 131. London: British Museum. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 WEL; DOWNLOADABLE FROM MOODLE

Please read a translation and commentary on the textual evidence for the conquest of Meroe by Ezana (or Aezaneas), ruler of Axum (modern Ethiopia). This text is translated (with minor variations) in numerous sources, so read at least one of the following:

Burstein, S.M. 1995. Graeco-Africana. Studies in the History of Greek Relations with Egypt and Nubia. New Rochelle, NY: Aristide D. Caratzas. Read pp. 207–214; EGYPTOLOGY B 20 BUR

Burstein, S.M. 1998. Ancient African Civilizations: Kush and Axum. Princeton: M. Wiener Publishers. Read pp. 97–100. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 BUR

Kirwan, L.P. 1960. The Decline and Fall of Meroe, Kush 8, 163–173. INST ARCH PERS

Shinnie, P.L. 1955. The fall of Meroe, Kush 3, 82–85. INST ARCH PERS

Additional reading

Adams, W.Y. 1977. Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Read Chapter 12, pp. 333-356. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 ADA and available online through SFX@UCL

Adams, W.Y. 1982. The coming of Nubian speakers to the Nile Valley. In: Ehret, C. and M. Posnansky (eds), The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. Berkeley: University of California Press. INST ARCH DC 100 HER

Adams, W.Y. 1998. Toward a comparative study of Christian Nubian burial practice, Archéologie du Nil Moyen 8, 13–53. INST ARCH PERS

Dann, R. 2009. The Archaeology of Late Antique Sudan: Aesthetics and Identity at the Royal X-Group Tombs of Qustul and Ballana. Amherst, N.Y.: Cambria Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 DAN

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Dann, R. 2013. Becoming X-Group: Ethnicity in North-East Africa. In: Gardner, A., E. Herring and K. Lomas (eds), Creating Ethnicities & Identities in the Roman World. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 120. London: Institute of Classical Studies, School of Advances Studies, University of London, 249–266. MAIN LIBRARY ANCIENT HISSTORY R 55 GAR

Edwards, D. N. 2001. The Christianisation of Nubia – some archaeological pointers, Sudan & Nubia 5, 89–96. INST ARCH PERS

Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 9, pp. 182–211; EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

Eide, T. , T. Hägg, R.H. Pierce and L. Török 1994–2000. Fontes Historiae Nubiorum. Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD. 4 vols. Bergen: Department of Greek, Latin and Egyptology. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 FON

Fuller, D.Q 1997. The confluence of history and archaeology in Lower Nubia: Scales of continuity and change, Archaeological Review from Cambridge 14:1, 105–128. INST ARCH PERS; DOWNLOABLE FROM MOODLE

Kirwan, L.P. 1981. Axum, Meroe and the Ballana Civilization. In: Simpson, W.K. and W.M. Davis (eds), Studies in Ancient Egypt, the Aegean and the Sudan: Eessays in Honor of Dows Dunham on the occasion of his 90th Birthday, June 1, 1980. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Dept. of Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art, 115–119. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 SIM

Lenoble, P. 1999. The division of the Meroitic Empire and the end of the pyramid building in the 4th century AD: A introduction to further excavations of imperial mounds in the Sudan. In: Welsby, D.A. (ed.), Recent Research in Kushite History and Archaeology. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference for Meroitic Studies. British Museum Occasional Paper 131. London: British Museum, 157–197. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 WEL

Oliver, R. and B.M. Fagan 1975. Africa in the Iron Age, c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Read Chapter 11 "Muslim Egypt and Christian Nubia", pp. 119–131. INST ARCH DCI 100 OLI; INST ARCH DCI 100 SHI; STORE 97-05238

Rowley-Conwy, P. 1989. Nubia AD 0-550 and the “Islamic” agricultural revolution: Preliminary botanical evidence from Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia. Archéologie du Nil Moyen 3, 131–138. INST ARCH PERS

el-Tayeb, M. 2010. The Post-Meroitic from Kirwan to the Present, Sudan & Nubia 14, 2–14. INST ARCH PERS

Török, L. 1988. Late Antique Nubia. History and Archaeology of the Southern Neighbour of Egypt in the 4th–6th c. A.D. Antaeus 16. Budapest: Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. INST ARCH PERS ANT 16; see also review by Bruce Trigger in Orientalia 58 (1989), 542–546. Available online through SFX@UCL

Török, L. 1989. Notes on the Kingdom of the Blemmyes. In: Vanek, Z. (ed.), Studia in Honorem L. Fóti. Studia Aegyptiaca 12. Budapest: s.n., 397–412. INST ARCH PERS

Török, L. 1999. The end of Meroe. In: Welsby, D.A. (ed.), Recent Research in Kushite History and Archaeology. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference for Meroitic Studies. British Museum Occasional Paper 131. London: British Museum, 133–156. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 WEL

Trigger, B. 1965. History and Settlement in Lower Nubia. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 69. New Haven, CT: Dept. of Anthropology, Yale University. Read pp. 127-143; EGYPTOLOGY B 60 TRI

Trigger, B.G. 1969. The royal tombs at Qustul and Ballana and their Meroitic antecedents, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 55, 117–128. Available online through SFX@UCL

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Trigger, B.G. 1969. The Social Significance of the Diadems in the Royal Tombs at Ballana, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 28, 255–261. Available online through SFX@UCL

Welsby, D.A. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia: Pagans, Christians and Muslims on the Middle Nile. London: The British Museum Press. Read pp. 14–67; EGYPTOLOGY B 60 WEL

Sites

Adams, W.Y. 2000. Meinarti I. The Late Meroitic, Ballana and Transitional Occupation. Sudan Archaeological Research Society Publication Number 5. Oxford. Archaeopress. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 ADA

Emery, W.B. and L.P. Kirwan 1938. The Royal Tombs of Ballana and Qustul. Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte. Mission archéologique de Nubie 1929–1934. 2 vols. Cairo: Government Press. STORE FOLIOS 7673–7674

Garberg, C.J. and T. Säve-Söderbergh 1970. Late Nubian Sites. Scadinavian Joint Expedition to Nubia 7. Copenhagen, Oslo, Stockholm: Scadinavian University Books. EGYPTOLOGY E 56 SCA

Shinnie, Peter L., Excavations at Tanqasi, 1953, Kush 2 (1954), 66 - 85. INST ARCH PERS

Lenoble, P. et al. 1994. La fouille du tumulus à enceinte el Hobagi III A.M.S. NE-36-0/7-N-3, Meroitic Newsletter 25, 53–88.

Lenoble, P. 1994. Le rang des inhumés sous tertre à enceinte à El Hobagi, Meroitic Newsletter 25, 89–124.

Strouhal, E. 1984. Wadi Qitna and Kalabsha South. Late Roman – Early Byzantine Tumuli Cemeteries in Egyptian Nubia. Volume I: Archaeology. Prague: Charles University. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 WAD

Williams, B.B. 1991. Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier. Noubadian X-Group Remains from Royal Complexes in Cemeteries Q and 219 and from Private Cemeteries Q, R, V, W, B, J, and M at Qustul and Ballana. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 9. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 CHI.

10 Medieval period II and the Islamic period (CN)

This class is dedicated to the Medieval and the Islamic periods up to the present. We will explore the characteristics of Medieval Christianity in the Middle Nile valley and how it relates to the cultures and politics of the wider Medieval world, including the spread of Islam from the 7th century AD onward. We will juxtapose the archaeological evidence from churches, monasteries and the capitals in the three Nubian kingdoms of Nobadia, Makuria and Alodia with the record from non-elite settlements and manifestations of the Christian faith in rural contexts. The history of the Middle Nile valley in the 2nd millennium AD, including the transition to Islam, is severly understudied. We will explore what archaeological and historical evidence exists, and outline the trajectory of Middle Nile valley socities through the periods of Funj and Turkish dominations, the Mahdiya uprising and and colonial era into the 20th century AD.

Essential reading

Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. London and New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 9, pp. 256 – 287. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW and IOA ISSUE DESK

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Additional reading

Adams, W.Y. 1964. Sudan Antiquities Service excavations in Nubia: Fourth Season, 1962–63, Kush 12, 216–250. Read pp. 241–247: "The Seven Ages of Christian Nubia". INST ARCH PERS

Adams, W.Y. 1977. Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Read Capters 14–18, pp. 433–636. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 ADA and available online through SFX@UCL

Ali Osman Mohammed Salih 2004. Archaeology and settlement in the Third Cataract region during the Medieval and Post-Medieval periods, Azania 39:1, 34–49. Available online through SFX@UCL

Breen, C., W. Forsythe, L. Smith and M. Mallinson 2011. Excavations at the medieval Red Sea port of Suakin, Sudan, Azania 46:2, 205-220. Available online through SFX@UCL

Daly, M.W. 1991. Imperial Sudan: The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1934–1956. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Daly, M.W. 2000. Empire on the Nile: The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

O'Fahey, R.S. and J.L. Spaulding 1974. Kingdoms of the Sudan. Studies in African History 9. London and New York: Methuen. STORE 680 QG 108 QFA

Hassan, Y.F. 1973. The Arabs and the Sudan. Khartoum.

Holt, P.M. and M.W. Daly 1988. A History of theSudan, from the Coming of Islam to the Present Day. 4th edition. London: Longman. Multiple editions, UCL holds the 4th edition, but later ones have been published! EGYPTOLOGY E 120 HOL

Intisar Soghayroun Elzein 2004. Islamic Archaeology in the Sudan. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 60. Oxford: Archaeopress. INSR ARCH DCF Quarto ELZ

Intisar Soghayroun el Zein 2004. The Ottomans and the Mahas in the Third Cataract region, Azania 39:1, 50–57. Available online through SFX@UCL

Intisar Soghayroun el Zein 2004. Islamic qubbas as archaeological artefacts: Their origins, features and cultural significance. In: Kendall, T. (ed.), Nubian Studies 1998: Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Society of Nubian Studies. Boston: Department of Afro-American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, 397–412.

Macmichael, H.A. 1967. A History of the Arabs in the Sudan. Cambridge.

Peacock, A.C.S. 2012. The Ottomans and the Funj sultanate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 75:1, 87–111. Available online through SFX@UCL

Trigger, B. 1970. Cultural Ecology of Christian Nubia. In. Dinkler, E. (ed.), Kunst und Geschichte Nubiens in christlicher Zeit: Ergebnisse und Probleme auf Grund der jüngsten Ausgrabungen. Recklinghausen: Aurel Bongers, 347–379. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 DIN

Welsby, D.A. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia: Pagans, Christians and Muslims on the Middle Nile. London: The British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 WEL

Vantini, G. 1975. Oriental Sources Concerning Nubia. Heidelberg and Warsaw: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Polish Academy of Sciences. STORE 02-00357; 392 B 60 VAN

Sites

Billig, D. 2008. H.U.N.E. 2007. The church of SR022.A at the Fourth Cataract. In: Gratien, B. (ed.), Actes de la 4e Conférence Internationale sur l’Archéologie de la 4e Cataracte du Nil, Villeneuve d’Ascq, 22–23 juin 2007. Supplement CRIPEL 7. Lille 2008: 109–120. DOWNLOADABLE FROM MOODLE

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Godlewski, W. 2006. Pachoras. The Cathedrals of Aetios, Paulos and Petros: The Architecture. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology Monograph Series 1. Warsaw: Warsaw University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 GOD

Jakobielski, S. (ed.) 2001. Pachoras. The Wall Paintings from the Cathedrals of Aetios, Paulos and Petros. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology Monograph Series 4.

Jakobielski, S. and P.O. Scholz (eds) 2001. Dongola-Studien. 35 Jahre polnischer Forschungen im Zentrum des makuritischen Reiches. Bibliotheca nubia et æthiopica 7. Warsaw, Wiesbaden: Archaeo-books. Warsaw.

Mallinson, M.D.S. 2004. Mosque/churches of the Sudan, Azania 39:1, 225–241. Available online through SFX@UCL

Michałowski, K. 1962–1965. Faras: fouilles polonaises. Faras 1–2. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawn Naukowe. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 MIC

Michałowski, K. 1969. Das Wunder von Faras: Wandgemälde und Altertümer aus polnischen Ausgrabungen im Rahmen der Unesco-Aktion "Rettet die Altertümer Nubiens", 14. Mai bis 14. September in Villa Hügel, Essen. EssenBredeney: Villa Hügel e.V. EGYPTOLOGY V 120 VIL

Näser, C., D. Billig and M. Lange 2007. The Church US022.A at the Fourth Nile Cataract. In: Näser, C. and M. Lange (eds), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract. Berlin, August 4th–6th, 2005. Meroitica 23. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2007, 143–158. DOWNLOADABLE FROM MOODLE

Phillips, J. 2004. Islamic pottery in the Middle Nile, Azania 39:1, 58–68. Available online through SFX@UCL

Rees, G., M. Lahitte and C. Näser 2015. The Fortresses of Mograt Island Project, Der antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 26, 177–200. DOWNLOADABLE FROM MOODLE AND WWW.MOGRATARCHAEOLOGY.COM

Shinnie, P.L. 1955. Excavations at Soba. Sudan Antiquities Service Occasional Papers 3. Khartoum. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 SHI; STORE 09-0703

Welsby, D.A. and C.M. Daniels 1991. Soba: Archaeological Research at a Medieval Capital on the Blue Nile. British Institute of Eastern Africa Monograph Series 12. London: British Institute of Eastern Africa. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 WEL

Welsby, D.A. 1998. Soba II: Renewed Excavations within the Metropolis of the Kingdom of Alwa in Central Sudan. British Institute of Eastern Africa Monograph Series 15. London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 WEL

For publications of the Polish mission at Old Dongola: www.pcma.uw.edu.pl

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4 ONLINE RESOURCES

Moodle

This course makes use of UCL's online teaching resource 'Moodle'. At the start of the module please log on at https://moodle-1819.ucl.ac.uk and register for "ARCL0056: Introduction to the Archaeology of Sudan". Once registered you will find online materials such as this handbook, additional information about the module, weekly reading lists and the presentations used in lectures as well as links to important forms and documents. The Moodle password for this module is ARCL0056.

Databases, online catalogues, open access resources, link lists

Web Resources on the archaeology of Sudan and Nubia are numerous, and of varying usefulness. You might try these:

Sudan Archaeological Research Society (which has a cheap student membership, for a nice glossy journal; there is an annual symposium in May at the British Museum and a lecture in Sept): http://www.sudarchrs.org.uk/index.htm

http://Kerma2Meroe.googlepages.com/ which is being made by DQF

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/database/index.shtml for access to the Online Egyptological Bibliography (OEB); click on link, then choose "o" in the alphabetical list and scroll down the list until you find the database; the database includes entries concerning Sudan and Nubia

http://www.ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/ Portal for open access electronic resources

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/ Digital Egypt for universities run by UCL

http://www.uee.ucla.edu/ UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology

http://petriecat.museums.ucl.ac.uk/ Online catalogue of the Petrie Museum

http://www.britishmuseum.org/ The British Museum, with online catalogue

5 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Libraries and other resources

Most of the books and articles recommended for reading are available in the library of the Institute of Archaeology. Other libraries holdings of particular relevance to this module are:

SOAS libraries: http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/

British Library: http://catalogue.bl.uk/

Egypt Exploration Society: http://library.ees.ac.uk/

Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students

Students enrolled in departments outside the Institute of Archaeology should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington (email: j.medrington@ucl.ac.uk), which will also be available on Moodle.

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Feedback

In trying to make this module as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during the module of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the module in an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the module.

These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the module co-ordinator to develop the module. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.

If students are concerned about any aspect of this module we hope they will feel able to talk to the module co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should consult their Personal Tutor, the Academic Administrator, or the Chair of Teaching Committee.

APPENDIX: INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES

General policies and procedures concerning modules and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/module/view.php?id=40867. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your module co-ordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle for further information. Additional information is given here: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/.