ARC-344FINAL PROJECT

Z.Talha BASTEMMETU NCC

Human Adaptation to the Built Environment

OUTLINE• Introduction• Adaptation• Built Environment • Build environment circle

• Thermal comfort• Thermal adaptation• Adaptation to indoor climate• Adaptation to indoor air pollution• Noise pollution • Clothing • Human Adaptation to Climate change

• Conclusion• References

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Introduction

• The reason for choosing this topic is to understand the some factors that have effect on built environment and how people can adapt to these factors.

• This research topic is about some factors in built environment and people should adapt this environment in order to survive.

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Adaptation

• Definitions:

1. ‘‘ Any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts

that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better

fitted to survive and multiply in its environment.’’ (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/adaptation)

2. ‘‘ The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an

organism to become more suited to an environment ’’ (http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Adaptation)

•

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BUILT ENVIROMENT

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Definition: ‘‘ It is everything humanly created, modified, or constructed,

humanly made, arranged, or maintained.’’ (Bartuska & Young, 1994)

Examples: water supply or energy networks ,gardens, plazas...

human needs, thoughts, and actions is the creativity function that occur built

environment.

http://www.chalmers.se/en/areas-of-advance/builtenvironment/Documents/Bild%20glob%20Built%20Environment.jpg

Built Enviroment circle

6http://www.publichealth.ie/sites/default/files/built%20environment%20diagram.gif

• According To ASHRAE-55(as cited in Tiwari

et al(2010), thermal comfort is pleasure of

human to his/her thermal environment.

• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

and Air-Conditioning Engineers is the

society that gives standards for thermal

comfort.• http://www.ashrae.org/

Thermal Comfort

7http://www.ashrae.org/Image%20Library/imgLib/20060907_mainlogo_100white.gif

http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm

1. Thermal Adaptation

• For example, the body-mass/body-surface ratio declines with heat of climate

(Schreider, 1951 as cited in Newman) and frequently, appears to be articulated by

small body size in tropical forest peoples and by more linear body builds in low-

latitude desert and savanna person(Newman, n.d). That means we can see small

and linear body size in people living in tropical forest and desert areas where there

is higher temperatures. 8

It is a adaptation that people can adapt when

they born or have mutation to catch thermal

Adaptation which is thermal comfort

http://www.austin-green-home.com/wp-content/uploads/thermal-bridge.gif

2. Adaptation to Indoor Climate

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According to the (Tiwari et al, 2010) adaptation to indoor climate can be expressed in three modes.

According to the (Tiwari et al, 2010) adaptation to indoor climate can be expressed in three modes.

1. Adjustment: behavioral and Technological changes

2. Habituation: psychological Adaptation i.e. changing Expectations

3. Acclimatization: Long term Physiological adaptation to Climate.

Opening the window.Turning on the heater.

Assuming it is hot when it is cold

Genetic adaptation

3. Adaptation to indoor air

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Indoor air pollution is related to the quality of air in the

interiors.

During the conference, not enough equipment to refresh the air,

people that involve conference cannot realize that the air density

is getting higher. However; if one person enter the conference

room, he can probably predict that the air quality in that

conference room is too low

http://www.umkc.edu/accf/images/rooms-image-small.jpg

4.Noise Adaptation

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Noise pollution is the result of excessive and annoying sounds that

occur from built environment elements such as transportation,

construction, water supply; it can be harmful to physical and

psychological health of human at high frequencies.

For Example, in highways, there are a lot of cars that make

noise. If there is one car on the road noise pollution can

be adapted easily. But if there is more than one car and if

there is also trucks on the highways the noise that they

create cannot be adapted easily.

Noise adaptation can change by age or gender. It can also

be different for people who come from different

countries, such as cities and villages (Wohlwill, 1974).http://uppergreenside.org/blog/2006/07/13/noise-pollution-trash-manhattans-biggest-qol-problems/

5.Clothing

• People choose their clothes to

adapt to the temperature of the

indoor or outdoor environments.

• For example in winter, we wear

coats to keep us warm in outside.

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http://eu.fotolia.com/id/32986252

‘‘ Thermal and mass transfer properties

of clothing affect sensible and latent

energy exchanges between the body and

its immediate environment, impacting

the body's heat-balance, its

thermophysiological response, and,

ultimately, conscious thermal

discomfort.’’ (Morgan et al,2002)

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http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/visible.html

Color waves have different both physical and chemical characteristic for each wave. It is called visible light region of the electromagnetic spectrum. For example, we need to wear black sweatshirt in winter since black can absorb the sun light rays and keep us warm. However, in the summer time, wearing white t-shirts can deflect the sun light therefore keeping us cool. Also painting the house according to color waves is beneficial for adaptation.

Examples

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http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/sf/painting-fixing-repair/black-painted-house-love-it-or-leave-it-125885

http://dornob.com/minimalist-design-open-air-white-home-without-windows/?ref=search

6. Adaptation to Climate Change

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Can we adapt to climate change

What is climate change (scientific)

What is climate change (basic)

Conclusion

As a summary, built enviroment is built because of human needs and it can affect

human health, human psychology. it is important to adapt built enviroment’s

sections in order to survive.

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http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/vgn/images/portal/cit_611/29/50/1249912934built_environment_logo.jpg

http://www.bris.ac.uk/brite/images/built-environment.jpg

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References

Bartuska, T. J., & Young, ,. G. (1994). The Built Environment Definition and Scope in The Built Environment: A Creative Inquiry into Design and Planning part 1 chapter 1. Retrived from http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/24/04700075/0470007524.pdf

Morgan, C., Dear, R. d., & Brager, G. (2002). Fraunhofer IRB. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from Fraunhofer IRB web site: http://www.irbdirekt.de/daten/iconda/CIB7766.pdf

Newman, M. T. (2010) Biological Adaptation Of Man To His Environment: Heat, Cold, Altitude, And Nutrition. In M. T. Newman, Newman: Adaptation of Man to Environment (pp. 616-631). New York: Annals New York Academy of Sciences. Retrived from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1961.tb31093.x/abstract

Tiwari, R., Pandey, M., & Sharma, A. (2010, march 17). SciRP. Retrieved november 2011,30 from http://www.SciRP.com/: http://www.SciRP.org/journal/epe

Wohlwill, J. F. (1974). Human Adaptation to Levels of Environmental Stimulation. Human Ecology, VoL 2, No. 2 , 127-147.Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/l98855213557633q/

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