Architectural Change after the Industrial Revolution
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Transcript of Architectural Change after the Industrial Revolution
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Palace Westminster/ Houses of Parliament (1836-68 A.D.)Designed by Sir Charles Barry, this building was in the Gothic revival
style. The old Palace of Westminster was destroyed by a fire in 1834. Sir
Charles Barry obtained the expert assistance of A W N Pugin for the Tudor
details of the building, which reflects the character of the contemporary
Gothic revival. Few can deny the brilliance of Barrys plan, with its lucid
hierarchies that differentiate between public & private areas & the
grandeur of the approaches to the great octagonal hall that separates the
Houses of Lords from the House of Commons.
i. Formal planning but not symmetrical
ii. All subsidiary suits arranged around a series of courts showing
Gothic monastic planning influence
iii. Heating through air flowing through duct spaces specially built the
floors, walls & roofs, the lantern over the central octagon acting as
an outlet for the ventilation system.
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iv. Constructed with iron joists & roofed over with cast iron plates (use
of cast iron led to wider spans, lighter weights & speed of assembly
& cheapness of columns & beams)
v. A.W.N Pugin made the design & supervised the work for all interior
wall decoration, the decorative art stained glass, the fittings,
furniture & all the ornaments
vi. An internal spine, which allows for a special sovereigns entrance at
one corner of the building, was buffered by various open-air courts
that allowed light into surrounding offices, libraries, & meeting
rooms.
vii. The exterior-done almost uniformly in a soft, yellowish limestone-
designed in a Perpendicular Gothic style that replicated the taste of
the 15th century.
viii. Despite the monotone treatment of the buildings external mass,
Barry was able to introduce picturesque elements to the skyline by
the asymmetrical positioning of the vertical elements- the Victoria
Tower (102m), the lantern over the octagonal room(& the
intermediate fleche or spire), the Big Ben(36m), Parliaments now-
famous clock tower.
ix. The river front arrangements of the rooms create a prolonged
dignified faade.
The Crystal Palace, London (1850-1851)
Paxtons idea arose from his experience at Chatsworth & was to build a
giant conservatory with a cast iron frame & ridge & furrow glazing system
which he had developed earlier. Crystal Palace in 1851 is an example of
construction of exhibition pavilion in modular units of iron. . The Crystal
Palace was a landmark in construction during those days for its size & the
speed of construction.
Following are its characteristics.
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i. Complete vocabulary of iron & glass structure & elements
displayed with iron girders, columns, trusses, gantries &
movable cranes
ii. The roof appears to consist of a number of span roofs joined
together
iii. Introduction of a transept at a larger stage having a barrel
vault.
iv. composed of thin, relatively lightweight elements that were
mass produced & assembled on site.
v. Tension wires kept the structure from falling over. The effect
was of a building that seemed almost to be woven, withcompression & tension forces brought into the open as no other
building had ever done before.
Paxton also understood that the structure had to be tall & inspiring & so
designed its central element in the form of a long nave filled with
exhibits, trees, & gardens. Under the crystal palaces roofs there was the
1st public display of English mass-produced machines & products. The
colonies & distant lands were also represented, but their displaysemphasized handcrafted products & raw materials.
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Initial Sketches for Crystal Palace by Paxton
Ridge & Furrow glazing system (sketches only for reference. Do not draw)
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RAILROAD STATIONS
Britain took the lead in the introduction of railways during the mid 19th
century. By 1850, nearly 11,000kms of railway lines linking different
neighbouring cities was already laid along with the national & the
international routes. The provision of railway stations from small buildings
on the branch lines to the metropolitan terminus was one of the most
revolutionary among the 19th century communication structure.
St. Pancras Station, London (1864-68)
The height of the tracks was to be adjusted as it came 5m above the
height of the existing street. Filling up the street would lead to the
loss of profit making commercial space along the street & hence the
tracks were lifted on the floor of wrought iron girders (for tensile
strength) & cast iron columns (for compressive strength) with
immense foundation of bricks. This provided around 4 acres of floor
space at the street level.
The tracks were covered with wrought iron truss. It was designed by
engineer William Barlow along with R.M Ordish. It was the largest &
the most spectacular of the High Victorian Period.
St. Pancras Station in London (1863-76), contained a volume of
space within its 80-meter span that defied anything architecture
previously could have striven for.
The large steel members were brought to the construction site by
the railroad itself.
In front of the shed, facing the city was a building that contained
baggage facilities, waiting rooms & offices of various sorts.
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St. Pancras Station... Axonometric view
France
Biblioteque St. Genevieve, Paris (1843-50)
Designed by Henri Labrouste
Ground Floor stacks
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Upper Floor Reading Room
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Biblioteque St. Genevieve, Paris (1862-68)
Also designed by Henri Labrouste this structure shows further shows
further advances in planning & structure over the Biblioteque St.
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Genevieve. The reading room is well known for its remarkable interiors.
Its features
The room is divided into 9 equal compartments each covered by a
pendentive dome of terracotta, each pierced at its crown with an eye
providing natural top light
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Slender, delicate iron columns & arches of cast iron with tiny Corinthian
capitals carrying the roof
Delicate decoration on the vaults, arch soffits & the wall surfaces of the
book stack
Galerie des Machines, International Exhibition, Paris (1889, demolished
1910)
This was designed by architect Charles Louis Ferdinand Dutert (1845-
1906). The engineer for the project was Victor Contamin.
The following were the characteristics
i. Support span of unprecedented 114m
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ii. Use of iron on a large scale
iii. Four centered arched hinged at the apex & the base
The Eiffel Tower was also deigned & erected at this time by Gustave Eiffel
as the entrance archway to the exhibition. The following were thecharacteristics of the tower
i. Worlds tallest structure at that time & was so till 1930
ii. Total height 300m
iii. Stands on 4 legs, presence of hydraulic jacks inside the base of each
leg enable the raising & the lowering of the structural elements so
that they could be perfectly aligned
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iv. 12,000 iron pieces designed independently to reflect the variable
inclination & to bear different loads.
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Palm Houses & conservatories
Palm Houses & conservatories were designed as an early venture in iron
& glass. Some of them are
The Conservatory, Chatsworth, Derbyshire (1836-40, demolished)
An early venture in iron & glass by gardener Sir Joseph Paxton,
assisted by Decimus Burton. Following are its characteristics
i. 84m long, 37m wide, rising to a height of 20.4m in the centre
ii. Use of laminated timber
iii. Arrangement of glass in ridge & furrow system
The Palm House, Kew Gardens, London (1845-47)
It was a joint venture by Decimus Burton & Richard Turner.
Following are its characteristics
i. 110m long, centre rises to a height of 18.9m, span of 32m
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ii. Double vault section in the centre of wrought & cast iron,
covered by glass
The Opera House (also called Academie Nationale de Musique) (1851-74)
A competition was held for this venue of opera, ballet & concert. 171
entries were received & the final winner was Jean Louis Charles Garnier. Itwas the finest design of the Period identified with the Second Empire
Style (High Victorian phase in Britain). He was from the Ecole-des-Beaux
arts school in Paris, France. Its features
i. The auditorium is horse shoe shaped, consisted of 4 tiers of boxes
with a seating capacity of 2000 people, covered by a half dome
elevated on a drum
ii. The auditorium dome is externally flanked by two smaller domes
over shoe entrances
iii. Behind the half dome (roman) of the auditorium rises the
rectangular pedimented (Greek) form of the stage. The front, when
taken as a whole, could also be seen as a very wide triumphal arch.
In that sense the building successfully negotiated the complex
political situation in which it was situated without referring to Rome
or Greece in any direct way. (As desired by Napoleon III)
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iv. The staircase that lies between the entrance narthex & the theatre
is itself a three dimensional theatre intended to allow ____________ to
see & to be seen, the encounters themselves becoming an elaborate
social _________ at the time.
v. The building is characterized throughout by opulent grandeur,
internal lobbies & foyers has many sculptures, an elaborate
staircase being the main feature of the interiors & externally it is
treated in sculptural way making use of many classical details in the
form of polychromatic ornamentation enriched with gold mosaic.
vi. Structurally the building is of Steel, rendered invisible by stone &
brick
vii. The interior consists of interweaving corridors, stairwells, alcoves
and landings allowing the movement of large numbers of people and
space for socializing during intermission.
Charles Garnier
Eugene Emmanuel Viollet le duc
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Architectural Change after the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century
where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the
socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United
Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout Europe, North
America, and eventually the world. Technological innovations brought
about a great deal of change in the work of an Architect. This was the
period of expansion of creativity and brought about various
Architectural Transformations.
Cultural Transformations
The period before and of the industrial revolution, i.e. 17th & 18th century
is easy to comprehend as
Architectural design was seen as one single whole design
Methods of design & cost varied according to time and place but
were within the limits of the established framework
(1800-1830 : Classical revival (Greek, Roman & Egyptian; bold clear
buildings using the Greek Doric Order & sometimes the ionic order,
Roman & Egyptian architecture. Architects took ideas & initiatives fromthe past styles with decreasing regards to their faithful reproduction.
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Hence architecture then was extravagantly ornate (decorated). Numerous
new projects were undertaken to cover greater spans & erect taller
buildings
1840 onwards: Industrial Revolution & Gothic Revival; 1st in England but
later spread all over the world)
Urban population grew tremendously owing to better job
opportunities in industries & overall improvement in health &
hygiene owing to introduction of sewage systems
Marked by religious tolerance, decline of power of the religious
leaders as well as demand for churches & prayer houses but all
increase in demand of other type of public buildings like Houses ofParliament, Administrative buildings, stations, hotels, exhibition
halls, theatres etc.
Vernacular character of buildings lost due to the extensive use of
cheap & standardized building components
Some of the characters of the Neo-classical style are mentionedbelow:
Clean lines Massing of simple form
Decisive detailing
Careful proportions
Skilful use of light sources
Technical transformations in Architecture.
With the advent of the industrial revolution the relationship between
society & architecture began to change. In Europe, Britain was 1 of the 1st
few countries to get industrialized, as it was rich in minerals like coal &
iron, required by the industries of that period
Iron was used for brackets, trusses, cantilevers & all other purposes
from train shed roofs to supports & decorative details.
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Effects of climate on architecture diminished owing to hot water
heating systems for buildings etc...
Glass was the next material. Both the materials revolutionized the
approach to architecture
Territorial transformations
Extensive development of transport networks like roads, railways &
canals made easy distribution of building materials, thus elimination
sharp differences between regional architecture
Exploration in the fields of town planning & transportation.
The royal Albert Bridge (1859)
Eg. St. Pancras Station...
By 1800 many types of tropical plants had been brought to grow in
Britain. These plants needed a great deal of light & warm & damp
air. some of the revolutionary glass houses were designed by Joseph
Paxton & Decimus Burton.eg...
i. The Conservatory, Chatsworth, Derbyshire (1836-40)
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ii. The Palm House, Kew Gardens, London (1845-47)
The French used ferrovitreous for a variety of buildings. Notable among
them are the libraries by Henri Labrouste (National Library & the Library
at St. Genevieve).(
Iron was also used as a structural material in church design especially in
Gothic buildings & commercial structures as the International Paris
Exposition. (Galerie des Machines, International Exhibition, Paris)
The most famous iron monument in Paris is the Eiffel tower, designed by
Gustave Eiffel, an engineer. It was 300m high & then the tallest structure
in the world.
An example of this is the use of iron in the Westminster Palace, which is a
Gothic Revival building.
Iron was also being adopted as a suitable material for complete
staircases/ Gothic vaults. eg
Biblioteque St. Genevieve, Paris
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