ARCHEOLOGICAL I�VESTIGATIO�S PAI�T

ROCK 1800s HISTORIC CAMP SITES (41CC290)

CO�CHO COU�TY, TEXAS

By

Tom Ashmore

Produced for the

Concho Valley Archeological Society (original report April 2010, updated August 2010)

1

ABSTRACT

The Concho Valley Archeological Society is constantly looking for projects of historical

importance to the Concho Valley and Texas. In that quest we look for opportunities to bring

together landowners and archeological volunteers to study and report on important historical

locations, both prehistoric and historic.

Significant archeological work was accomplished in previous years at the Campbell Ranch,

Paint Rock. However, most of it focused on the prehistoric period of Indian occupancy related

to the extensive pictographs that make this location so famous. In 1999, Dr. Solveig Turpin,

Larry Riemenschneider (CVAS Director), David G. Robinson and CVAS members undertook

a major study of the area. During this study 14 prehistoric sites were documented. These

studies were published in the Texas Historical Commission Magazine of November 2002.

(Turpin) However, very little has been looked at for the more recent historic period,

specifically the mid 1800s through the turn of the century period. Additionally, other than the

landowner’s own efforts, very little metal detecting has been conducted to search for artifacts

of this period. For this reason from December 2009, March 2010 and again in August 2010

CVAS chose to undertake a metal detecting survey of locations that showed promise in

revealing some of the more recent history of this famous Texas treasure. The pictograph area sits along 300 yards of the north bank of Concho River, about 200 yards

from the water and below a sheer 70-foot bluff of rocks that appear to sit in a layered fashion.

Although the entire area could have been used for camping, we looked at one specific area. It

begins approximately 60 yards past the western end of the pictographs and on the other side of

a spring that runs out of the bluff rocks. This area was designated CC290 during the 1999

investigations. This search area extends for about 100 yards to the west, is approximately 30

yards wide and parallels the bluff. This report will continue to use the assigned designation

from the previous investigation.

Being a crossroads of sorts and so close to the town of county seat lends itself to artifacts of

various periods intermixed. However, there are some artifacts that can be tied to specific

periods of time or activities that are worth noting, along with the historical archives of those

times.

2

ACK�OWLEDGEME�TS

The central team for this project from beginning to end was Fred Campbell, landowner and

CVAS member; Larry Riemenschneider, CVAS Director; Jack Pool, CVAS member; C.A.

Maedgen, CVAS President; and Tom Ashmore, CVAS member. We could never have

attempted this project without the kindness and generosity of Fred and Kay Campbell,

landowners and guardians of the Paint Rock pictographs. Also lending their wealth of

experience to our artifact identification was Lana and Garland Richards, owners of Fort

Chadbourne. A special thanks to the many CVAS volunteers who devoted their time to the project. They played a key role in collecting artifacts.

3

TABLE OF CO�TE�TS

Abstract……………………………………………………………………….. 1

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………… 2

Introduction……………………………………………………………………4

Location……………………………………………………………………….. 4

Historiography and Archival Research……………………….……………...5

Archeological Investigations…………………………………………………. 7

Summary……………………………………………………………………….21

Appendix A: 1800s Graffiti on painted rocks ……………………………… 23

Appendix B: Paint Pock Pistol & Rifle Artifacts …….…………………….. 24

References………………………………………………………………………26

4

Introduction

Concho Valley Archeological Society

The Concho Valley Archeological Society is a non-profit corporation with the purpose of

bringing people together who have an active interest in the archeology and Southwestern

prehistoric and historic heritage in an atmosphere conducive to the exchange of information

and ideas. The organization is based in San Angelo, Texas. The membership is made up of a

vocational and professional archeologists. The CVAS has been involved in many projects in

the Concho Valley area for over 30 years.

Landowner and CVAS member, Fred Campbell, discusses the area with CVAS Director, Larry

Riemenschneider and project team members Tom Ashmore and Jack Pool.

Location

The Paint Rock pictographs and surrounding historic camping sites are located on the 2,500

acre Campbell Ranch on the north side of the Concho River in Concho County, Texas. On the

south side of the river, opposite the ranch, sits the town of Paint Rock. Both the town of Paint

Rock and the Campbell Ranch sit off the north-south running Highway 83, about halfway

between Ballinger and Eden and 30 miles east of San Angelo.

5

Historiography and Archival Research

The Campbell Ranch has been in the Sims family since 1877. Fred and Kay Sims Campbell

are the current owners and in addition to running the ranch operations they oversee the painted

rocks with historic education programs and guided tours.

The nearby town of Paint Rock sits about a mile to the south, across the river. Paint Rock is the

county seat for Concho County, established in July 1879. By 1884 it had become a shipping

center for wool, hides, pecans, and mutton and had a population of 100. The population rose to

800 by 1914 and reached its peak of 1,000 by 1931 before declining to approximately 300

today. (Handbook of Texas History Online)

During historic times this area was significant due to several fording points along the river,

three of which are directly in front of the pictograph area. The larger of these fording areas is a

hard rock bottom ford, very favorable for wagons and later motorized vehicles. Because of

this, the early military survey chose this spot for the Concho River crossing point on the Fort

Mason to Fort Chadbourne military road. It was listed in 1856 surveys of the Concho River

land sections as the “San Antonio to Fort Chadbourne road.” Fort Mason was established in

1851 and Fort Chadbourne in 1852. The road from Fort Mason to Fort Chadbourne is 115

miles. As documented in historical records held at Fort Chadbourne, it was 72 miles from Fort

Mason to the Concho crossing and 43 miles further to Fort Chadbourne. Military travel with

wagons under normal conditions would take approximately 8 hours to travel 35 miles. So the

travel between forts took approximately three days under normal conditions. This made the

painted rocks location a likely stopping point for the second day out from Fort Mason or first

day out of Fort Chadbourne. It also made it a good stop because of the clear running spring

coming out of the rocks, shade, as well as water and forage for the animals.

Fort Chadbourne was established October 1852 for the protection of settlers against hostile

Indians. It was abandoned by the U. S. troops in March 1861 upon the approach of the Civil

War. After the Civil War it was again occupied for a short period from May to December

1867. During the period prior to the Civil War troops would make a weekly journey from Fort

Chadbourne to Fort Mason to pick up and deliver mail. These troops were likely camping at

the painted rocks area. Artifacts from the period found at this location - described further in

this report - support this.

In December 1855 Colonel Joseph E. Johnston marched his Second Cavalry into Texas via the

northern route across the Red River. After visiting Camp Cooper he took his troops down to

Fort Chadbourne and on to Fort Mason on the military road. The weather was especially bad

as he marched his wagon train southward. It is not known if he camped at the painted rocks

during this journey, but he did pass through on the military road. Camping under the bluffs

would have been good protection against the howling Norther he encountered. He reached

Fort Mason on January 14th 1856. (Rister)

During the Texas Indian Campaign, Robert E Lee, while commander of Camp Cooper and on

an Indian scouting patrol, camped at this location. The date was July 16th and 17

th, 1856. Lee

6

was ordered to detail troops from Camp Cooper, Fort Chadbourne and Fort Mason and make a

wide and sweeping search for Indians. He was on his return of this sweep and decided to send

several details on one last sweep in several directions and to meet up at the Concho crossing of

the Fort Chadbourne to Fort Mason military road. He waited for two days while the scouting

details reported in. As there was no success in finding any sign of Indians, Lee released the

details to return to their home garrisons and took his own troops back to Camp Cooper.

(Rister) Their son, Scott Campbell, of Buda, Texas, first brought this to the attention of the

Campbells, which was a major influence in taking on this particular project.

Although not visited as much during the Fort Concho period, we know it was reported being

visited at least once by scouting patrols. On November 8th, 1878 a 13-man scouting patrol out

of Fort Concho reported that during a sweep of the Kickapoo Creek area they marched to

“Painted Rocks, on the Concho River” and camped.

In the early 1880s, the land north of Paint Rock became open range cattle country. According

to the memoirs of ranchman John A. Loomis, “During severe winters cattle from north Texas

used to drift south, sometimes ranging all the way to southern Texas… As a natural

consequence the north Texas ranchmen complained that many of their cattle were stolen. One

year in the early [eighteen] eighties these men conceived the idea of establishing a dividing

line south of which their cattle would not be permitted to roam. They located camps for

cowboys, with instructions to turn the drift cattle north. One of these lines was the Concho

River, north of my ranch.” (Loomis) John Loomis founded the Silver Cliff Ranch, 10 miles

west of the town of Paint Rock and south of the Concho River. The line camps Loomis talked

about needed to be occupied continuously for this period of time in order to maintain the drift

line. Although Loomis does not specify where these camps were located, the painted rocks

area would have been a prime location for a line camp, especially in the winter, due to its

protection under the rock bluffs from the bitter Northers that can blow up that time of year.

The town of Paint Rock, being so close to the famous painted rocks, also affected the

archeological history of the area close to the rock bluffs. A written account of the people and

town of Paint Rock in the early 1880s by William Preston Rachford gives an example of this.

Rachford wrote, “During the 80’s and 90’s it was the custom for various committees to have

barbecues: the 4th of July or some local anniversary serving as an occasion. The first one of

these that I remember was in the spring of 1880 celebrating the first anniversary of the County

organization. It was held at the Painted Bluff where the spring flowed out of the hill toward

the river.”

As part of the history we also decided to document in this report the names and dates of

travelers and locals that were written on the painted rocks from the mid 1800s. Although this

is considered graffiti in some cases due to the writings being placed on top of the Indian

pictographs, it is an historical record and was painstakingly recorded by the landowners. This

information can be found in Appendix A.

7

Archeological Investigations

Before determining the locations for the focused search, two earlier survey trips were made by

a small team of CVAS members. It should be noted that some of the areas searched were

attempting to investigate the possibility of evidence of the story of the Battle of Paint Rock.

The Battle of Paint Rock is a story that has been published in numerous magazines and books

purporting a battle between Jack Hays and 40 Texas Rangers and approximately 200

Comanche Indians in 1856. The description of the battle area is very specific and an area

fitting the description on the eastern end of the painted rocks was looked at very closely with

metal detecting of both the low areas around the river and the upper areas overlooking the

river. Although we are not able to say whether the battle did or did not take place, we could

find no evidence of a battle in this area or any other areas we searched.

The search area was chosen due to positive hits during the pre-surveys, as well as previously

found artifacts by both the landowner and former archeological investigations. CC290 was

determined to have the most potential of all the areas searched. The search area extends for

about 150 yards to the west, is about 30 yards in width and parallels to the bluff. This area is an

area very close to the former Fort Mason to Fort Chadbourne military road ford and is one of

the most likely areas for camping, mainly because it is the closest spot to the spring outlet and

has a wide area for grazing. Prior to the flood of 1882 a grove of pecan trees ran all the way

from the bluff to the river. In the summer the pecan trees would make good shade and during

the winter a place close up to the bluff would block the north winds. The distance from the

bluff to the water at this point is 200 yards. The distance to the end of the bluff, where the

military road entered this area from the northwest, is approximately 400 yards.

8

Artifacts indicating camping were most concentrated close to the bluff and the spring. Older

military artifacts were concentrated in the area closest to the spring. Artifacts, mostly

consisting of later period cartridges, were found scattered down the bluff to the west.

Military Artifacts: The military artifacts found in this area support the historical information

that this was used as a military stopping point and temporary camping spot along the Fort

Mason to Fort Chadbourne road. Artifacts found included four uniform buttons. One is an

enlisted man’s general service coat button with the eagle and shield. The back stamp is

SCOVILL MFG CO. WATERBURY. The shield is level with the eagle rather than being

raised, making it 1854 – 1875 period button. The back stamp narrows it down to 1850 – 1865.

The second type button is a pair of Federal Great coat "US" two-part flat buttons. This button

is from a Civil War Union coat, worn during the Texas post-Civil War period. It is 20mm in

diameter. A fourth button appears to be a one-piece pewter flat button. It is military, but it is

too deteriorated to read. A circular back stamp can be seen, but is also too deteriorated to read.

Pewter one-piece buttons were generally pre-Civil War era. It is 18.2 mm in diameter.

military buttons (front and back side)

Also found were two .58 caliber Minie balls. Springfield arms used a bullet with three grooves

or cannelures with a cavity at the base consisting of a perfect cone. Initially, Minie balls were

adapted for flintlocks, but quickly became the main cartridge for the Model 1861 Springfield

musket. The Model 1861 was a single-shot, muzzle-loading gun detonated with a percussion

cap. It's estimated that more than a million Model 1861s were manufactured during the Civil

War. It was the most common firearm in use by both Union and Confederate forces. The .58

caliber Minie and 1861 Springfield musket were commonly used at Fort Chadbourne in its

brief post Civil War period in 1867 and probably at Fort Mason.

9

.58 caliber Minie balls

Five .69 caliber round balls were found. The .69 caliber ball was used in weapons such as the

Remington conversion of the Model 1816 musket, designated the Model 1842 musket. Under

magnification three of these balls show dimple marks common to the “Buck N Ball” load. A

"Buck-n-Ball" cartridge usually contained one .69 caliber round ball and three buckshot (.22,

.25, .32 caliber). When fired, the buckshot would spread out from the .69 caliber ball, which

increased the chances of hitting the intended target. These dimple marks indicate these balls,

although in very good condition, were probably fired, with the dimples being caused from the

extreme pressure of the ball pushing the buckshot out the barrel. The Buck-n-Ball load was

primarily for military use. These were probably from the pre-Civil War period and likely from

Fort Chadbourne troops. Another possibility is these were from Frontier Regiment troops

traveling through the area during the Civil War period.

.69 caliber musket balls typical Buck-n-Ball buckshot

Nine 50-70 cartridges, probably from at least three, possibly four different rifles were found.

At least three have Farrington primers and one a Benet primer. The Benet primed 50-70 is the

oldest, probably from the 1866 – 1873 period. These were probably military cartridges since

all were crushed after firing. In fact, one was crushed and then bent over and crushed again.

Crushing cartridges was a common practice to ensure Indians could not reuse the cartridges

found on the battlefield. It had been found that Indians were reloading inside primed .45-70

and .50-70 cartridge cases that were discarded by the Army. This was accomplished by

10

inserting a percussion cap in a hole punched in the base of the copper case, filling the case with

black powder, and inserting either a newly cast or a reclaimed bullet. The practice of crushing

cartridges was officially endorsed by the War Department in General Order 13, Feb 16th 1876.

We found the broken hammer from an 1861 Remington Army .44 caliber cap & ball revolver

in the general area as the other military items. Used almost as widely as the 1860 New model

Army Colt revolver, the Remington 1861 was the other Union Army favorite. We found one

44 caliber ball and one 45 caliber ball that would have fit this revolver.

broken hammer from 1861 Remington Army 44 caliber revolver

A copper powder flask for the Colt cap and ball pistol came out of the same area as the other

military artifacts. This was called the “Eagle and Stars” powder flask. Across the bottom of

the flask it has E.PLURIBUS UNUM. A search of existing Colt sets with this flask indicates it

was usually included with the 1849 .31 caliber Colt pocket revolver, also known as the “Baby

Dragoon.” This model was in production until 1872. Many were given as gifts to, or bought

by new recruits going into the Federal Army who quickly found anything excess - such as the

larger Dragoon revolvers - was undesirable on long marches.

11

Eagle and Stars flask 1849 .31 caliber Colt pocket revolver

We found one especially intriguing piece of china at this spot. It is a piece of white

graniteware, probably from a plate and marked with the Anthony Shaw coat of arms. Anthony

Shaw established the Mersey Pottery in Burslem, England in 1850. They made white

graniteware, especially for the American market. (Jewett) This particular mark was used from

1850 to 1882.

Anthony Shaw white graniteware full coat of arms

What makes this piece of graniteware so intriguing is a passage from Robert E Lee’s diary

from the time he was assigned to Texas. In March [1856], just before leaving San Antonio for

Fort Mason [and on to Camp Cooper] he instructed his young Polish subaltern, to procure

supplies, which they would need on their long journey and after they had arrived at Camp

Cooper. He found that “white crockery cost as much in San Antonio as French chinaware in

Baltimore,” but he purchased one dozen plates, four dishes, two vegetable plates, six cups and

saucers, and tea and sugar pots. He did this, he explained, because he got “very tired of tin,

when used constantly.” (Lee Family Digital Archive)

As stated in the historiography section, Lee camped at Paint Rock while out on a scouting

patrol July 16th and 17

th, 1856. It would be very unusual for anyone, even during the later

12

period of the town of Paint Rock and its celebrations, to bring such expensive china to this

area. A possible explanation is this could have been a discarded broken plate from Lee’s

personal collection.

Three brads from a military haversack were found. These brads are commonly found at 1860s

period military camp locations. Two are the common size (1.2cm) and the third is a smaller

size (7.85cm).

haversack brad and smaller brad typical Civil War haversack with brads

�on-specific Period Artifacts

Guns and cartridges

A great number of cartridges were found scattered along the length of the bluff. Many of these

were either small caliber or shotgun cartridges. (Numbers and types can be found in Appendix

B.) There is no way to be sure, but it is very likely that many of these were from local

residents of Paint Rock doing some rattlesnake “plinking.” The bluffs are well known as being

a haven for rattlesnakes, which have probably been there for millennia. Many of the cartridges

were found in front of areas the landowner pointed out were especially numerous in the

summertime. In at least one case it appears that some target practice was taking place. One

round was found in the center of one of the only remaining Pecan trees at this location. As

stated in the historiography section, there was a large number of Pecans in this area that were

washed away in the 1882 flood.

13

Bullet hole in Pecan tree

Most of the cartridges appear to be from the turn of the century era or before. The cartridges

cover a wide range of calibers. The greatest number of the same caliber is the famous 44-40.

All the 44-40s have been fired and they appear to come from five different guns, based on the

firing pin strikes. The .44-40 Winchester was introduced in 1873. From 1873 to 1885 the

cartridges did not have an identifying head stamp. It was the first center fire cartridge offered

by Winchester, and was brought out as the standard chambering for the new Winchester Model

1873 rifle. Some of the older cartridges were the 44 Henry and the 56-50 Spencer.

The landowner found the frame of a small pistol and a barrel in the area of the spring. The

barrel was made with a unique spiral twist and is .25 caliber. We could find no example of this

type of barrel being made commercially. The pistol frame is probably a .22 or .25 caliber

pistol frame. The trigger guard is the exact size of the Colt .22 Peacemaker trigger guard.

However, the handle design is different.

small caliber pistol frame and .25 caliber barrel

14

Recreational

3 Merry Widows condom case, harmonica reed

Clothing accessories

Left to right, top: buckle, suspenders clip

Left to right, bottom: woman’s hair comb, female dress button, lipstick

15

The suspenders clip is marked “Armstrong Brace.” There is a patent marking on the back of

“Mar 13 1877.” The lipstick is marked “The GEO W. LUFT CO. INC. New York New York,

Made in U.S.A.” The shade is Pink Rhapsody. This is from the early 1900s. We also found a

lipstick case cover from the same period marked Tangee.

Food and beverage preparation and serving

bottle glass

Several types of bottle glass were found in this area. One appears to be a milk bottle. Two

bottle bases could actually be generally dated from markings. One was dated 8-5-26,

probably dating it to Aug 5, 1926. The other is marked S.B & G Co. This is the marking for

the Streator Bottle & Glass Company, Streator, IL. This company specialized in the

production of beer bottles from 1881 to 1905.

We found whiteware that appears to be from one or several bowls, as well as the Anthony

Shaw white graniteware plate referenced above.

Eighteen broken pieces of cast iron cookware were dug up. One appears to be the top handle

of a Dutch oven. Another is annotated “...SET IRON No4.” This is probably another piece of

the Dutch oven top. The other pieces were unidentifiable. The presence of these pieces lends

credence to the possibility of a semi-permanent camp being at this location at one time. One

possibility would be the cowboy line camp period.

16

pieces of Dutch oven top antique dutch oven at auction

(for comparison)

Two three-tine forks were found. These are likely from the late 1800s. They are similar to

military kit forks, except these are wooden handled with copper or brass rivets holding the

wood. The forks also appear to be brass. These would have been expensive flatware and not

the types used by military or cowboys. They may have come from one of the local town

celebrations referenced in the historiography section.

A variety of tin can tops were dug up throughout the area. These covered both pre-1900 cans

with the solder circle tops and post 1900 crimp top cans. The circle solder can was invented in

1810, but became a thriving industry during the Civil War. By 1870 the output was 30 million

17

cans per year. The newer “sanitary” crimp top cans began serious production in 1904. Other

than an interesting wide span of time there was no way to determine anything in particular

from the variety of tin can items found at this location.

Circle solder tin can top

Horse tack

Texas martingales, like the one found at this site, have been found at both Civil War

Confederate sites as well as homesteads and along cattle drive trails.

Texas martingale

18

saddle rings, unidentified saddle piece, horseshoe nails, picket pin

two horse bridal rosettes

19

Construction artifacts

Square nails of many sizes were found in the area. One possibility is military or civilian

supply boxes being discarded and the wood deteriorating away, leaving just the nails. Another

is they may have come from temporary cowboy camps during the 1870s. Small, temporary

picket shelters were common in the 1870s. The landowner knows of no buildings, temporary

or otherwise, being located near the spring. However, there is a small rectangular area

bounded by medium to large rocks, which made up a wall of about 2 feet in height. It

measures 13 X 15 feet. One theory held by the landowners is this might have originally been a

shelter for an Indian medicine man involved in the making of the pictographs. The

construction does have similarities to shelter remains in the Texas Trans Pecos region called

the La Junta area, which was the early Jumanos Indians and this is the same tribe credited with

many of the pictographs. The possibility of later reuse and being constructed into a small

picket shelter by cowboys is not unreasonable. The oldest of the tin cans found in this area

(circle solder top) was buried inside this rectangular area, as was the Dutch oven handle.

The dotted line indicates boundary of rectangular area. Strewn rocks were originally

part of a 2-foot wall.

20

corner of shelter area

Rocks fired on one side only strewn around enclosure area. Indications of fireplace

(white man) or reflector stone wall next to hearth (Indian).

21

Example of similar rock remains from a late Prehistoric wickiup site in the Eastern

Trans Pecos region (from TARL archives)

Summary

Although many people visited the area next to the spring since the mid 1800s, there are two

significant periods that stand out and support historical documents. It was definitely used by

the military as a stopover camping location. The artifacts indicate this was mostly during the

pre- and early post-Civil War period. This fits with the period of Fort Chadbourne’s

occupation and the use of the Fort Mason to Fort Chadbourne military road. There is also

some evidence of a semi-permanent camping period at this location that points to non-military

occupation. This may well have been during the cowboy line camp period described in the

historiography section. Although many cartridges and bullets were fired in this area, it appears

the great majority were either target practice or dispatching rattlesnakes. Some may have been

used for defensive purposes, but there is not enough evidence to support such actions.

22

Appendix A: 1800s Graffiti on painted rocks 1800s Graffiti on painted rocks

Name Date Other Writings

John Barfoot 1879

G.O. Beck 186_ San Antonio

E.P. Berrey 1897

J.L. Brown 1868

P._ Brooks 1878

J. Bursey 1868

J.C. Criner 1868

J.I. Carter - Mayfield, KY

C.C. Culwell 188_

O.C. Clark 1888

J. Davis 12/25/18_

Rosa Eubanks 2/27/1890

John Frazier 1884

L.C. Gibson Aug 1880 Cherry Springs, Texas

J.L. Gibson

W.F. Gibbons 1887

Billy Godby

T.J. Gimbill May 9 1879

_ Glossbrenner 11/1883

W. _ Glossbrenner 1883

W.E. Glossbrenner 1883

Max G. Glossbrenner 1883

Penn Girls 1878

J.B. Howell 7/15/1877

J.B. Howell 9/19/1877 Hood Co., Texas

A. Henniger Aug 4, ____

_ Hoban 1856

S.J. Kemp 1861

B.E. Kemp 1876

W.A. McCormick 8/2/1883

Joseph Neaglin 11/1869

E.S. Nance 9/12/1868 KKK

John Lill_ San Antonio

H.A. Navan 1872

W.J. Ponder 1868

_ill Perry July 1897 (poss Hill Perry)

J.C. Rinert 1868

W.R. Rice 1893

Francisco Rico 1869

F.T. Sims 188_

W.M Wells 1883

Mrs. E. Wells 1883

S.B. Wood 1860

T.T. Turner 1863

23

Appendix B: Paint Pock Pistol & Rifle Artifacts

Paint Rock Pistol/Rifle Artifacts

Cartridge Stamp Company Period Comments

.22 short/40 grain US United States 2 no data, very old obsolete, took a long 40 grain bullet

.22 short/40 grain diamond Western 2 no data, very old obsolete, took a long 40 grain bullet

.22 short/40 grain H Winchester 2 no data, very old obsolete, took a long 40 grain bullet

.22 short/40 grain Peters HV Peters 1 no data, very old obsolete, took a long 40 grain bullet

.22 short/40 grain U Remington 3 no data, very old 1 in display case, obsolete, took a long 40 grain bullet

.22 short/40 grain P Peters 1 no data, very old obsolete, took a long 40 grain bullet

At least 8 different guns

.22 long H Winchester 3 unknown produced circa 1873 to current

.22 long U Remington 3 unknown produced circa 1873 to current

.22 long P Peters 2 unknown produced circa 1873 to 1934

.22 long unk unk 1 unknown produced circa 1873 to current

At least 3 different guns

.22 WMR F Winchester 1 introduced 1959

25-20 25-20 U.S.C.CO. United States 1 introduced 1893-1895 for 1892 Winchester lever action

30 short rimfire no stamp unknown 1 introduced early 1860s

30-06 R A H 18 Remington-UMC 1 WWI ammo in dispay case

.32 Smith & Wesson no stamp - 1 introduced 1878 no stamp indicates older cartridge

.32 long diamond Western 1 introduced 1861 in display case, rimfire, obsolete since unknown

38 short rimfire no stamp unknown 2 introduced post Civil War produced circa 1866 - 1940

38-40 W.R.A. Co. 38 W.C.F. Winchester 1 introduced 1874 obsolete since 1937

38-55 U.M.C. 38-55 SH UMC 1 introduced 1884 pre 1911 cartridge, bullet stuck down inside cartridge

41 short Derringer H Winchester 1 introduced 1863 obsolete since 1935

.41 long Colt 41 W.R.A.CO. L.DA. Winchester 3 introduced 1877 not chambered since 1930, used in 1877 Colt Lightning,

New Army, Army Special, Single Action Army, Bisley

all from same gun, 1 in display case

44 Henry Flat rimfire H Winchester 5 introduced 1861 1 in display case, obsolete since 1934

44 Henry Flat rimfire P Peters 3 obsolete since 1934

44 Henry Flat rimfire no stamp 3

44 Bull Dog no stamp - 1 introduced 1880 obsolete since 1939

44 Merwin & Hulbert no stamp - 1 introduced 1882 obsolete circa 1920

44 Webley no stamp - 2 introduced 1868 obsolete since 1940

44-40 no stamp - 10 1873-1885 no stamp indicates older cartridge, 1 in display case

At least 5 different guns

44-4- extra long no stamp - 1

24

45 auto 45 A.C. W.R.A.CO. Winchester 1 introduced 1911

45 Colt no stamp 2 introduced 1873 2 separate guns by firing pin markings

46 short rimfire no stamp Remington 2 introduced 1864 Remington single action Army revolver

50-70 no stamp United States 2 introduced 1873-1876 Farrington primer

50-70 no stamp - 1 1866-1873 Benet primer, oldest of all primers

50-70 no stamp - 5 introduced 1873-1876 2 in display case, Berdan primer, used through 1880s

50-70 no stamp Remington 1 Berdan primer, raised ring

56-50 Spencer rimfire no stamp 2 introduced 1861 Probably post Civil War period

9mm auto luger Remington-UMC Remington 1 in display case, modern

total 74

Shotgun Shells

UMC 10G STAR Union Metalic 1 introduced 1886 in display case

Winchester 12G LEADER Winchester 1 introduced 1900 in display case, used into 1950s at least

US 12G AJAX United States 1 Introduced 1910 - 1920

US 12G ROMAX United States 2 introduced 1910 - 1920 in display case

Winchester 12G NEW RIVAL Winchester 3 introduced 1935 in display case

Winchester 12G STAR Winchester 3 introduced 1884

UMC 12G NEW CLUB Remington 5 introduced 1891 - 1905

Winchester 12G REPEATER Winchester 1 introduced 1900 used for decades

US 16G AJAX United States 1

Peters 12G PREMIER Peters 1 Peters went out of busines 1934

Peters 12G LEAGUE Peters 2 Peters went out of busines 1934

UMC 12G CLUB Union Metallic 1 introduced 1888 first factory loaded shells by this company

Winchester 12G RANGER Winchester 1 introduced 1930s

Western 12G FIELD Western 2 unknown Western was bought by Winchester

Winchester 12G NUBLACK Winchester 1 introduced 1935

Winchester 16G SuperSpeed Winchester 1 introduced

total 27

Lead Bullets

unidentified 5 deformed

.32 caliber 3

.36 caliber ball 1

.38 caliber 4

.38 caliber ball 1 in display case

.44 caliber 5 in display case

.45 caliber ball 2 Probably used in 44 caliber cap and ball revolver

.50 caliber ball 3 one in display case

.54 caliber ball 1 in display case

.58 caliber Minie ball 2 in display case, unfired, 1861-1865 Springfield musket

.69 caliber ball 5 three in display case

total 33

25

References

Barnes, Frank C.

2006 Cartridges of the World, 11th Edition

Gun Digest Books

Concho

2009 Military scouting reports and official orders, 1866 – 1880

Fort Concho Historical Archives

Cruse, J. Brett

2008 Battles of the Red River War, Archeological Perspectives of the Indian Campaign of

1874

Texas A&M University Press

Handbook of Texas Online, “Paint Rock,” s.v. ","

http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/PP/hlp2.html (accessed February 23, 2010)

Jewett, Llewellynn

1878 The Ceramic Art of Great Britain from prehistoric times down to present day

Virtur & Co. Limited

Lee Family Digital Archive, “Robert E. Lee in Texas, III Reconnaissance” s.v. “,”

http://www.leearchive.info/shelf/rister/03.html

Loomis, Herman J,

1982 John A. Loomis, Texas Ranchman: The Memoirs of John A. Loomis

Chadron, Nebraska: Fur Press, 1982

Rister, Carl Coke

1946 Robert E Lee In Texas

University of Oklahoma Press

TexasBeyondHistory.net, “Paint Rock Pictographs,” s.v. ","

http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/plateaus/images/he4.html

Turpin, Solveig; Riemenschneider, Larry; Robinson, David

2002 “Archeological Investigations of Campbell Ranch, Paint Rock, Texas,” s.v.”,”

Texas Historical Commission Magazine of November 2002

http://www.cvassanangelo.org/uploads/paint_rock_1999.pdf