ARC FLASH, IIPP AND GHS AWARENESS

Arc Flash, IIPP, and GHS Awareness Level Safety Training

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PROTECTING OUR WORKFORCE FOR FUTURE GENERATIONSwww.ehsinternational.org031214

ARC FLASH, IIPP AND GHS AWARENESS

PROTECTING OUR WORKFORCE FOR FUTURE GENERATIONSwww.ehsinternational.org

ARC FLASH, ELECTRICAL SAFETY

AWARENESS




United States OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.303-308 adopted NFPA 70E standard for electrical installations in August 2007Cal/OSHA Subchapter 5◦ Group 1. Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders (Sections

2299 - 2599)◦ Group 2. High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders (Sections

2700 - 2974)2009 version of NFPA 70E places stronger emphasis on safety program management2012: Current Edition2015: Next Edition

Standards


OSHA’s Top 10 Cited Violations




OSHA Citations Are Costly

OSHA Citations

• 13 incidents and $1.6M since the beginning of 2012.

• Violations can carry penalties of up to $250,000 for individuals or $500,000 for companies.


Regulatory Requirements

Area OSHA 29CFR 1910 NFPA 70

Suitability for safe installation and use in accordance with listing or labeling. .303(b)(1) 110-3

Unused openings in cabinets, boxes, and fittings .305(b)(1) 110-12(a)Electrical Splices .303© 110-14(b)Workspace about electrical equipment .303(g)(1) 110-16Guarding of live parts .303(g)(2) 110-17Disconnect and circuit identification .303(f) 110-22Reverse polarity .304(a)(2) 200-11Grounding .305(j)(2)(i) 210-7GFICs ----- 210-8Grounding of fixed equipment .304(f)(5)(iv) 250-42Grounding of cord and plug connected equipment .304(f)(5)(v) 250-45Effective grounding path .304(f)(4) 250-52Flexible cord and cable uses permitted .305(g)(1)(i) 400-7Flexible cord and cable uses not permitted .305(g)(1)(ii) 400-8Flexible cord and cable splices .305(g)(2)(ii) 400-9Pull at joints and terminals .305(g)(2)(iii) 400-10

Common OSHA Citations




Cal/OSHA Standards

California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 8 (T8) Electrical Safety Orders:

• Sections 2299 – 2599– Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders

• Sections 2700 – 2989– High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders


Fed/OSHA Standards• General Industry (29 CFR 1910)

– 1910.137, Electrical protective devices– 1910.269, Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution– 1910.302, Electric utilization systems– 1910.303, General requirements– 1910.304, Wiring design and protection– 1910.305, Wiring methods, components, and equipment for general use– 1910.306, Specific purpose equipment and installations– 1910.307, Hazardous (classified) locations– 1910.308, Special systems– 1910.331, Scope– 1910.332, Training– 1910.333, Selection and use of work practices– 1910.334, Use of equipment– 1910.335, Safeguards for personnel protection




Fed/OSHA Standards

(continued)• Construction Industry (29 CFR 1926)

– 1926 Subpart K, Electrical

• Shipyard Employment (29 CFR 1915)– 1915.181, Electrical circuits and distribution boards

• Marine Terminals (29 CFR 1917)– 1917.157, Battery charging and changing


Significant Changes to the NFPA 70E Standard

2012 Edition

Program administrator should be aware of these changes and make sure they are administered in the workplace

and documented in the written program.




Engineering/Electrical Installations

Objectives:• Principles of Electricity• Hazards of Electricity• Wiring Protection & Grounding• Workspace• Hazardous Locations• Cord & Plug Equipment• Electrical Equipment

High & Low Voltage Electrical Safety


Management/Work Practices

Objectives:• Personnel Protection• Energy Control• Electrical Safety

Program• Training• Misc. Work Practices

High & Low Voltage Electrical Safety




Definitions

• High Voltage: Specifically covering installation and equipment greater than 600 Volts nominal

• Low Voltage: Specifically covering installation and equipment less than or equal to 600 Volts nominal

• Safe Work Condition: Energized exposed parts are properly guarded, or de-energized

• Unsafe Work Condition: Energized exposed parts are not properly guarded, or energized


Principles of Electricity-Units

• Resistance– Conditions which retard current flow– All materials exhibit some resistance– Units=Ohms or Ω– Conductor: Materials that allow

electrons to flow easily (Copper, Water)

– Insulator: Materials that do not allow electrons to flow easily (Rubber, Glass)

– Live wire without insulation or guarding is exposed





• Voltage– Amount of work it would take to

move a charge between two points

– Measurement of electricity in terms of pressure

– Measurement of electrical potential

– Nominal voltage designates the voltage class of a circuit

– Volts or V



• Amperage– Measure of electron flow

(current)– Total volume of current

flowing past a certain point in a given period of time

– Amps or I




Principles of Electricity-The Basics• Electricity flows through a closed circuit through a conductor

• When the circuit is closed (on) electrical current is flowing from it’s source (hot/black wire)

• Returns to the source though the neutral (white wire)

Current Returns (No Pressure)



Equation I-1

V=IR

Where: V is VoltsI is Current in AmpsR is Resistance in Ohms





Exercise 1

Find the voltage of 10 amp circuit if the resistance is 10 ohms.


Principles of Electricity

Wire Gauge Ampacity Maximum Wattage Load

14 Gauge 15 Amps 1440 W (120 V)

12 Gauge 20 Amps1920 W (120 V)3940 W (240V)

10 Gauge 30 Amps2880 W (120V)5760 W (240 V)

8 Gauge 40 Amps 7680 W (240 V)

6 Gauge 50 Amps 9600 W (240 V)




Principles of Electricity-Measurement

• The International Electrotechnical commission (IEC) Standard 61010

• Four Measurement Categories (CAT Rated) are assigned to test instrument which correspond to use applications

• The higher the category, the higher the power available in that environment

Category (CAT)

IIIIIIIV



Category Types of Measurements ExamplesI 1. Voltage levels are low.

2. Protected electronic equipment such as a photocopier or computer.

3. Equipment connected to circuits in which measures are taken to limit over-voltages to appropriately low level.

II 1. Single phase receptacle connected loads.2. Appliances, portable tools, and other household or

similar loads.3. Outlet/branch circuits:a. >30 feet from CAT III Sourceb. >60 feet from CAT IV Source

III 1. 3-Phase Distribution.2. Single-Phase commercial lighting3. Fixed location equipment such as distribution panels

and motors.IV 1. 3-Phase at utility connection.

2. Any outdoor location.3. Origin of installation where low voltage connection is

made to utility power.





• Test Instruments• Understanding the use of test

instruments • Qualified persons must be

trained in the proper use of voltage detector– Verifies the absence of

voltage and limitations • NFPA 70E, Article 110.6(D)(e)


• Test Instruments

• General Rules of Thumb– The closer you get to a power

source, the higher the CAT number

– Select a multimeter to the highest CAT number it can be used.






Resistance

DC Amps

AC Volts

DC Volts


HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY




Hazards of Electricity

Can you work on an energized system?

•Justifications:

• So the emergency alarms systems can stay activated

• Equipment design

• Performing diagnostic work



• Electricity travels in closed circuits through a conductor

• When the body becomes part of the electrical circuit Electric shock occurs when a body comes in contact:

• With both wires of an electrical circuit

• With one wire of an energized circuit and the ground

• With a metallic part that has become “hot” by contact with an energized conductor






• Severity of Shock• LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT

MEAN LOW HAZARD!!!• Voltage is a function of

current and resistance. • Current (amperes) determines

the severity of electrical hazard.• Direct Effects• Indirect Effects

Voltage itself does not determine the severity of electrical hazard.




• Electric Shock• Refers to current passing over or through a human

body or it’s members and to the injuries that result.• A person must become a conductor between two

points that differ in electrical potential.

• Direct Effects• Refers to specific damage to the body.

• Indirect Effects• Electrical shock may cause muscles to contract

causing a worker to lose his or her balance and fall.




1 milliamp Faint tingle5 milliamp Slight shock-not painful6-25 milliamp Painful shock (women)9-30 milliamp “Let go” range (men)50-150 milliamp Extreme pain-muscular

contraction1000-4300 milliamp Death most likely10,000 milliamp Cardiac arrest, burns,

death

Higher current (Amperage) are typically the most hazardous




• Mild Shock: • Caused by brief contact with

current <5 mA

• Physical effects may include:

• Tingling feeling in the affected area

• Slight discoloration of skin

• Minor burns




• Severe Shock: Longer contact with current 5 mA to 25 mA.

• Physical effects may include:• Numbness or temporary

paralysis of body parts• Moderate to serious pain• Spasms or loss of muscle

control• Loss of consciousness• Breathing difficulties





• Deadly Shock: Happens when worker is frozen to an electrical contact point and receives continuous current >25 mA.

• Physical effects may include:• Paralysis of respiratory muscles• 2nd or 3rd degree burns• Destroyed nerves• Ruptured internal organs• Shattered teeth• Broken bones• Torn muscles



• Internal Injuries• Contraction of chest muscles (may interfere with

breathing causing asphyxiation)

• Destruction of nerves• Tissues• Muscles • Caused by the heat as the heavy current runs through

the body

• Paralysis of nerve center• May result in failure to breath• Often continues after victim is free from circuit




• Internal Injuries• Burns

• Contact with metal objects such as jewelry

• Ventricular Fibrillation• Interference with the normal heart rhythm

• Fibers of heart, instead of contracting in a coordinated manner, contract separately at different times

• Blood circulation ceases



Arc Flashes• Arcing can be caused by:

• Short circuits between cable carrying heavy currents• Pulling fuses in energized circuits

• Explosions:• Accumulation of combustible dust• Flammable vapors • On overheated conductors or equipment





• Heat & Fire• Fires are caused when

more current flows through a conductor than it’s designed capacity.

• This will cause excessive heating that can ignite surrounding materials.

• Electricity is the most common cause of fires in home and workplace.



Exercise 31. The unit of electricity that actually kills a person is:

a. Voltageb. Resistancec. Wattaged. Current

2. The group with the highest percentage of electrocutions in the workplace is:a. Power plant operatorsb. Experienced electrical workersc. Machine operatorsd. Workers with little or no experience in electrical procedures





• Disconnecting Means– Switch or circuit breaker

– capable of interrupting current flow from a supply source

– This will disconnect electrical equipment from it’s source

– Event of an emergency– During normal servicing of

operations

Engineering Control-Disconnects



All disconnecting means must be identified

DisconnectCircuit Breaker





Panelboard with marked Circuit Breakers and

legend.

Disconnect marked with service location.


• Overcurrent Protection: • Devices designed to disconnect a circuit• When a maximum allowable heat level is reached• The safe current carrying capacity of conductors is

determined by their:• Size• Material• Insulation• Way they are installed

Overcurrent devices should interrupt the current flow when it exceeds the conductor’s capacity.





• Fuses:• Disconnects circuit

• Element inside the fuse body melts • Too much current passes through• Causes heat

• Fuse Types• Plug• Link• Cartridge




• Fuses that are accessible to unqualified employees must be equipped with a disconnecting means to allow the fuse to be serviced.

• Circuit Breaker: Functions to disconnect a circuit when excessive flow causes a heat build up in a bi-metal strip Panelboard houses

circuit breakers.





Disconnect

Fuses


Engineering Control-Workspace

• Workspace:• Access and working space shall

be provided• Safe Operations and

Maintenance• Depth distances shall be

maintained• Permit a 90-degree opening

of door or hinged parts




• Proper distance measurements:

– Exposed: live parts

– Enclosed: From the enclosure front opening

– Depends on voltage



Workspace-600 V or less




Workspace-Greater than 600 V



– Condition 1: Exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other side of the working space, or exposed live parts on both sides effectively guarded by suitable wood or other insulating material

– Condition 2: Exposed live parts on one side and grounded parts on the other. Cinderblock and tiled walls are considered grounded surfaces

– Condition 3: Exposed live parts on both sides of the work space (not guarded as provided in Condition A) with the operator between.





Nominal Voltage Minimum Elevation

601-7500 9.0

7501-35,000 9.5’

>35 kV 9.5’+0.37”/kV above 35 kV

• Elevation of unguarded energized parts above Workspace



Exercise 4

What is the workspace requirement for a 600 volt system where there is the possibility of exposed parts on both sides?




Engineering Control-Temp Wire/Cord & Plug

• Cord and Plug Equipment• Temporary Wiring• Hand Tools

Never carry tool by the cord or hose.Never yank a cord to

disconnect it from it’s receptacle



• Flexible Cords Permitted• Wiring of Fixtures• Connection of portable lamps or appliances• Elevator cables• Appliances where the fastening means and

mechanical connections are designed to permit removal for maintenance or repair

• Pendants




• Flexible Cords Not Permitted• Substitute for fixed wiring• Cannot run through:

• Walls• Ceilings• Floors• Doorways or windows

• Cannot be:• Attached to building surfaces• Concealed behind building

• Walls• Ceilings• Floors




• Power Strips• Power strips must be UL Listed• Shall have build in overcurrent devices • Shall not be piggy backed or plugged into each other.





• Power Strips

• Do not use power strips for:• Appliances with heating elements• Electric room heaters• Bench top cooking appliances

• Do not plug into extension cords• Plug directly into a wall socket

• Extension cords should not to be used for permanent applications

• A heavy reliance on power strips is an indication that you have too few outlets to address your needs

• Have additional outlets installed where you need them



Amps of Equipment

Cord Length in Feet

25’ 50’ 100’ 150’

0-6 18 gauge 16 gauge 16 gauge 14 gauge

10 18 gauge 16 gauge 14 gauge 14 gauge

10-12 16 gauge 16 gauge 14 gauge 12 gauge

12-16 14 gauge 12 gauge Not recommended

Wire size for extension cords





Exercise 5

What is the maximum cord length & gauge you can use with a 14 Amp tool?



• Power Hand Tools• Keep power cords away from

• Heat• Oil• Sharp edges

• Disconnect tool when changing bits, blades & accessories

• Avoid accidental starting

• Ensure tools are UL listed





• Grounding for extension cords• Written program for non-permanent wiring where GFCI is

not used• Designate a competent person

• Grounding conductor does not have “continuity” • Damaged or broken wire• User is not protected• No return path to the ground

• Visual inspection before each day’s use:• External defects• Missing pins/insulation• Indications of possible internal damage



• Perform tests at intervals:• Ensures continuity

– Before each use– Evidence of damage– Before it is returned

to service after repairs

– Periods not exceeding 3 months

A continuity tester is used to ensure the

grounding conductor is properly intact.




Engineering Control-Electrical Equipment

• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)• Fast acting• Electrical circuit-interrupting device• If current flow between the black

(ungrounded) and neutral wires differs• Greater than 5mA• GFCI will quickly open the circuit

• When current is not equal, some electrical energy is flowing to ground• Possibly through a person



• GFCI Requirements• Bathrooms • Kitchens• Rooftops• Not part of permanent wiring system

• Tripping may be caused by:• Wet areas• Too many power tools on a GFCI branch. • Poorly installed GFCIs. • Damaged or defective GFCIs





Exercise 6a

Placing a GFCI in position A will provide protection to _________


Exercise 6b

Placing a GFCI in position B will provide protection to __ but not __






Exercise 6c

Placing a GFCI in position C will not provide protection to ____


WHAT IS ARC FLASH?




• Causes of Arc Flash– An arcing flash is the flow of

current through the air between:– Phase conductors– Phase conductors and neutral or

ground– An arc can release tremendous

amounts of concentrated radiant energy

– Point of the arcing– Small fraction of a second– Resulting in extremely high

temperatures

There are many potential causes of arc flashes from

electrical equipment.

ARC FLASH


• Arc Flash• Caused by human error

• Dropped tools• Accidental contact

with electrical systems

• Improper work procedures

• Insulation failure

ARC FLASH




Video: Arc flash caused by an overloaded transformer


Management/Work Practices

• Qualified Person: • Skills & knowledge related to

the construction and operation of the electrical equipment & installations

• Received safety training on the hazards involved

• Trained to safeguard• Himself • Surrounding environments




• All employees working on energized electrical systems must be trained on all the aspects of their job and working with electrical system

• Qualified High voltage Electrical Worker– Trained as to hazards associated with work– How to control hazards (LOTO)– Universal safety procedures– Skills & techniques necessary to distinguish live parts

Training


• Qualified High voltage Electrical Worker (con’t)– Skills necessary to determine voltages– Clearance distances– Selection of tools and PPE– Selection of proper work procedures– Recognize signs and symptoms of electrical shock– Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)– Automatic External Defibrillator (AED)– Emergency Procedures

Training




• Personnel Protection• Includes:

– PPE– Approach Boundaries– Tools– Alerting Techniques

Personnel Protection


• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7, page 70E-28 to 40

• Gloves• Head Protection• Eye & Face Protection• Foot Protection• Apparel

Personnel Protection-PPE




Personnel Protection-PPE (Gloves)

Voltage Rated Gloves have a classification according to the

voltage range they can be used


Class Protection VDC

Protection VAC

00 Up to 750 Up to 500

0 Up to 1500 Up to 1000

1 Up to 11,250 Up to 7500

2 Up to 25,500 Up to 17,000

3 Up to 39,750 Up to 26,500

4 Up to 54,000 Up to 36,000





• Care and Use– Equipment shall be inspected

before each use.– An air test should be performed

along with the inspection.• Equipment should not be used if:

– There is a hole, tear, or cut– Embedded foreign object– Texture changes

• Storage:– Light– Ozone– Temperature extremes– Excessive humidity


Air test must be performed prior to donning voltage rated

gloves.



Chemical Attack: Swelling caused by oils & petroleum

compounds

Contamination: Discard protectors contaminated by oils & petroleum

compounds





Snags: Damage shown is due to wood or metal

splinters or other sharp objects.

Folding Gloves: Strain on rubber at folded point is

equal to stretching to glove to twice it’s length.



Rubber insulating equipment must be tested by an outside laboratory to ensure proper insulating protection.

Frequencies depend on the equipment.

Type of Equipment When to TestRubber Insulating Gloves* Before issue & every 6 monthsRubber Insulating Blankets Before issue & every 12 months

Rubber Insulating Sleeves Before issue & every 12 months

*ASTM requires every glove must be electrically tested before it is shipped. Some manufacturers automatically stamp the month and year of the test. Some stamp them for an small add on charge. Gloves can sit on the shelf for up to 1 year before hey need to be retested. If you keep records of when you put the gloves into service, they would need to be electrically tested 6 months from issue date.





ASTM Standard Specification

D 120-87 Rubber Insulating Gloves

D 1048-93 Rubber Insulating Blankets

D 1049-93 Rubber Insulating Covers

D 1051-87 Rubber Insulating Sleeves


• Protector Gloves.• Provide protection against

punctures, snags and abrasions

• Shall be worn over insulating gloves.

• Shall be worn where required for flash protection.

• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7(C)(13)(c)(1)-(2), Page 38


Protector gloves are worn over voltage rated gloves

for flash protection & protect the v-rated gloves against punctures & snags





Exercise 7

Class 00 gloves will provide protection up to:a. 800 VDCb. 500 VACc. 1000 VACd. 5400 VAC


Personnel Protection-PPE (Head Protection)

• Basic Rules for Hard Hats– Headband must be adjustable

to proper size– Should be visually inspected

daily– Shall not drill or punch holes in

hard hats– Should not be:

– stored or carried in rear window shelf of car

– not be worn backwards

Look for classification on the hat





Old ClassNew Class (after 1997)

Class AClass G

Class BClass E

Class CClass C

Description General service, limited voltage

protection.

Utility Service, high voltage protection

General Service, metallic, no voltage

protection

Insulation Protection 2200 V 20,000 V NONE

Impact Resistance 850 lbs Ave.1000 lbs max

850 lbs Ave.1000 lbs max

850 lbs Ave.1000 lbs max

Penetration Resistance 3/8” max 3/8” max 7/16” max

Old ANSI StandardNew ANSI Standard

Z89.1-1969Z89.1-1997

Z89.2-1971Z89.1-1997

Z89.1-1969Z89.1-1997



Exercise 8

Which hard hat will protect up to 480 V?

a. Class Zb. Class Gc. Class Cd. Bump Cap




• Employees must wear protective equipment for the eyes & face: • Danger of injury• Electric arcs or flashes• Flying objects

• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7(C)(3) & 130.7(C)(4), page 70E-28

Personnel Protection-PPE (Eye/Face Protection)



• Basic Rules for Eye & Face Protection– Made of appropriate material– Shall have an arc rating

suitable for the arc exposure – Face shield without arc

ratings shall not be used – Safety glasses/goggles shall

always be worn under face shields or hood.

– Check NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(10) for eye & face protection in accordance with Hazard Risk Category (HRC).

Appropriate eye & face protection for HRC=2*





HRC=0

Safety Glasses

HRC=1 or 2

Arc Face Shield

HRC=2*

Arc Face Shield + Sock Hood

HRC=3 or 4

Arc Hood

• Face shields must be worn in combination with safety glasses.• Arc Rating of face shields must correspond to HRC for available

incident energy.


Personnel Protection-PPE (Foot Protection)

• Dielectric overshoes are required

• Ensure foot protection is non-conductive

• Complies with ANSI Z41

• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7(C)(7), page 70E-29

Foot wear should be in good condition and not

have exposed steel caps.




Personnel Protection-PPE (Protective Clothing)

• Flame Resistant Clothing: – Clothing made from fabrics

that self extinguish – Fabrics are a combination

of natural and synthetic materials

– Most severe burn injuries and fatalities are caused by non-flame resistant clothing igniting and continuing to burn.



• Flame retardantsare chemicals that inhibit sustained combustion

• Flame resistance is the characteristic of not supporting combustion in air

• FRC should be appropriate to hazard




• Always the outermost layer

• Worn correctly; zipped & buttoned

• Outermost layer must meet requirements for Arc Flash Protection Hazard Risk Category

• Undergarments must be of natural fiber such as cotton




• NFPA 70E, Table 130.7(C)(11), page 70E-37(Protective Clothing Characteristics)

• Describes minimum performance requirements for clothing intended to protect against electric arc flashes

• Based on• Hazard Risk Category (HRC)• Arc Thermal Protection Value (ATPV)

• Fabrics must : – Retain flame resistance through multiple launderings – Be tested to ASTM F1959 to determine the

performance in an electric arc flash




Protective Clothing Categories have minimum Arc Thermal Performance Values. These Arc Thermal Protection Values (ATPV) correspond to the maximum incident energy that the clothing will protect with worker.

HRC 0 - ATPV = N/A HRC 1 - ATPV = 4 cal/cm2 HRC 2 - ATPV = 8 cal/cm2 HRC 3 - ATPV = 25 cal/cm2 HRC 4 - ATPV = 40 cal/cm2



• Voltage Rated Tools

• When performing energized work• Maximum voltage rating • Identified as insulated for use

on energized parts

• Qualified persons shall ensure tools are in good condition prior to use.

Personnel Protection-Tools

1000 V




Personnel Protection-Tools

Insulated tools will be rated with maximum voltage rating and double diamond symbol.


FLASH PROTECTION BOUNDARY & LIMITS

OF APPROACH




Personnel Protection-Flash Boundaries

• Requires an arc flash hazard analysis

• NFPA 70E, Article 130.3, pages 24-25


Personnel Protection-Flash Boundaries




Personnel Protection-Approach Boundaries

• Limited approach boundary: Outermost boundary that can be crossed by qualified worker.

• Restricted Approach Boundary: Safest distance before qualified worker is required to use shock protection equipment and techniques. Unqualified persons may not cross this boundary

under any circumstances.

• Prohibited Approach Boundary: Crossing this boundary is the same as coming into contact with a live part



• Basic Principles– Increase the distance between person and decrease

the potential for accident.– Unqualified people should not cross the limited

approach boundary unless they are wearing appropriate equipment and are under the supervision of a qualified person.





• Safe approach distance for Qualified Persons • Determine limited approach boundary and, if

boundary is to be cross, appropriate protective equipment is used.

• For a qualified person to cross the limited approach boundary, he/she must:• Have a plan that is documented and approved by

management.• Use PPE appropriate for the equipment and

voltage level involved. • Requires shock hazard analysis.• NFPA 70E, Article 130.2, pages 24



• Approach Boundaries

• NFPA Chapter 1,Table 130.2(C), page 70E-25

• Limited Approach Boundary

• Exposed Movable Conductor: – Typically an overhead – Worker requires a bucket truck or other means, such as a

movable platform, to work on conductor

• Exposed Fixed Circuit Path: – Distances less than for movable conductor– Example would be an open section of a panelboard where

a worker or object could come into contact with the exposed part






Crossing this boundary is the

same as coming into

contact with a live part

Qualified Persons Only.

Qualified or Unqualified Persons (if accompanied by Qualified Person)

Shock boundaries depend on the system voltage level

Limited Shock Boundary

Restricted Shock Boundary

Prohibited Shock Boundary







Personnel Protection-Equipment Labeling

• NFPA 70E, Article 130.7(E), • NFPA 70E Article 130.3(C), • Markings shall be located so as

to be clearly visible to qualified persons before:• Examination• Adjustment• Servicing




• NFPA 70E Requires equipment be field marked with:– Available incident energy – Required level of PPE

• Markings shall be located to be clearly visible to qualified persons: – Before examination– Adjustment– Servicing or maintenance

Arc Flash & Shock HazardAppropriate PPE Required

Hazard Risk Category 1Arc Rating 4 cal/cm2

PPE Approach Boundaries

Class 00 Gloves + Over Gloves Prohibited 1 inch

Arc Rated Coveralls Restricted1 foot

Arc Rated Face Shield Limited 3 feet,6 inches

Class E Hard Hat Flash Boundary4 feet

Safety Glasses

Ear Plugs




DANGER indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. This signal word is to be limited to the most extreme situations.

WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.

CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. It may also be used to alert against unsafe practices."




• Work Permit Elements– Description of equipment to be worked on and

location– Justification of why work must be performed in

energized condition– Description of safe work practices to be employed– Results of shock hazard analysis– Determination of shock protection boundaries

Electrical Safety Program-Work Permit


Electrical Safety Program-Work Permit

– PPE– Means employed to

restrict access of unqualified persons to persons working in area

– Job Briefing– Approvals– Documentation– Article 130.1(B)– Annex J




• Emergency Procedures• Use of precautionary techniques

and PPE• Methods of release of shock

victims• Fire and CPR (if duties

warrant)• CPR training certified

annually

• NFPA 70E, Article 110.6(A)-(D)

Emergency Procedures


• Emergency Procedures – NFPA 70E, 110.6(C) – If you see a co-worker

receiving continuous shock, immediately turn off the power.

– If you can’t shut down the power, free the victim by using a dry non-conductive object.

– Never use your bare hands to free a victim frozen by electric shock





• Signs of traumatic shock– Make sure victim is lying

down– Calm victim by being quiet

and reassuring– If the skin is unnaturally

warm, loosen clothing and try to cool the victim by fanning air

• If face is red, raise his head• If face is pale, raise his tail



• Actions for Class C Fires– If you see smoke coming from

any equipment or electrical enclosure, press the STOP button

– Turn off the main power disconnect of the machine

– Clear the area of all non-essential personnel

– Only use approved extinguishers





• Ladders: used near exposed energized sources must have non-conductive side rails

• Moisture: Any type of moisture may provide a conductive path resulting in shock– Never work around a source of

electricity when you or your surroundings, you tools or cloths are wet.

– Keep a towel or rag handy for drying your hands

• NFPA 70E,Table 130.7(F)

Miscellaneous Work Practices


• Clothing: Do not wear clothes that are so tight that they restrict your freedom of movement– So loose they may get caught

in equipment.– Button shirt cuffs– Remove neckties.– Belts with large metal buckles

can be conductors• If you have long hair, restrain it


Common safe work practices should be exercised when working around energized

equipment




• Before starting work:– Take off all jewelry, rings and

metal wristwatches– Gold and silver are excellent

conductors

• Choose the right tool for the job:– Inspect tools

• Good shape– Never modify tools– Do not use:

• Cracks• Tears• Gaps in the insulation



• Power Tools

• NEC Standards for double insulation or 3rd wire power cord grounding

• Inspect tools for wear or defects• Inspect all power cords and switches

for:– Cuts– Frayed insulation– Exposed terminals.

• Ensure that extension cords– Right size and rating

• Always use grounded electrical outlets– Do not overload them.





• Limited access to the work area with signs and barriers.• Know the electrical power levels you may be exposed to

so you can take all necessary precautions.• Do not assume the hazards are less because the

voltages are low.• Never work alone on a live circuit. • Always have an observer trained in emergency shutdown

and first aid.

Review


INJURY AND ILLNESS PREVENTION

PROGRAM (IIPP) AWARENESSCCR Title 8, Section 3203(See regulation handout)




Why Have an IIPP?

• In California every employer has a legal obligation to provide and maintain a safe and healthful workplace for employees.

• California Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1973.

• As of 1991, a written, effective Injury and Illness Prevention Program (IIPP) is required.


IIPP Requirements 1. Identify Responsible Persons2. Employee Compliance & Discipline3. Communicating Safety to Employees4. Identifying/ Hazard Assessment5. Incident Investigation6. Procedures for Correcting Hazards7. Employee Safety Training8. Recordkeeping




Supervisor/Manager Responsibilities

• Implement the IIPP• Ensure employees receive safety training• Ensure timely correction of workplace hazards• Discipline employees for safety violations• Coordinate workplace inspections• Ensure financial resources available for safety


Employee Responsibilities

• Follow general safe work practices & Code of Safe Work Practices

• Promptly report hazards and injuries• Protect yourselves from recognized &

uncontrolled hazards• Refrain from tasks that require specialized

training




Employee Recognition & Discipline

• Discipline may be required when:– Failure to comply with safety rules– Possession or under the influence of controlled

substances– Improper use of company equipment

Supervisors will evaluate your safety performance during your annual review


Employee Recognition & Discipline

• Recognition Procedure:– Witness a co-worker’s Safety action– Nominate co-worker for safety awards using

proper company procedures• Nomination should include:

– Description of the worthy action– Date action was taken, and– Description of the positive effect the action had

on co-workers




Communicating Safety

• Training • Newsletters• Bulletin Board

- OSHA Postings• Safety Hotline or Suggestion Box• Safety Manuals and Policies


Workplace InspectionsFormal Safety Inspections

– As needed– Completed by an inspection team

Daily Inspections– general work space/tools– conducted by every employee

Monthly Checklist– Tools, Fire Extinguishers, First Aid Kits, etc.




Workplace InspectionsHazard Identification

– Report to supervisor for correction– Employees to identify hazards in daily activities– Potentially hazardous condition can be corrected

immediately by the employee– Conditions causing imminent danger that cannot

be corrected shall have work stopped until repairs are made


Workplace Inspections

Preventative Maintenance Programs– Identify hazards before a serious situation arises– Follow manufacturer’s guidelines– Recurring safety concerns should be investigated

with assistance from supervisor




Safety Committee• Review results of periodic inspections• Review incident reports for follow-up on

corrective action• Submit suggestions to management to prevent

future incidents• Review department’s Code of Safe Work

Practices on an annual basis• Review alleged hazardous conditions


Employee Training

• Safety training WILL be on-going• New or transferred employees will have specific

training before beginning their jobs• Supervisors will receive on-going safety training• Tailgate Meetings




Incident Investigations

• Supervisor will determine root cause & take corrective action to ensure injuries do not recur.

- What Happened?- Why?- Corrective Actions Taken

• Near miss incidents need to be reported


Record Keeping

• Supervisor’s Report of Incident• Medical Examinations and Exposure Records• Safety Committee Meetings




Maintain Your IIPP Program

Schedule a review:

• Quarterly, semiannually or annually

• Review critical component in your IIPP

• What is working well and what changes, if any, are needed


GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM

(GHS) AWARENESS




Introduction• Changes have been made to OSHA’s Hazard

Communication Standard to bring the U.S. into alignment with the Global Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification & Labeling of Hazardous Chemicals.

• The GHS is expected to prevent injuries and illnesses, save lives and improve trade conditions for chemical manufacturers.


• The new standard still requires chemical manufacturers and importers to evaluate the chemicals they produce or import and provide hazard information to employers and workers by putting labels on containers and preparing safety data sheets.

• However, the old standard allowed chemical manufacturers and importers to convey hazard information on labels and material safety data sheets in whatever format they chose.

Introduction




• The modified standard provides a single set of harmonized criteria for classifying chemicals according to their health and physical hazards and specifies hazard communication elements for labeling and safety data sheets.

Introduction


Initial Costs • For Employers

» Initial employee training on the label elements» Minimal training on new SDS format» Continue to maintain the updated SDSs » Review current hazard communication program and

update as necessary

• For Manufacturers» Initial start-up costs associated with reclassification,

producing new labels, safety data sheets, training




Employer Responsibilities

• Perform a hazard determination to identify all chemicals that present a physical hazard (the chemical is flammable, explosive, an oxidizer, an organic peroxide, pyrophoric, a compressed gas, unstable-reactive, or water-reactive) or a healthhazard (the chemical produces an acute or chronic health risk).


• Prepare an inventory of the chemicals that lists the identity of the chemicals, the hazards they present and how they’re stored in the workplace.

• Obtain SDS’s and labels for each hazardous chemical, if not provided by the manufacturer, importer or distributor.

Employer Responsibilities




Employer Responsibilities• Develop and implement a written hazard

communication program which includes the location(s) of SDS’s, procedures for proper labeling and employee training on the hazards of the chemicals and how to read and use SDS’s and label information.

• Communicating hazard information to their employees through labels, SDS’s and formal training programs.


Notable Changes• Using a “specification” approach rather than a

“performance-oriented” approach» “Hazard classification” rather than “hazard

determination”• Labels are more defined and will now require:

» Product identifier» Pictogram» Signal word» Hazard statement(s)» Precautionary statement(s)» Name, address, and telephone number




Notable Changes

• “Safety Data Sheet” (rather than “material safety data sheet”) uses a 16-section format.

• Guidance in the GHS (such as decision logics in criteria) has been removed to streamline provisions.


How Hazard Communication Works




The New HazCom Regulationa) Purposeb) Scope and

Applicationc) Definitionsd) Hazard Classificatione) Written Hazard

Communication Program

f) Labels and Other Forms of Warning

g) Safety Data Sheetsh) Employee

Information and Training

i) Trade Secretsj) Effective Dates

Appendices A–F

Red = New changes


NEW GHS LABELS

(See Laminated OSHA Quick Card)




f) Labels and Other Forms of WarningHazCom 1994

• Shipped containers to be labeled with identity, appropriate hazard warnings, and responsible party.

• Performance-oriented, specifics left to discretion of chemical manufacturer or importer.

HazCom 2012

• Shipped containers to be labeled with product identifier; signal word; hazard statement(s); pictograms; precautionary statements; and responsible party.

• Specifies information by hazard class and category.


Label RequirementsShipped Containers

1. Product identifier & codes

2. Signal word3. Pictogram(s)4. Hazard statement(s)5. Precautionary

statement(s)6. Supplier information

NOTE: OSHA and GHS do not mandate a specific order for each label




• OSHA proposed to require labels to be updated within three months of getting new and significant information about the hazards.

• The final rule requires containers shipped six months after the information is available to be labeled accordingly.

Updating Labels


NEW GHS PICTOGRAMS

(See Laminated OSHA Quick Card)




• Carcinogen (1A, 1B, 2)• Mutagenicity (1A, 1B, 2) • Reproductive Toxicity (1A, 1B, 2)• Respiratory Sensitizer (1) • Target Organ Toxicity (1, 2)• Aspiration Toxicity (1, 2)

Health Hazard

Used to denote:

GHS Hazard Pictograms



Flame Over Circle

• Oxidizer

Used to denote:





Exclamation Mark

• Irritant - skin and eye (2A) • Dermal Sensitizer (1) • Acute Toxicity (4)• Narcotic Effects (3)• Respiratory Tract Irritant (3)• Hazardous to Ozone Layer (Non-Mandatory)

Used to denote:



Gas Cylinder

• Gases Under Pressure

Used to denote:





Corrosion

• Skin Corrosion/Burns (1A, 1B, 1C) • Eye Damage (1)• Corrosive to Metals

Used to denote:



Exploding Bomb

• Explosive (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4)

• Self-Reactive (Type A, B)• Organic Peroxide

(Type A, B)

Used to denote:




GHS Hazard PictogramsFlame

• Flammable (Solids 1, 2; Liquids 1, 2, 3) • Pyrophoric (Type B, C, D, F) • Self-Heating (Type B, C, D, F) • Emits Flammable Gas (Type B, C, D, F) • Self-Reactive (Type B, C, D, E, F) • Organic Peroxide (Type B, C, D, F)

Used to denote:



Skull and Crossbones

• Acute Toxicity - fatal or toxic(1, 2, 3)

Used to denote:





Environment(Non-Mandatory)

• Acute Aquatic Toxicity (1)• Chronic Aquatic Toxicity (1, 2)

Used to denote:


• OSHA is requiring red borders regardless of the shipment’s destination.

• The red borders increase comprehensibility.

• Blank red diamonds are not permitted on a label.

Red vs. Black Borders




SAFETY DATA SHEETS


g) Safety Data Sheets HazCom 1994

• Specifies what information is required, but chemical manufacturer or importer can use whatever format or order of information they want.

HazCom 2012

• Mandates 16-section SDS headings, order of information, and what information is to be provided under the headings.

• Will not enforce sections 12-15 that require information outside OSHA’s jurisdiction.




• Each SDS must be in English and include information regarding the specific chemical identity of the hazardous chemical(s) involved and the common names.

• In addition, information must be provided on the known acute and chronic health effects and related health information; exposure limits; whether the chemical is considered to be a carcinogen by NTP, IARC, or OSHA; precautionary measures; and the identification (name, address, and telephone number) of the organization responsible for preparing the sheet.

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)


• Copies of the SDS for hazardous chemicals in a given worksite are to be readily accessible to employees in that area.

• They must be readily available to workers during each work shift.





• Employers must prepare an inventory of all hazardous chemicals in the workplace. When the list is complete, it should be checked against the collected SDSs that the employer has been sent.

• If there are hazardous chemicals used for which no SDS has been received, the employer must contact the supplier, manufacturer, or importer to obtain the missing SDS.



The new GHS format is as follows:

• Section 1, Identification;

• Section 2, Hazards Identification;

(continued on following slide)

SDS Source: Chemical Inspection & Regulation Service

SDS Format(1st page)

See SDS Sample Handout




(continued)• Section 2, Hazards

Identification;

• Section 3, Composition/ Information on Ingredients;

• Section 4, First Aid Measures;


SDS Format(2nd page)



(continued)• Section 4, First Aid

Measures;

• Section 5, Fire-Fighting Measures;

• Section 6, Accidental Release Measures;

SDS Format(3rd page)





• Section 7, Handling and Storage;

• Section 8, Exposure Control/Personal Protection;

• Section 9, Physical and Chemical Properties;


SDS Format(4th page)



(continued)• Section 9, Physical

and Chemical Properties;

• Section 10, Stability and Reliability;






• Section 11, Toxicological Information;

• Section 12, Ecological Information;

• Section 13, Disposal Considerations;

• Section 14, Transport Information;





(continued)• Section 14,

Transport Information;

• Section 15, Regulatory Information;

• Section 16, Other Information,

(including date of preparation or last revision)

SDS Format(final page)





TRAINING REQUIREMENTS


h) Employee Information and TrainingHazCom 1994

• Requires employee information and training before a worker is exposed to the hazardous chemicals in the workplace, and whenever the hazard changes.

HazCom 2012

• Clarifies that the labels on shipped containers and workplace labels must be explained, as well as SDS format.

• Workers will have to be trained on the new label and SDS formats before all the provisions of the rule are effective.




Training

• Employers shall train employees regarding the new label elements and safety data sheets format by:

December 1, 2013


Training• Label Elements

» Train employees on the type of information that the employee would expect to see on the new labels.

» How they might use that information. • Product identifier, Signal word, Hazard statement(s),

Pictogram(s), Precautionary statement(s), and Name, address and phone number of the responsible party.

• General understanding how the elements interact. • For example, explain there are two signal words: Danger

means a more severe hazard within a hazard class. Warning is for the less severe hazard




Training

• Safety Data Sheet Format» Train the employees on the standardized 16 section

format and the type of information they would find in the various sections.


j) Effective Dates – HazCom 2012Effective Completion Date Requirement(s) WhoDecember 1, 2013 Train employees on the new label elements and

SDS format.Employers

June 1, 2015*

December 1, 2015

Comply with all modified provisions of this final rule, except:

Distributors may ship products labeled by manufacturers under the old system until December 1, 2015.

Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers

June 1, 2016 Update alternative workplace labeling and hazard communication program as necessary, and provide additional employee training for newly identified physical or health hazards.

Employers

Transition Period Comply with either 29 CFR 1910.1200 (this final standard), or the current standard, or both

All chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers

*This date coincides with the European Union implementation date for classification of mixtures.




ehs International, Inc.

27422 Portola Parkway, Suite 345Foothill Ranch, CA 92610

Phone: (949) 540-6800eFax: (949) 540-6810

Email: [email protected]: www.ehsinternational.org

Any Questions?

ARC FLASH, IIPP AND GHS AWARENESS

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