1

2

This final project is presented to the faculty of the school of architecture by

Weathering: The Life of a Building

internal advisor Dr. William Carpenter

Professor Bronne Dytoc

student

internal advisor

thesis coordinator Professor Michael Carroll

Professor Robert Tangothesis coordinator

JOSE MANUEL APARICIO ALCAZAR

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of ArchitectureSouthern Polytechnic State University, Marietta, Georgia

Spring Semester 2013

3

First and foremost, I would like to thank my family for being with me and supporting me over the years. It has not always been easy and I appreciate the patience and confidence you had in me.

Mami, Papi, Henry y Andres. Los quiero

Throughout the development of the project I have received guidance and support from many people. First give thanks to Dr. William Carpenter for believing in me and helped me find my true passion for "weathering of Wood". My secondary advisor Professor Bronne Dytocfor the many desk critiques and help me push my concepts/ ideas to the limit. I would like to thank Jerry Lominack for meeting with me and reviewing my work. David Leatherbarrow for inspiring me through his book On Weathering: The Life of a Building in Time.

dedication

Acknowledgement

4

table of content

chapter one Design TheoremDesign hypothesiscase studies Swiss Pavilion Expo Saint Benedict chapel De young Museum

Weathering Analysistime lapse section perspectivefinal physical modelrendering

6

81012

39

404142

44

45

151617182022232425262728

31323334353637

Design Synthesis

Design Analysis

The questionThe cycleSkin/ siding fish scale siding feather sidingSite context building blocks historical buildings green spacesDistricts in Savannah historic & victorianSite analysis

critical response todesign theorum

Design Process

Site contextspatial program Floor plans Sections section model elevation section perspective

chapter four

chapter two chapter five

chapter three

work cited

5

weathering: The life of a building

6

Design Theorem

Within Modern Architecture, weathering of material is mostly seen as a negative deterioration of buildings. This is due to the selection of materials that only reflect the aesthetic view of the material but do not carry out the same characteristics. This may be in part, because of the disposable character in the use of most things today. In modern days everything is now replaceable within buildings. Since international style has began in the world of architecture the adoption of steel, glass, and concrete at the main use of materials today. My goal is to prove and show the advantages of wood structures and skin as a successful material on a restaurant in Savannah, Georgia. To see the cycle of weathering of wood in a controlled way under the paedological theorem of design, construction, sustainable all over- lapping with wood.

Weathering of materials is a cycle were aspects such as time, rain, wind, sun and human interaction inevitably play a role in deteriorating of the material. Inevitably a building will reach its state of deterioration by the natural environment that acts upon its outer surface. As a preservation/ adaptive reuse center it will be able to control and reuse the weathering material. The notion of permanent, semi-permanent and finite are the layers within the restaurant that will be dealt over “time”. Assemblage of the material will be an important factor at its various functions and how to remove it and who will remove it. Detailing and the memory of hardware will be expressed and controlled as exterior and interior environments.

As a site driven intervention, a restaurant for the community that provides a place for people to dine and socialize. Conceived as a layering of shells over time the building will disintegrate into its essential bones. Creating the notion of a “ritual” that the community could potentially be involved in the assembling the restaurants skin.

wood

design

sustainable

construction

design theorem

7

chapter one

8 case study

swiss pavilion expo 2000

The Swiss architect Peter Zumthor designed the Swiss Pavilion Expo 2000. The insight was that the lumber would be weathered over the period of time that the Expo was going on. The project consist of wood planks stacked on top of each other. Natural ventilation would be allowed to air out the wood when rain and moisture occurred. The Pavilion in other words could be seen as a lumber yards waiting for the wood to weather or season.

connection/ hardware (detail, 2009)

After the Exposition, the building was dismantled and the beams sold as season timber.

Peter Zumthor"

"

floor plan

9case study

lumber yard (detail, 2009)

natural ventilation

walking (detail, 2009)

eating (detail, 2009) music (detail, 2009)

sitting (detail, 2009)

(detail, 2009)

10

saint benedict chapel

The Swiss architect Peter Zumthor designed a Chapel in the village of Sogn Benedetg, Switzerland. The previous Chapel had been destroyed by a avalanche and the community reached out for there wooded shingle chapel to be built. As a Pritzker Prize winner he began his Architecture adventures as part of conservationist architect for the Department for the Preservation of Monuments.

The use of larch wood shingle was used for the exterior facades and has been weathering over time and created beautiful and attractive Chapel for people around the world to visit. Certain areas are weathered more intensely and to the point where deterioration will start to occur. The shingle creates a texture and color (smell and see) that people can interact with. The picture below shows the difference between one completely dried out of its color and only left with the texture and the other one still left with it reddish wood shingle look(still both texture and color). Would there be a time to save the weathered material before it reaches its state of deterioration.

site plan

repetitive to unique

natural light

floor plan

case study

11

PROCESS

interior

exterior

case study

(Zumthor, 1998)

(Zumthor, 1998)

(Zumthor, 1998)

(Zumthor, 1998)

12

de young museum

section

plan

The firm Herzog & de Meuron had the entire skin wrapped in copper which allowed the material to blend in with its surroundings. The perforated copper was to replicate the light filtering of the tree canopy in the surrounding site. The San Francisco site which allows a close proximity to the ocean will oxidase the copper at a faster pace because of the Pacific Ocean breeze. The Architect chose there material because of the relation to the site and what weathering would do to the copper.

The sites orientation to the ocean is a factor of how drastically the oxidation of the copper will show faster. The NW and SW sides of the building would encounter more oxidation of the copper because of the direct wind exposure from the Ocean. The site is 12,500 feet from the shore including trees that help buffer the winds and allows the copper to gradually oxides and reach the state of Deterioration at a longer period.

tree’s bufferwind from ocean

pacificocean

de youngmusuem

north

most wind with moisture

san francisco bay

pacific ocean

case study

(Corbette, 1998)

13

facades most affectedby weathering

nature porosity

case study

(Corbette, 2005)

(Corbette, 2005) (Corbette, 2005)

(Corbette, 2005)

(Corbette, 2005)

(Corbette, 2005)

14

chapter two

15

where?

what?

savannah georgia

Southern yellow pine

who?

why?wind

time

sun

rain

human interaction

design analysis

design analysis

16

wood quality"born"

"death"

structure quality

color psychologyclaritycleaninesshopeopenness

warmhappywarmexpansive

wholesomenessreliabilityexperience

activatingstimulatingpassionateexcitingpowerful

neutralitycalmconservative

powerelegancemodernity

Weathering is defined as the slow degradation of materials exposed to the weather. The degradation much depends on the materials and combination of factors: moisture, sun light, heat/cold, chemicals, wind, time and human interaction. The diagram (right) is documentation of the assembly of a building until it reaches it deterioration point. The wood quality shows how the wood grain will change over time (weather). The structure quality shows that the longer it “weathering” the less structure qualities the wood will have. The color psychology represents how people may feel through the life cycle of the wood.

weathering The cycle

sustainable resource

responsiblemanufacturing

qualityconstruction

long servicelife

renovationupgrade

recyclerenew

definition

17

(A) For facades without ventilated cavities, the moisture flow through exterior walls must be taken into consideration. Wood can reach decay or risk of fungi. (B) For facades with out ventilated cavities and closed to sky must be taken into consideration with comprehensive set of coating with moisture diffusing. (C) For ventilated facades closed to sky should be continued to be moisture-diffusing so that it does not reach any state of decay or fungi. (D) For facades with ventilated facades open to sky provides the greatest protection from decomposition or moisture in wood.

research Wall Siding

(A) (B) (C) (D)

research

18

48”x 7”x 1/32”

profile

wall section

"born"

born

loose structural propertiesgains beauty

death = recycled/ reused"death"

"fish scale" Siding

siding

19

southern yellowpine siding

nautical screws w/neosprene washers

blocking(air cavity)

oil based membrane

wood column

PERMANEN

T

SEMI-PER

MANENT

FINITE

axonometric

siding

20

wall section

profile

48”x 6”x 1/64”

"feather" Siding

"born""born"

faster run off waterlarger gap

porosity on the finsfilters light

deterioration/ death= recycled/ reused

"death"

siding

21

opening forattachmentof fins

southernyellowpine

PERMANEN

T

SEMI-PER

MANENT

FINITE

blocking(air cavity)

glass membrane

wood columns

axonometric

siding

22

site Savannah Georgia

north

Weathering is defined as the slow degradation of materials exposed to the weather. The degradation much depends on the materials and combination of factors: moisture, sun light, heat/cold, chemicals, wind, time and human interaction. The diagram (right) is documentation of the assembly of a building until it reaches it deterioration point. The wood quality shows how the wood grain will change over time (weather). The structure quality shows that the longer it “weathering” the less structure qualities the wood will have. The color psychology represents how people may feel through the life cycle of the wood.

site

23

building blocksnorth

hum

idity

prec

ipita

tion

tem

pera

ture

0F

16F

32F

48F

64F

80F

JAN FEBMAR APR MAY JUNEJULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

temperature

months

0F

15F

30F

45F

60F

75F

90F

temperature

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DECmonths

0in

1.6in

3.2in

4.8in

6.4in

8in

amountÊofÊrainÊ(in)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DECmonths

site

24

historical vs nonhistoricalnorth

Savannah has over 8000 historic and cultural buildings which contribute to the character of the community. The Savannah Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark around 1966 for the much significance it has. There are a number of residential, dating from the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth centuries.

site

25

green spaces north

The sequence of gardened square for the City of Savannah which create a unique grid streets and lanes that were designed by General James Oglethorpe when he founded Savannah in 1733. The oglethorpe’s plan is the best example of a city organization listed in UNESCO World Heritage list. All squares are about 200 feet from North to South and vary from East to West from a Maximum of 300 feet to a minimum of 100 feet.

The squares are planted with largely live oaks that create nice shades for people that spend time on the mini parks. Many of the square’s have gazebos, seating, monuments, and monuments.

site

26

historical districtcentral of georgia historic districtsavannah victorian districteastside/ meadows/ collinville historic districtcuyler-brownsville historic districtthomas square streetcar historic districtardsley park historic districtparkside historic districtgordonston historic districtnorth

Districts on Savannah, Ga

site analysis

27

Districts on Forsyth ParkHist

oric D

istric

tVicto

rian D

istric

t

no space for green area

historic street facade

vernacular greek revival 1865-1880

italiante 1880-1900

bungalow1900-1930

colonial revival 1900-1930

victorian districtqueen anne1885-1905

store front business district (4+) cast iron and store front era

space for green area

site analysis

28

site Analysis

site analysis

building blocks

site

29

north

north

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

south

west

east

north

site Analysis

site analysis

area of intervention vehicular and pedestrian circulation

wind directionsun path diagram

historical buildings

30

chapter three

31

restaurant Concepts

northsite plan

design process

32

main circulation interior courtyard

bar/ cafe

rest rooms

outdoorcourtyard

kitchen

maindining

terrace

farm to table interaction withscent garden

harth (permanent)

restaurant the process

program:main dining 2500 sq.ftbar/ cafe 1700 sq.ftkitchen 850 sq.ftrestrooms 500 sq.ftoutdoor 1500 sq.ftdiningterrace 500sq.ft total: 8500 sq.ft

restaur

ant & b

ar

patina

patina

patinawine & bar

design process

33

floor plan

up

north

program

34

transverse section

longitudinal section

drawings section

section

35

model section

sectional model

36

drawings Elevations

south elevation west elevation

north elevation east elevation

elevation

37

brick arch reinforcedwith no. 4 bars

CMU blocks

concrete slabfoundation

1/4" glass attached to the mullion

bison screw jack

T.P.O

felt

drawings section perspective

section perspective

38

chapter four

39

analysis Weathering

over time = color pigmentation over time = color pigmentation

weathering

40

0 years 50 years 100 years

harth harth harth

skin

structure structure

weathering

41

final Model scale:1/8"=1'-0"

final model

42 rendering

43

chapter five

44 responsive

Weathering negative or positive?

“Insufficient instrument by the architects and poor worksmanship by the builder, were among the principle causes of material deteriotation in building.” 1 The issue of weathering of material was a starting point for my investigation. Most people in today’s society see weathering as a negative view of a building. My ultimate goal was to investigate by the type of wood, skin and spatial experience weathering of materials create. I developed two fin systems that will be a finite skin that celebrates and welcomes weathering in a sustainable way. By using the choice of Southern Yellow Pine is would be affordable to replace with the time frame of when the skin reaches its deteriotation point.

My site was a perfect fit for my investigation because of the historical and park space the city has. I investigated in-depth building blocks, historical buildings, green spaces and city layout. The space needed was a restaurant located in Forsyth Park between the Historical and Victorian District. Given that my building is a non-permanent and over time will eventually deteriotate people will evolve with the design and material as it weathers. The time frame when the restaurant is built it will be in assembly by the community and done with love and care.

The importance of people knowing what weathering does is vital. Now in modern days, everything is replaceable within your house in which creates a disconnect. What will houses and retail look like in 200 years?

45work cited

work cited

Mostafavi, Mohsen, and David Leatherbarrow. On weathering: the life of buildings in time. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993. Print.

Schropfer, Thomas, and James Carpenter. Material design: informing architecture by materiality. Basel: Birkhauser, 2011. Print.

Corbett, Michael R., Mark Darley, and Diana Ketcham. The De Young in the 21st century: a museum by Herzog & de Meuron. London: Thames & Hudson [u.a.], 2005. Print.

"Wikipedia." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://wikipedia.com>.

Detail review of architecture and construction details : concrete, brick, stone.. Munich: Institut fur Internationale Architektur-Dokumentation, 2012. Print.

Zumthor, Peter, and Helene Binet. Peter Zumthor works: buildings and projects 1979-1997. Baden: Lars Muller, 1998. Print.

"Savannah Area GIS (SAGIS)." Savannah - Chatham County Metropolitan Planning Commission. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2013. <http://www.thempc.org/SAGIS.htm>.