Aquisition metaphor

8/14/2019 Aquisition metaphor

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WHATS IN A NAME? THE QUEST

FOR A NEW SLA METAPHOR Vera Menezes (UFMG/CNPq)BRAZIL


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02"What's in a name? that which we call arose/ By any other name would smell as

sweet says Juliet to Romeo, trying to

persuade Romeo to abandon his surname.

Can we use the same reasoning to

abandon the acquisition metaphor?


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What is a metaphor?


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Metaphordefinition

A set of conceptual correspondences, or moretechnically, mappings, between two conceptualdomains, a source and a target (Lakoff andJohnson, 1980; Kveceses, 2002). The sourceis more physical and the target more abstract.

Ex. source: container

domain: mind

Thus the mind is a container


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Knowledge Transfer
http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.qumu.com/images/stories/solutions/training.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.qumu.com/videosolutions/18-qumu-solutions/55-knowledge-transfertraining.html&usg=__Y65_p6cA8lFQXd0Wx-uxBzMBI0c=&h=300&w=421&sz=5&hl=pt-BR&start=122&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=clQcGWQhngiVZM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dknowledge%2Btransfer%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D108%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.arvamus.com/images/lightbulb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.arvamus.com/RiskManagementKnowledgeTransfer.htm&usg=__9uWqYbZMinuXQVAHCqD2ZCFma7s=&h=285&w=242&sz=10&hl=pt-BR&start=106&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=h5J21RwaiUBlHM:&tbnh=115&tbnw=98&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dknowledge%2Btransfer%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D90%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3045/3087169652_56dc785f2d.jpg&imgrefurl=http://forum.lessthandot.com/viewtopic.php%3Ff%3D100%26t%3D4826&usg=__vk0sOx0XRzLrv14BotSQnGcJJ3I=&h=375&w=500&sz=83&hl=pt-BR&start=73&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=NZuZETVoj2AXgM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dknowledge%2Btransfer%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D72%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WFekPLJVZOw/Sh_eoa_HPlI/AAAAAAAAAGY/PghwRBVSpVc/s320/knowledge%2Btransfer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://bigreturns.posterous.com/the-last-week-of-classes&usg=__M7E2-oAo4y28fhtEyRQyKZYNftU=&h=299&w=313&sz=31&hl=pt-BR&start=60&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=2w1wMmeXMLf9HM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dknowledge%2Btransfer%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D54%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ycnonline.com/images/_casestudyuploads/content/CITIN_illustrations/Valero%2520Doval/KnowledgeTransfer.png&imgrefurl=http://www.ycnonline.com/case_studies/view/45/images-for-communications-materials&usg=__dwsNzjNBtqcIxlEAbezT_B9Ey4E=&h=427&w=640&sz=182&hl=pt-BR&start=35&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=ME6c3hb22PNjlM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dknowledge%2Btransfer%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D18%26um%3D1


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Knowledge building.
http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://questgarden.com/62/12/8/080310082759/images/ill-2.gif&imgrefurl=http://questgarden.com/62/12/8/080310082759/process.htm&usg=__s496q5bZ9Go_HUcW_4z8M1NEi6A=&h=140&w=140&sz=6&hl=pt-BR&start=86&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=DgwalMiqY6i-mM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dconstructivism%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D80%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://oaa.osu.edu/betha/images/head_image.jpg&imgrefurl=http://oaa.osu.edu/betha/&usg=__h_NBOKF1DVaGJD4_OvN8mWzUeEc=&h=201&w=210&sz=6&hl=pt-BR&start=11&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=8yOY8yoj4JqgaM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dknowledge%2Bbuilding%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1


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Knowledge is socially

constructed
http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://visualrevenue.com/blog/uploaded_images/social-participation-inequality-758593.jpg&imgrefurl=http://a-informacao.blogspot.com/2007_11_01_archive.html&usg=__9T7FC6wHNPfQQOsICl_GDDpsrus=&h=330&w=440&sz=31&hl=pt-BR&start=23&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=IDuZILhggcaBvM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dparticipation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.taxfive.de/picture/upload/home-en.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.taxfive.de/index.php%3Fid%3D11,10,0,0,1,0&usg=__kKh381H83s3UxJUPntwgylmwidQ=&h=282&w=839&sz=117&hl=pt-BR&start=42&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=Wq6QEqIfXio3iM:&tbnh=48&tbnw=144&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dknowledge%2Bbuilding%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D36%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://api.ning.com/files/dfsW7SJA1N*G9MO901Ep7xojiOp34bVusHelVKvL6PG52rh2DYR-k2FN2e4tDveBY4GquIINtebSWJepQGm2SFFx5Qlux-6O/BusinessParticipation3x3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://community.greenerchattanooga.com/groups&usg=__VJXYa_tS8ccfDO8Kgh2JEYDNSEc=&h=1806&w=1800&sz=469&hl=pt-BR&start=242&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=T0PHQHVZIQHdWM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dparticipation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D240%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://visualrevenue.com/blog/uploaded_images/social-participation-inequality-758593.jpg&imgrefurl=http://a-informacao.blogspot.com/2007_11_01_archive.html&usg=__9T7FC6wHNPfQQOsICl_GDDpsrus=&h=330&w=440&sz=31&hl=pt-BR&start=23&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=IDuZILhggcaBvM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dparticipation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://youthforum.org/youthagenda/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/participation-1024x682.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.youthagenda.eu/%3Fpage_id%3D25&usg=__D6yfTe1vtvvrRTbpVtOQSHyvpng=&h=682&w=1024&sz=153&hl=pt-BR&start=22&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=1Vy9g6iWr25uJM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dparticipation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hceye.org/metaphor-illustration.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hceye.org/InterfaceMetaphor.htm&usg=__anM4qflqPY9Q5w9KBm2PqAbPrvY=&h=322&w=320&sz=109&hl=pt-BR&start=59&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=7eXEGx544inUrM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dparticipation%2Bmetaphor%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D40%26um%3D1


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Etymoloy of learn learn

O.E. leornian "to get knowledge, be cultivated," from P.Gmc. *liznojan (cf. O.Fris.lernia, O.H.G. lernen, Ger. lernen "to learn," Goth. lais "I know), with a basesense of "to follow or find the track," from PIE *leis- "track." Related to Ger. Gleis

"track," and to O.E. lst "sole of the foot" (see last (n.)). The transitive sense (Helearned me how to read), now vulgar, was acceptable from c.1200 until early19c., from O.E. lran "to teach" (cf. M.E. lere, Ger. lehren "to teach;" see lore),and is preserved in the adj. learned "having knowledge gained by study"(c.1340).(Oxford Dicionary of Etymology)

apprehend

late 14c., "to grasp in the mind," from L. apprehendere "to take hold of, grasp,

from ad-"to" + prehendere "to seize" (see prehensile). Metaphoric extension to

"seize with the mind" took place in L., and was the sole sense of cognate O.Fr.

aprendre (Mod.Fr. apprendre "to learn, to be informed about;" also cf.

apprentice). Original sense returned in Eng. in meaning "to seize in the name

of the law, arrest," recorded from 1540s, which use probably was taken

directly from Latin.

to acquire knowledge of or skill in by study, instruction, practice or experience. (Webster)

to gain knowledge of or skill in, by study, practice or being taught: ~ a foreign language

(Oxord)
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=learnhttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lasthttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lorehttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=apprehendhttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=prehensilehttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=apprenticehttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=apprenticehttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=prehensilehttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=apprehendhttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lorehttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lasthttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=learn


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The concept of language
http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v7/n12/images/nrn2024-f1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://2bloggen.org/tag/uberveillance/&usg=__1NuLKo7GnxFfl4bVMIGejIMdVG0=&h=361&w=355&sz=25&hl=pt-BR&start=45&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=vxMiqjGHXkDzfM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlanguage%2Bfaculty%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D36%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=https://calico.org/html/M6P0yE1.png&imgrefurl=https://www.calico.org/a-376-Artificial%2520Intelligence%2520and%2520ComputerAssisted%2520Language%2520Instruction%2520A%2520Perspective.html&usg=__obILsG3DEE67C4WGw97CRhHIqtA=&h=339&w=519&sz=11&hl=pt-BR&start=35&um=1&tbnid=LUlh_2dCRbxvSM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlinguistic%2Btrees%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D18%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.valerielorimer.com/gallery/images/Mixed%2520Media-Gallery8/repetition.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.valerielorimer.com/gallery/mixed8.html&usg=__30p3aGV99rAoqAOdvuFcAPAMaMs=&h=696&w=546&sz=71&hl=pt-BR&start=80&um=1&tbnid=TdYruo27orRIYM:&tbnh=139&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drepetition%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26rlz%3D1T4GZAZ_enBR323BR323%26sa%3DN%26start%3D72%26um%3D1


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Acquisition and participation

When a metaphor names a phenomenon it highlights one ofits aspects, but hides others. In the case of acquisition,language is conceived as a commodity, something thelearner (a recipient) acquires from the ones who possess it.Sfard (1998:5) tells us that [S]ince the dawn of civilization,

human learning is conceived of as an acquisition ofsomething and building on Lave and Wengers theory(1991), she proposes the participation metaphor (becomingmember of a community) to complement the acquisitionmetaphor (mind as recipient). Such a metaphor emphasizesthe sociocultural aspects of the phenomenon but neglects

the cognitive aspects.


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In the acquisition metaphor

language is conceptualized

as a commodity: reception,

acquisition, construction,

internalization, appropriation,

transmission, attainment,

development, accumulation,

grasp.

"turning into a part of a greater

whole, togetherness,

solidarity, and collaboration.

Learning as a process of

participation.

(Sfard, 1998:7)


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What are the learners metaphors?

A journey (sail new seas, travel

crazily, have a passport for the

globalized world; fly in an

unknown place)An adventure

To ride a bicycle

To discover the world

To open the windows/doors ofthe world

To dive into an unknown place

To overcome an obstacle

To enjoy an experience

To climb a ladder/ a

mountain

To build a multi-storey

building

To learn the commands of

a new software

To make connectionsTo acquire a powerful tool

To be part of a globalized

world


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We have to accept the fact that the

metaphors we use while theorizing

may be good enough to fit small areas,but none of them suffice to cover the

entire field. (Sfard, 1988:11)


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Is participation a metaphor? What is the source?

source: commodity

domain: language

Thus the language is a commodity

Acquisition metaphor: something (language) is acquired

Where is language in the participation metaphor?

I can say second language acquisition, but I cannot say secondlanguage participation.

Participation in which community?


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Language learning histories

Learners are aware that to learn a

language they must look for linguistic

social practices. So, participation is implicit

in their narratives, but language as acommodity is also present.


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SLA AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM

As pointed out by van Lier (1996:170), we can neitherclaim that learning is caused by environmental stimuli(the behaviourist position) nor that it is geneticallydetermined (the innatist position). Rather, learning is theresult of complex (and contingent) interactions between

individual and environment.

There is evidence to support the claim that SLA is a

Complex adaptive system due to its inherent ability to

adapt to different conditions present in both internal andexternal environments.


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A complex

model canaccommodate

apparently

opposed

elements in an

effort to explain

SLA.


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Automatic

habits

output

Neural

connections

Innate mental

structures

input

Sociocultural mediations

Identity/

Affiliation

interaction


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LANGUAGE

In this perspective, language must be understood as a non-

Linear dynamic system, made up of interrelated bio-cognitive,

sociocultural, historical and political elements, which enable us

to think and act in society. A language is not a static object,

but a system in constant movement and its interacting

elements influence and are influenced by each other. As

language is in evolution, so too is SLA and any change in a

subsystem can affect other elements in the network. It

develops through dynamic and constant interaction among the

subsystems, alternating moments of stability with moments ofturbulence.


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SLA AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM

SLA consists of a dynamic interaction among different

Individual and social factors put into movement by inner

and social processes. The random interaction among all

the elements of the acquisition system yields the changes

responsible for acquisition.

The rate of change is not predictable and varies according

to the nature of the interactions among all the elements of

the system. A live acquisition system is always in movementand never reaches equilibrium, although it undergoes periods

of more or less stability.


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In a complex perspective,

Emergence of a second languagemight be a good alternative.

BUT


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What's in a name? that which wecall acquisition or participation/ By

any other name would sound asinadequate.

Aquisition metaphor

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