Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
Transcript of Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
1/14
BestProductsofEurope
1
Roomairconditioners:RecommendationsforpolicydesignMay2012
1. SummarySplitvariablespeed(inverter)airconditionersaretodaysbestavailabletechnology(BAT).Themost
efficientmodelsontheEuropeanmarketreachanEnergyEfficiencyRatio(EER;coolingfunction)of
5.63andaCoefficientofPerformance(COP;heatingfunction)of5.68.
ThestockofairconditionersinstalledinEuropeisexpectedtogrowfromtodays40millionunitsto
over110millionunitsby2020.TotalannualelectricityconsumptionbyairconditionersinEuropeis
estimatedatmorethan40TWhin2010,twothirdsareattributedtotheheatingfunction.By2020
electricityconsumptionwillincreasetoaround75TWhannuallywithoutanymeasures(businessas
usual).Theplannedmeasuresareexpectedtoleadtosavingsofaround12TWhannuallyonly25%
oftheexpectedincreaseinelectricityconsumption.Onlywithstrictminimumefficiency
requirementsguidedbytodaysBATtheexpectedelectricityconsumptionincreasecanbemadeup
for.TheBATshouldbetheguidelineforstrictfutureminimumefficiencyrequirements,announcedin
advance.Aneffectiveenergylabelsupportsthedevelopmentofmoreefficientappliancestowards
theBAT.Thefutureenergylabelshouldguideconsumerstothemostefficientmodelsby
distinguishingthemfromlessefficientproductsandmakingvisiblethelowrelativeefficiencyof
singleductsanddoubleducts.Butfirstofall,measurementmethodsandefficiencyindicatorstaking
intoaccounttheefficiencygainsofpartloadoperationareneeded:seasonalenergyefficiencyratio
(SEER,cooling)andseasonalcoefficientofperformance(SCOP,heating)doaccountforthehigh
efficiencyofvariablespeedairconditioners,unlikenon-seasonalefficiencyindicators.Atestproject
byToptenimpliesthatSEERandSCOPvalueswillbeconsiderablyhigherthancurrentEERandCOP
values.Thisshouldbeaccountedforinthedesignoftheenergylabellingscaleandfutureminimum
efficiencyrequirements.
Box1:Airconditionertypes
Outdoor-andindoorunit
Mobilesplit
Splitairconditionersconsistofanindoor-andanoutdoorunit,
fixedlyinstalled.Thecondenserincludingthecompressorislocated
intheoutdoorunit,notdeliveringanywasteheatindoors.Several
indoorunitscanbeconnectedtooneoutdoorunitresultingina
multi-splitairconditioner.Mobilesplitairconditionershavea
portableindoorunitcontainingthecompressor,whichleadstoless
efficiency.Airconditionersthatareneitheradoubleductnora
singleductarecalledroomair-conditioners(RAC) bytheECWorking
document.
Singleductsconsistofonesingleunitplacedfreelyintheroom.The
airisexpelledthroughaduct,whichrequiresawindowtobeopen.
Warmairisdrawnintotheroom,asthecondenseriscooledwithair
takenfromtheroomthecoolingeffectissmallandonlylocal.
Doubleductsalsoconsistofonesingleunit,buthaveseparateducts
forairintakeandexhaust.Eitherdoubleductsaremoveableand
placednexttoawindow,ortheductsaremountedintothewall.
Through-the-windowairconditioners (also:compactorthrough-
the-wallAC)arewidespreadintheUSA,butofnoimportancein
Europe.Theyaretoocompacttobeefficientandneedanopeningin
theinsulation.
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
2/14
BestProductsofEurope
2
Box2:WhatisthedifferencebetweenSEERandEER/SCOPandCOP?
Thecurrentenergylabelforairconditionersreferstothe EnergyEfficiencyRatio (EER,coolingfunction)andCoefficientOfPerformance (COP,heatingfunction)toexpresstheenergyefficiencyof
airconditioners.Theseindicatorsaremeasuredatfullloadoperationanddonotaccountforthe
efficiencygainsbyvariablespeed(inverter)drivesabilitytoworkatpartload.
Seasonalefficiencyindicators(SEERforcooling,SCOPorHeatingSeasonalPerformanceFactor
(HSPF)forheating)doconsiderthedifferentcoolingorheatingneedsduringtheyearandthus
includepartloadoperationofairconditioners.Manynon-EUcountrieshavebeenapplyingseasonal
efficiencyindicators,whiletheEUisabouttointroducethemnow.Yetnomeasurementstandard
hasbeenestablishedforSEERandSCOPinEurope.Therefore onlynon-seasonalefficiencyvalues
areknownforEUairconditioners ,whileglobalBATvaluesareindicatedasSEERorSCOP.European
variablespeedairconditionerswillreachhigherefficiencyvalueswhenmeasuredonaseasonalbasis
thantheyreachnowexpressedasEERorCOP.Theresultwilldependonthedefinedcoolingandheatingseasoncharacteristics(temperaturesandduration).AToptenmeasurementprojecthas
shownthatthedifferenceintheresultingefficiencyindicatorsmeasuredaccordingthecurrent
Europeanfullloadstandardorthedraftfuturepartloadstandardcanbevastatleastforefficient
variablespeedairconditioners(SEERwasEER+3.6,SCOPwasCOP+0.6).
2. BestavailableandaverageTechnology
2.1.Energyefficiency:splitvariablespeedairconditionersaretheBATThemostenergyefficientairconditionersontodaysEUmarketaresplitairconditionerswitha
variablespeedcompressorandapermanent-magnetmotor.Fixedlyinstalled,splitairconditioners
generallyreachmuchhigherefficiencyvaluesthanmoveable(singleduct,doubleductormobilesplit)products.Onlysplitairconditionershavebothcondenserandcompressorlocatedoutside,not
deliveringwasteheatindoors.Furthermoremoveablesaretoocompactastoallowefficientheat
transfer.Singleductsadditionallyrequireawindowtobeopenthroughwhichtheexhaustairis
blown,whichmakesaneffectivecoolingofaroomimpossible.Therealcoolingeffectcanbe40%
lowerthantheindicatedcoolingcapacity(Brunneretal.2008).
Theinvertertechnologyallowstheairconditionerscompressortorunatvariablespeed,andtothus
onlyprovidethecoolingintensitythatisrequired.Mostotherairconditionerscanonlyworkatfull
capacityandreachacertaintemperaturelevelbyswitchingOnandOff.Stagedairconditionerscan
atleastworkattwoorthreedifferentcapacities.Variablespeedairconditionershavemultiple
advantages:
- Theykeepthetemperaturemorestable,increasingthermalcomfort- Theycaninitiallycoolawarmroomfastertoaconvenienttemperature- Theyaremoreenergyefficient
Manysplitmodelswithvariablespeeddrivehavebeenonthemarket,soonthefirstvariablespeed
doubleductsareintroducedonthemarket(WDcovernote,April2010).
Fortheheatingmode,someproductsswitchto(electrical)resistanceheating,ahighlyinefficientway
ofheating.Potentiallyefficientareproductswithareversibleheatpumpinstead.
Furthermore,smallcapacityairconditionersaremoreefficientthanhighcapacitymodels.
EnergyefficiencyofairconditionershasbeenindicatedbytheEER(EnergyEfficiencyRatio)forthe
coolingmode,and,ifpresent,inCOP(CoefficientofPerformance)fortheheatingmode.These
indicatorsgivetheratioofthetotalcoolingorheatingoutputandtheenergyconsumption.InefficientproductsonthemarkethaveEERofaround2andCOParound2.4.Resistanceheating
resultsinaCOPof1.
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
3/14
BestProductsofEurope
3
Table1givesanoverviewonBAT(BestavailableTechnology)EERandCOPvaluesfoundontheEU
market.Efficiencycoefficientsvarystronglybetweenthedifferentairconditionertypes.
Tab.1:EER(cooling)andCOP(heating)ofBestavailableProductsontheEuropeanmarket(source:
www.topten.eu,May2012)
Efficiencyindicatorsdependonmeasurementstandard
AirconditionersonAsianmarketsreachhigherefficiencylevelsthaninEurope:themostefficient
variablespeedairconditionerinChinain2010hasanSEER(SeasonalEnergyEfficiencyRatio)of7.30.
JapaneseproductsalsoreachSEERlevelsof7orEERof6.6andCOPvaluesof6.9(Riviereetal.,
2009).
AtestprojectbyToptenin2011howeverimpliedthattheEuropeanefficiencyindicatorsaremainly
lowbecauseoftheyetmissingpartloadconditionmeasurementandnotbecauseEuropeanACsare
lessefficientthanAsianmodels.Variablespeedairconditionersreachhigherefficiencyvalueswhen
measuredatpartloadconditions.Furthermore,thecalculationmethodoftheseasonalefficiency
indicatorhasaninfluenceontheresult.
ThetestingprojectbyToptenshowedthatEuropeanairconditionerscanbeexpectedtoreachas
highSEERandSCOPvaluesasAsianmodelsdowhenthenewEuropeanpartloadstandardisapplied.
TherealefficiencyleveloftheEuropeanBATmodelsseemstobecomparablewithefficientChinese
airconditioners.TheEuropeanmeasurementstandardhasrecentlybeenrevised(EN14511:2011)
andamendedwithapartloadmeasurementstandard(EN14825:2012).
2.2.Refrigerants:promisingnaturalsubstancesTherefrigeranthasaneffectonanairconditionersefficiency.However,alsotheGlobalWarming
Potential(GWP)hastobetakenintoaccount,asrefrigerantlossesaccountfor10-20%ofthetotal
greenhousegasemissions(Riviereetal.,2009).R22isbeingphasedoutbecauseofitsOzone
DepletionPotential(ODP).R410AhasbecomethemostcommonrefrigerantinEurope.
TodayHFOs(Hydrofluoro-Olefines)andnaturalrefrigerantswithmuchlowerGWPsthanR410Aor
R407Cstarttobeused.HFOshaveGWPsaround4-6,propanehasaGWPof3.HFOsareasefficient
asR410AorR407C,propaneiseven7%moreefficient.Yetpropanehowevercanonlybeusedin
smallcapacitysingleductappliancesduetosafetyrestrictionsintheEU(Riviereetal.,2009).CO 2isa
promisingfuturerefrigerantcandidate,butcompressoradaptationsareneededasitrequiresa
higherpressure.
Refrigerant GWP
R22(HCFC) 1700
R407C(HFC) 1653
R410A(HFC) 1725
HFOs around4
R290(Propane) 3
CO2 1
Airconditionertype EER:BATinEU COP:BATinEU
Split4kW,variablespeed 4.52 4.79
Mobilesplit 3.26 3.67
Doubleduct 3.22
Singleduct 3.06/3.59(water
evaporation)
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
4/14
BestProductsofEurope
4
Tab.2:GWPsofcommonrefrigerantsinairconditioners.R22isbeingphasedout.
3. MarketsituationinEurope
GrowingsalesandstockTheairconditionersmarketintheEUisgrowing.In2005,4.9millionunitsweresoldacrosstheEU-
27.By2020,salesareexpectedtodoubletocloseto10millionunits.Thestockisestimatedtogrow
fromover40millionunitstodayto110millionunitsby2020.Annuallyanadditionalcoolingcapacity
ofaround12.6GWisinstalledinEUhouses.
MostairconditionersaresoldinItaly,SpainandGreece.SalesofItalyandSpaintogetheraccountfor
morethan50%oftheentireEUmarket(Riviereetal.,2009,Fig.1).
Fig.1:Airconditionerssalesshares(numberofunits)bycountry,EU-27.Source:Riviereetal.,2009.
ReversiblevariablespeedairconditionersaredominatingtheEUmarket
ProductsonthemarketacrosstheEUaresimilar,butnationalmarketsdifferstronglydueto
differentclimate,buildingdesign,legislationandincome.Theheatingfunctionofairconditionersfor
instanceisimportantinSoutherncountries,whilehousesinNortherncountriesusuallyhavecentral
heatinginstalled.AcrossEurope,about75%ofthesalesareairconditionersincludingaheating
functionwithareversibleheatpump.In200755-75%werevariablespeed(inverter)airconditioners.Salessharesofbothreversibleheatpumpsandvariablespeedairconditionersareexpectedtogrow
further.Splitcoolingonlyappliances(withoutheatingfunction)areexpectedtodisappearfromthe
market.Singleductsanddoubleducts,todayaccountingforabout15%ofthesales,areexpectedto
becomemorepopular.ThemostimportantrefrigerantintheEUisR410A:itisusedin60%oftheair
conditioners(Riviereetal.,2009).
ClassAhasbecomestandard
Accordingtosalesdatafrom5Europeancountriesfrom2005-2008(tillOctober)classAair
conditionersbynowaccountforthemajorityofthesales(GfK/Attali/BushforDefra,2009).
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
5/14
BestProductsofEurope
5
Fig.2-4:Airconditionersalesin5EU-countries,ItalyandFrance,2004October2008.Source:
GfK/Attali/BushforDefra,2009.
Thismarketevolutionseemstomainlyhavebeentriggeredbytheintroductionoftheenergylabel
forairconditionersin2002(Bertoldi,Atanasiu,2009).Bynowhighefficiencysplitairconditioners
haveEnergyEfficiencyRatio(EER)valuesofupto5.6-waybeyondtheclassAthresholdof3.2.The
introductionofthenewenergylabelwithclassesofuptoA+++willstartin2012.FromJanuary2013
thenewlabelwillbecompulsory.
4. Energyconsumptionandsavingpotentials
Largedifferencesinenergyconsumptionbetweenairconditioningtypesandmodels
Energyconsumptionduringtheusephaseisdominatingtheoverallenvironmentalimpactofair
conditioners.10-20%ofthetotalgreenhousegasemissionsareattributedtorefrigerantleakage.
Inairconditionersfeaturingaheatingmode,heatingaccountsformorethantwothirdsofthe
electricalconsumption.Thestandbymode,includingthecrankcaseheater,isusuallyresponsiblefor
around10%,butespeciallycrankcaseheatingwithoutcontrolcanaccountforupto25%ofthetotal
electricityconsumption.
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
6/14
BestProductsofEurope
6
Thetotalenergyconsumptiondependsmainlyontheoutdoorclimate,buildingtypeandage,the
capacityandthetypeoftheapplianceandcanvarystrongly.
AnefficientsplitairconditionerwithanEERof5.63andaCOPof5.68consumesaround800kWh
peryear
1
.AccordingtoBertoldi,Atanasiu,2009,theaverageEERoftheairconditionermodelssoldintheEU-27in2008wasaround3.23,theaverageCOParound3.4.Suchanaverageairconditioner
consumesalmost90%moreelectricitythanaBATmodelaround1500kWhperyear.
Themostefficientmoveableairconditionerisasingleductwhichsupportsitscoolingeffectwith
waterevaporation.AslongasthetankcontainswaterthismodelreachesanEERof3.59
(www.eurotopten.it).Purelyair-cooledsingleductsanddoubleductsdontreachhigherefficiency
valuesthan3.22,whilemosthaveEERsaslowas2.05.Therealefficiencyofsingleductsand
moveabledoubleductsisevenlowerthanindicated,mainlybecauseoftheneededwindowopening.
Inefficientsingleordoubleductsconsumearound400kWhperyearforlocalcoolingonly(Fig5+6).
Fig.5+6:Annualenergyconsumptionbysplitairconditionersandbysingleducts
1.AC=reversible
roomairconditioner.Datasource:topten.info,Bertoldi,Atanasiu2009andRiviereetal.,2009.
Increasingtotalconsumption
TotalannualelectricityconsumptionbyairconditionersinEuropeisestimatedatmorethan40TWh
in2010(EC,2009).Twothirdsofthetotalconsumptionareattributedtotheheatingfunction
(Riviereetal.,2009).
By2020electricityconsumptionwillincreasetoaround75TWhannuallywithoutanymeasures(businessasusual)(EC,2009),mainlyduetohighermarketpenetration(Riviereetal.,2009).The
expectedincreaseof30TWhannuallycorrespondstotheproductionofalmostfive750MW-power
plants.
Theplannedmeasures(minimumrequirementsandenergylabel)areexpectedtoleadtosavingsof
around12TWhannuallyby2020(EC,2009)onlyonethirdoftheexpectedincreaseinelectricity
consumption.
1Assumedare350hoursofoperationincooling,1400inheatingmode,whichisinlinewiththe
ecodesignworkingdocuments.Standbyconsumptionincludesthermostatoffandcrankcaseheating.Foraverageproductsstandbyconsumptionisassumedtoaccountfor17%,forefficientproductsfor
7%ofthetotalconsumption.Allelectricityconsumptionindicationsareforairconditionerswitha
coolingcapacityof2kWandaheatingcapacityof2.5kW.
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
7/14
BestProductsofEurope
7
BATholdsahighsavingpotential
Thesavingpotentialishigherthanthat:assumingthattodaysentirestockwasreplacedbyBAT
applianceswouldalreadyleadtoannualelectricitysavingsofmorethan12TWh.Theexpected
futurestockof110millionunitsin2020holdsasavingpotentialof31TWhperyear.
ThesecalculationsunderestimatetherealsavingpotentialbecausetheeffectiveefficiencyofairconditionerswithvariablespeeddriveishigherthancanbeaccountedforbytheEER.Thecapability
tosaveenergybyrunningatpartialloadcannotbeexpressedwithanEERonlywithaSeasonal
EnergyEfficiencyRatio(SEER).
StillthecalculationsshowthatonlywithrequiringtodaysBATtheexpectedelectricityconsumption
increaseof30TWhannuallycanbemadeupfor.
5. Politicalinstrumentsandinitiatives
5.1.Newmeasurementmethod:seasonalefficiencyindicatorsUntilnow,theelectricityconsumptionofairconditionerswasmeasuredatfullloadoperation,andtheresultingefficiencyindicatorexpressedasEER(cooling)orCOP(heatingfunction).Fixspeedair
conditionersreachacertaintemperaturebyswitchingfromfullloadoperationtooff,whichisnot
efficient.Variablespeed(also:inverter)airconditionersaremoreefficientthanfixspeedair
conditioners,astheyareabletoworkatpartloadandadapttheirworkloadtothetemperature
changeneeded.
Theoldefficiencydeterminationmethodhoweverdoesnotincludepartloadoperation.
Consequently,theefficiencyofvariablespeedairconditionersisnotaccountedforintheEERand
COPvalues.Measurementmethodsandefficiencyindicatorstakingintoaccountpartloadoperation
areneeded:seasonalenergyefficiencyratio(SEER,cooling)andseasonalcoefficientofperformance
(SCOP,heating)doconsidervaryingcoolingandheatingneedsduringayearforacertainclimate.
Theneedforseasonalefficiencyindicatorshasbeenrecognisedbytheecodesignpreparatorystudy(lot10),andthecurrentmeasurementstandardEN14511hasbeenrevisedin2011andamendedto
includeamethodtomeasureandcalculateseasonalperformanceindicators(EN14825/2012).These
seasonalperformanceindicatorsarethebasisfortheecodesignrequirementsaswellasforthe
revisedenergylabel.
AtestingprojectbyToptenfrom2011impliesthatSEERvaluesofvariablespeedairconditionerscan
be3.6pointshigherthanthecurrentEERvalues.Fortheheatingfunction,thedifferenceseemsto
besmaller(+0.6forthetestedmodel).Declarationsaccordingtothenewmeasurementmethodwill
starttoappearinthecourseof2012,from2013allvariablespeedairconditionerswillberated
accordingtotheirseasonalperformance.
5.2.Newenergylabelfrom2013Thecurrent(old)energylabelforairconditionerswasintroducedin2002,anditisaccordingly
outdated.Itdefinesthreedifferentclassificationschemes:forsplit,compact(through-the-wall)air
conditionersandforsingleanddoubleducts(Tab.3).ClassAsingle-ordoubleducts(EER>2.6)
havethesameenergyefficiencyratioasaclassDsplitappliance.Atthesametime,efficientsplit
appliancesreachmuchbettervaluesthantheclassAlimit:theclassAlimitisat3.2,whileBATsplit
airconditionersreachEERvaluesof5.63!Thecurrentenergylabelallowsnoidentificationofthe
bestappliancesnordoesitmakevisibletheverylowefficiencyofsingleductsanddoubleducts.
Furthermore,themeasurementtolerancesof15%arebroaderthantheclasses,whichenabled
creativemanufacturerstodeclaretheefficiencyoftheirproductsuptotwoclassesabovethereal
efficiency.Theheatingperformanceofairconditionershasnotbeendisplayedwiththecoloured
arrowsonthecurrentenergylabel,onlywithaletterontheficheindicatingtheefficiencyclass.
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
8/14
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
9/14
BestProductsofEurope
9
Fig.7+8:DesignofthenewEnergylabel:forcoolingonlyandforreversibleappliances
5.3.Ecodesignregulation:gaptoBATInMarch2012alsotheecodesignregulationhasbeenpublishedintheOfficialJournal.Its
requirementswillapplyfromJanuary2013.
Thedraftregulationcontainsdifferentminimumefficiencyrequirementsforroomairconditioners,
single-anddouble-ducts,maximumpowerinputforstandbyandoffmodeandmaximumsound
powerlevels.AppliancesusingrefrigerantswithaGlobalWarmingPotential(GWP)below150
receivea10%reductionoftherequiredefficiencylevels.Intier2forlargeACs(6-12kW)different,a
bitlessambitiousvaluesareapplied.
Theminimumefficiencyrequirementsforroomairconditionersarebasedonaseasonalenergy
efficiencyratio,requirementsfordoubleductsandsingleductsarebasedonanon-seasonal(full
load)energyefficiencyratio.
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
10/14
BestProductsofEurope
10
Tab.5:EcodesignrequirementsandBAT
*ResultsofatestingprojectbyToptenin2011implythatvariablespeedairconditionerSEERvalues
accordingtothenewmeasurementstandardwillbemorethan3.0pointshigherthancurrentEER
andSCOPvalues0.6higherthanCOPvalues.
Theintroductionofaseasonalenergyefficiencyratiofordoubleductsisforeseenforthenext
revisionprocess(after5years),asaccordinglythefirstmodelswithvariablespeeddriveareonly
abouttoenterthemarket.Proposedstandbyandoffmoderequirementsforsingleanddoubleductsareinlinewiththe
horizontalstandbyregulation1275/2008,butareimplementedsometwoyearslater.Forsingleand
doubleductsthemaximumpowerinputvaluesof1W/0.5W(Offmodeandstandbymode,tier
1/tier2)and2W/1W(Standbymode,withdisplay)ofthestandbyregulationarevalidfrom2013and
2014respectively.StandbyandOffmodeconsumptionby(split)roomairconditionersiscontainedin
theSEERcalculation,noadditionallowpowerconsumptionrequirementsareproposed.
5.4.Newenergylabel:A+++classesalreadypopulated,novisualisingofthelowefficiencyofsingleductsanddoubleducts
ThebestsplitmodelontheEUmarketreachesanEERvalueof5.63andaCOPof5.68intermsof
SEERandSCOPthismodelwillreachhighervalues,asitoperateswithavariablespeeddrive.BasedontheresultsoftheToptentestingproject(seechapter5.1)thismodelcanbeexpectedtohavea
SEERofaround9andaSCOPofaround6.NotonlythisBATmodel,butalsootherairconditioning
modelsbelowtheBATwouldendupintheA+++classesforbothcoolingandheatingfunction.All6
modelsbelow4kWontopten.eucanpossiblyreachclassA+++requirementswhenmeasuredona
partloadbasis.
ThecoolingefficiencyofproposedclassAsingleanddoubleductscorrespondstotheefficiencyof
classFroomairconditioners.Asfortheheatingfunction,classAsingleductshavetheefficiencyof
classCdoubleductsandofclassEairconditioners.Thisefficiencyscalesystemisratherconfusing
thanhelpful,anditdoesnotmakethelowefficiencyofdoubleductsandsingleductsvisibleto
consumers.
Theminimumefficiencyrequirementsfrom2013willbansplitroomairconditionersbelowcoolingfunctionclassD(SEER)andheatingfunctionclassA(SCOP).ClassesGtoE(cooling)orevenGtoB
(heating)willbeemptyafter2013.Theproposedtier2MEPSwillleadtoonlyclassAandbetter
(cooling)andthebetterhalfofclassAandbetter(heating)toremainonthemarketafter2014.On
theotherhandthelabelclassificationlacksanincentivetodevelopmoreefficientairconditioners,as
thetopclassesA+++arealreadypopulated.
5.5.Policiesfromoverseas:manyEUmodelsdonotcomplyInseveralcountriesseasonalefficiencyindiceshavebeenintroduced:morethan20yearsagointhe
USA,inJapanandKoreain2004,andChinarunstwomeasurementmethodsinparallel;aSEER-
basedstandardforvariablespeed-andanon-seasonalEERforfix-speedairconditioners.
ComparisonofEuropeanEERandCOPwithJapaneselegislationshowedthat90%ofthemodelssoldinEuropein2006didnotcomplywithJapaneselegislation-despitethefactthatmanybrandsonthe
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
11/14
BestProductsofEurope
11
JapaneseandtheEUmarketsareidentical(Riviereetal.,2009)!Manymodelswouldneitherhave
beenallowedontheAustralian,Chinese,SouthKorean,TaiwaneseandUSmarkets(Fig.9+10).
Fig.9:ComparisonofinternationalMEPSwithEERofEuropeancoolingonlyairconditioners(2006)
(Source:Riviereetal.,2009)
Fig.10:ComparisonofinternationalMEPSwithEERofEuropeanreversibleairconditioners(2006)
(Source:Riviereetal.,2009)
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
12/14
BestProductsofEurope
12
6. Recommendationsregardingpolicydesign
6.1.Scopeandefficiencyindicatorsoftheenergylabelandecodesignregulation:includelargemodels,applyseasonalefficiencyindicatorsalsofordoubleducts
Thescopeofthepresentecodesignandlabellingregulationworkingdocumentsislimitedtoair
conditioningapplianceswitharatedcapacity12kW.Largerairconditionerswillbecoveredinlot6
ontertiaryairconditioners.Thislothoweverhasalongwaytogobeforeitresultsinany
implementingmeasuresandifthescopelimitofthecurrentregulationonissetat12kWitiseasyto
produceapplianceswith13kW,whichthenareoutofthescopeoftheenergylabelandthe
ecodesignrequirements.Inordertoavoidthis,itisrecommendedtoincludeairconditionerswith
inputpowerofupto17kWintoboththelabellingandecodesignregulation.Assoonasstricter
tertiaryairconditionersimplementingmeasuresareadopted,thesewouldreplacethepresent
legislationforlargeairconditioners.
Water-to-airappliancesareexemptfrombothregulations.Ithastobeassuredthatthistypeis
includedinthefuturemeasuresontertiaryairconditioners.Itshouldbeclarifiedthatair-to-air,but
evaporativewater-cooledairconditionersareinthescopeofthecurrentlydiscussedregulations.
Theimplementationofseasonalefficiencyindicatorsiskeyforeffectivemeasures.Asthefirstdouble
ductswithvariablespeeddrive(inverters)areabouttoenterthemarket,thereisnoreasonnotto
applyaseasonalefficiencyindicatorfordoubleducts(SEERandSCOP).Seasonalcoefficientsdo
accountforthevariablespeeddrivesabilitytorunatpartload,whichisneglectedbynon-seasonal
EERandCOP.Thepositivedevelopmenttowardsmoreefficientdoubleductswithvariablespeed
driveshouldnotbehinderedbyrenouncingonamethodwhichaccountsfortheirrealefficiency.
Measurementtolerancesmustbesmallerthanclasswidth.Thesuggested8%measurement
toleranceforsplitACsarereasonableandallowacredibleefficiencyclassdeclaration.Forsingleand
doubleductsthesuggestedtoleranceisat10%.
6.2.Energylabelandecodesignregulation:revisionneededsoon
Assoonasthenewenergylabelappearsonthemarketinthecourseof2012itwillbecomeclearer
howtheEuropeanmarketisdistributed.Asystematicmarketmonitoringprogrammewouldallowto
drawtherightconclusionsforalabelrevision.Itisexpectedthatthetopclassesofthelabelare
populatedalreadyattheintroductionofthenewenergylabel.Inordertokeepupanincentivefor
developingevenmoreefficientproductsthetopclasseshowevershouldbeempty.Thereforeanear
revisionoftheenergylabelshouldbeplannedandmoreambitiousclasslimitsbeimplemented.
FurthermoretheEnergylabelismosteffectiveifitfollowstheinitialAtoGscaleandifAstandsfor
thebest.A+classesshouldthereforebereservedforfutureimprovements.Onlyiftheenergylabel
coversallairconditionertypes,consumerscanseethelowrelativeefficiencyofdoubleductsand
singleducts.
Theecodesignregulationwillbantheleastefficientairconditionersfromthemarket.Table5
howevergivesanideathatmuchmoreambitiousrequirementcouldbepossible.Assoonas
experienceswiththenewmeasurementstandardhavebeenmadearevisionoftheecodesign
regulationshouldbeenvisaged.
Singleductsshouldnotbegrantedextra-lowrequirements.Theydontofferanyadditionalvalue
comparedtodoubleducts,buttheyarelessefficientthanthese.Therequiredwindoworwall
opening(andthewasteheatwhichisdeliveredindoors)effectivelyleadstoacoolingeffectupto
40%belowthedeclaredcapacity(Brunneretal.2008)-singleductsinfactarelessefficientthan
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
13/14
BestProductsofEurope
13
declared.Consequentlysingleductsshouldbetreatedandmeasuredthesamewayasdoubleducts
andnotbegrantedlowerrequirements.
RefrigerantswithaGWP>150shouldbeannouncedtobebannedfrom2016.Inthecaseofcars,the
useofsuchrefrigerantsisprohibitedfrom2011.Thesamehastobepossibleforairconditioners
withanearlyannouncement.AsHFOsandpropanearenotlessefficientthanR410A,modelsusingtheseasrefrigerantsdont
needareductioninefficiencyrequirement.Theannouncedbanshouldbeincentiveenoughtospeed
upthenecessaryconstructionadaptations.CO 2howeverisindeedlessefficient,butdeservestobe
promotedduetoitsverylowGWP(GWP=1).Toptensupportsareductionofefficiencyrequirements
formodelsusingCO2asrefrigerantby15%,asitwasincludedinthedraftEcodesignregulationfrom
April2010.
7.ReferencesandLinks
References
Michel,Bush,Nipkow,Brunner,2011:Energyefficientroomairconditionersbestavailable
technology(BAT).EEDALConference2011,Copenhagen.
Attali,Bush,Michel,2009:Factorsinfluencingthepenetrationofenergyefficientelectrical
appliancesintonationalmarketsinEurope.ReportforDefra/theMarketTransformation
ProgrammebySoWATTandBushEnergieGmbH.
C.U.Brunner,U.Steinemann,J.Nipkow,2008:Bauen,wenndasKlimawrmerwird.Faktor-Verlag,
Zrich.
ElectricityConsumptionandEfficiencyTrendsinEuropeanUnionStatusReport2009.Paolo
BertoldiandBogdanAtanasiu,2009.JRC
http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/pdf/EnEff_Report_2009.pdf
Riviereetal.,2008/2009:Preparatorystudyontheenvironmentalperformanceofresidentialroom
conditioningappliances(aircoandventilation).Tasks1-8.
http://www.ecoaircon.eu/
AirconditionertestbyTopten(February2011).
CommissionDocuments
COMMISSIONDIRECTIVE2002/31/ECof22March2002implementingCouncilDirective92/75/EEC
withregardtoenergylabellingofhouseholdair-conditioners
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0031:en:NOT
COMMISSIONREGULATIONNo1275/2008of17December2008withregardtoecodesign
requirementsforstandbyandoffmodeelectricpowerconsumptionofelectricalandelectronic
householdandofficeequipment
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:339:0045:0052:en:PDF
COMMISSIONDELEGATEDREGULATION(EU)No626/2011of4May2011supplementingDirective
2010/30/EUoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilwithregardtoenergylabellingofair
conditioners
-
7/29/2019 Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf
14/14
BestProductsofEurope
14
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:178:0001:0072:EN:PDF
COMMISSIONREGULATION(EU)No206/2012of6March2012implementingDirective2009/125/EC
oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilwithregardtoecodesignrequirementsforair
conditionersandcomfortfanshttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:072:0007:0027:EN:PDF
NoteonchangesbetweentheattacheddraftproposalandtheWorkingDocumentpresentedtothe
ConsultationForumon22June2009onair-conditioningappliances,April2010
EuropeanCommission,2011:Impactassessmentreportonairconditioners.Notyetpublished.
Links
Topten.info,bestproductsinEurope:www.topten.eu
ToptenChina:http://www.top10china.cn/english.html
Euroventcertification,databaseofconformitytestedairconditioners:
http://www.eurovent-certification.com
Chigo,brandofoneofthemostefficientairconditioners(SEER=7.30):
http://www.chigogroup.com/en/default.aspx
Coolproductsforacoolplanet,informationontheecodesignprocess: http://www.coolproducts.eu/
PositionoftheEnvironmentalNGOsonthedraftecodesignandlabellingmeasuresfordomesticair
conditioners(17.June2009):
http://env-ngo.eup-network.de/fileadmin/user_upload/ENGOs_Intern/Position_Papers/Air-
co_EuP_Environmental_NGOs-June09.pdf
SELINA,StandbyandOff-ModeEnergyLossesInNewAppliancesMeasuredinShops:
http://www.selina-project.eu/
May2012,AnetteMichel,EricBush,JrgNipkow,ConradU.Brunner,HuBo;TIG(ToptenInternationalGroup),
Paris.www.topten.eu