Architecture for Humanity: Architectural Design Approaches of YB Mangunwijaya and Hassan Fathy
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Transcript of Architecture for Humanity: Architectural Design Approaches of YB Mangunwijaya and Hassan Fathy
ARCHITECTURE FOR HUMANITYArchitectural Design Approaches of Hassan Fathy and YB Mangunwijaya
Architects’
Background
Works and Awards
Theoretical Approaches
Case Studies:
Comparative Analysi
s
Summary and
Conclusion
Introduction and
Objectives
ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK
“Everyone, rich or poor…deserves a shelter for the soul” Samuel Mockbee, Architecture of Decency, 2004
INTRODUCTION
This study presents the architectural approaches of the two most important figures in the built environment thatchampioned a generation of creative design carried out in the service of the greater public and humanity. Theirtheoretical, philosophical and design praxis has expanded architectural design as an active social activism, andhas been regarded as remarkably important and generative.
It is an honor for us to analyze and present the architectural design methodologies of both the late Hassan Fathyand the late YB Mangunwijaya . We hope this study will benefit in the betterment of architectural knowledgeand the built environment.
OBJECTIVES
1. To analyze and understand the thinking and theoretical approaches of both architects.
2. To learn from their past experiences of exemplary works, and try to abstract their approaches in order tocreate a more reflexive and responsive design methods in our academic progression and experience.
3. To outline the similarities and differences of their approaches in responding to architectural andcontextual needs.
4. To understand the established mechanism of design and implementation process of these two greatarchitects.
ARCHITECTS’ BACKGROUND
HASSAN FATHY(Alexandria, Egypt, 23 March 1900 - Cairo, Egypt, 30 November 1989)
Education:• University of Cairo, Egypt (1926)
Professional Activities:• Architect/ Engineer• Writer• Lecturer• Musician and Dramatist
Teaching Experiences:• University of Cairo, Egypt
Other Affiliations/ Activities:• Steering Committee, Aga Khan Award for Architecture• Founder of Institute of Appropriate Technology• Member of the High Council of Arts and Letters, Egypt• Honorary Fellow, American Research Centre, Egypt • Honorary Fellow, American Institute of Architecture
Source: wikipedia.org
WORKS BY HASSAN FATHY
Hassan Fathy is noted for pioneering the use of appropriate technology for building in Egypt. His works mostly re-establish the use of adobe/ mud brick and other traditional system as opposed to Western’s concepts and systems.
Fathy has build more than 100 projects both in his hometown, Egypt as well as internationally. Some of his mostimportant architectural works are:
1. New Gourna Village, Egypt
2. Arab Refugee Housing, Palestine
3. Hamdi Seif al-Nasr House, Egypt4. Iraq Housing Programme, Iraq5. New Baris Village, Egypt6. Nile Festival Village, Egypt7. Polk House, USA8. Roxbury Mosque, USA9. Sudan Conference Centre and Mosque, Sudan10. Wehda Mosque and Islamic Centre, Egypt
Fathy’s experience in designing and building the New Gourna Village extended his effort in building for the poor bypublishing a very influential book titled Architecture For The Poor (1973).
Fathy also serve as a delegated consultant for the United Nations Refugee World Assistance, as well as consultantfor other institutions and international aid agencies.
AWARDS RECEIVED BY HASSAN FATHY
1959Encouragement Prize forFine Arts and Gold Medal
1967National Prize forFine Arts andRepublic Decoration
1980Chairman’s Award,Aga Khan Award for Architecture
1980Right Livelihood Award
1980Balzan Prize forArchitecture and UrbanPlanning
1984Gold Medal for UnionInternationale desArchitectes
Project Name: New Gourna Village, EgyptProject Type: Housing Development, New Town PlanningUsage: Residential, Urban Design and Development
The idea for the village was launched by the EgyptianDepartment of Antiquities as a potentially cost-effectivesolution to the problem of relocating an entire entrenchedcommunity of entrepreneurial excavators that had establisheditself over the royal necropolis in Luxor, Egypt.
The Village was meant to be a prototype but rather thansubscribing to the current idea of using a limited number ofunit types, Fathy took the unprecedented approach of seekingto satisfy the individual needs of each family in the design.
In his book Architecture For The Poor,Fathy justified his decision to build eachhouses in New Gourna unique and differentby quoting;
“In nature, no two men are alike. Even ifthey are twins and physically identical, theywill differ in their dreams. The architectureof the house emerges from the dream; thisis why in villages built by their inhabitantswe will find no two houses identical”.
Source: Architecture For The Poor, 1973
Source: archnet.org
ARCHITECTS’ BACKGROUND
YUSUF BILYARTA MANGUNWIJAYA(Ambarawa, Central Java, 6 May 1929 - Jakarta,Indonesia, 10 February 1999)
Education:• Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia (1959)• Rheinisch Westfaelische Technische Hochschule, Germany (1960-1966)• Fellow Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, USA (1978)
Professional Activities:• Architect• Writer• Catholic Religious Leader• Lecturer/ Teacher
Teaching Experiences:• Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia• Initiated the Elementary Education Dynamics Foundation for SD Kanisius Mangunan, Indonesia
Other Affiliations/ Activities:• Humanitarian Activist
Source: wikipedia.org
WORKS BY YB MANGUNWIJAYA
Mangunwijaya has always been regarded as Indonesia’s Father of Modern Architecture and his interests and workswere mainly associated with his sympathy towards the poor and marginal community as well as religious buildingcomplexes.
Some of his most important architectural works are:
1. Pemukiman Warga Tepi Kali Chode, Yogyakarta
2. Kompleks Religi Sendangsono, Yogyakarta
3. Gedung Keuskupan Agung Semarang
4. Gedung Bentara Budaya, Jakarta
5. Gereja Katolik Jetis, Yogyakarta
6. Gereja Katolik Cilincing, Jakarta
7. Markas Kowihan II
8. Biara Trappist Gedono, Salatiga, Semarang
9. Gereja Maria Assumpta, Klaten
10. Gereja Maria Sapta Duka, Mendut
Mangunwijaya was also the author of numerous literary works, architectural books and journals, religious booksand was an active writer on social critic issues.
His most important literary fiction is Burung-Burung Manyar.
AWARDS RECEIVED BY YB MANGUNWIJAYA
1975Radio Nederland ‘sGolden Windmill Awardfor fiction literature
1991Golden Indonesian Instituteof Architect Award forMarian Shrine inSendangsono
1992Aga Khan Award for Architecturefor Cooperative Housing for SlumDwellers of Kali Chode
1996Ramon Magsaysay Awardfor the literary fictionBurung-Burung Manyar
1995Ruth and Ralph Erskine Award forCooperative Housing for SlumDwellers of Kali Chode
Source: archnet.org
Laid between two important rivers, this village started out asillegal squatters that explains the location below the highwaybridge and its proximity to the river.
Burnt down year after year by the local government so as todiscourage these squatters from ‘breeding’ illegally here, thecommunity still held strong and with the help fromMangunwijaya, who encouraged and inspired the people tolegalized and build this settlement from waste materials.
“The problem of the poor inhabitants of theChode-Riverside was evidently not
architecture, but, as I gradually learnedfrom them, how to minimize their
inferiority feelings - the common feelingsof people that were rejected and
abandoned; the everyday feelings of peoplethat lived with permanent fear of beingswept away one day by the capitalistic
policies of development andmodernization.”
YB Mangunwijaya’s speechin accepting the Ruth and Ralph Erskine Award
Sweden, 1995
Source: Swedish Association of Architects
THEORETICAL APPROACHES
Both Hassan Fathy and Mangunwijaya are best known for their active role in developing and implementinghumanitarian approaches in their architectural polemic theories. We will outline their theories in order to learnand understand them in an analytical comparative way.
YB MANGUNWIJAYA HASSAN FATHY
“jeritan suara hati nurani masyarakat”
A collective approach in problem solving is seen asthe most appropriate way in helping the poor and
marginalized community
“architecture for the poor”
Answers to today’s problem in the world of builtenvironment are to response to each unique
humans’ dream and reality
Theology of Liberation and ContextualizedApproaches
Traditionalist - Innovative Approach
local conditionsinnovation and
creativity local traditionsappropriation in
innovation(community
participation)(community
participation)
Source: Menuju Kampung Pemerdekaan, 2002
THEORETICAL APPROACHES
YB MANGUNWIJAYA HASSAN FATHY
Universal Humanism Traditionalist
spiritual beliefs socio-cultural socio-cultural appropriation oftechnology
Material Values Material Values
sense recycle-use locality modesty plasticity form-valuelocalitymodesty
Unique CharacteristcsUnique Characteristics
pride poverty = ugly non-standard non-standard unique aspiration
THEORETICAL APPROACHES
YB MANGUNWIJAYA HASSAN FATHY
Social Knowledge
artists NGOs
Cross-Collaboration Practice: Cross-Collaboration Practice:
writers, poets,journalists
religiousmovements
sociologists
anthropologists economists
technicians
THEORETICAL APPROACHES
YB MANGUNWIJAYA HASSAN FATHY
Function of the Architect: Function of the Architect:
“ARCHITECT AS SOCIAL LEADER” “ARCHITECT AS SOCIAL LEADER”
“ARCHITECT AS SOCIAL WORKER”
from societalpoint of view
from micro level;community development,
capacity building
from communalpoint of view
from macro level;geographical, political-
economical, socio-cultural
from all level ofintervention
REFERENCES
1. Fathy, H., Architecture For The Poor: an Experiment in Rural Egypt, University of Chicago Press, CA, 1973.
2. Khudori, D., Menuju Kampung Pemerdekaan, Yayasan Pondok Rakyat, Jakarta, 2002.
3. Bell, B. & Wakeford, K. (ed.), Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism, Metropolis Books, NY, 2008.
4. Frampton, K. (et al.), Modernity and Community: Architecture in the Islamic World, Aga Khan Awards for Architecture, Thames & Hudson, London, 2001.
5. Silas, J., The Kampung Improvement Programme of Indonesia, John Willey & Sons, NY, 1984
6. www.arkitekt.se/erskine
7. www.wikipedia.org
8. www.archnet.org
END