World War IIWorld War II

Objective:Objective:– To understand the causes of the war.To understand the causes of the war.– To understand the major events that To understand the major events that

occurred during the war.occurred during the war.– To understand the major turning points To understand the major turning points

during the war.during the war.– To understand the events that led to the To understand the events that led to the

end of the war.end of the war.

ACTS OF AGGRESSIONACTS OF AGGRESSION1931 - Japan Invades Manchuria

The League of Nations opposes the attack and said it would deal with the government of the aggressor nation. But how could this

succeed when the government had no control over the army which was the cause of the problem ?

The Japanese army ignored the

Japanese government and launched a full-scale invasion of

Manchuria. Soon, it had occupied the whole of the

province.

ACTS OF AGGRESSION1935 – Italy Invades Ethiopia

On October 3, 1935, Italy attacked Ethiopia from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland without a declaration of war. On October 7, the League of Nations unanimously declared Italy an aggressor

but took no effective action.

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini

“I refuse to believe that the real people of Great Britain and France, who have never had discords with

Italy, are prepared to run the risk of hurling Europe along the road to

catastrophe for the sake of defending an African country

universally branded as a country without the slightest shadow of

civilization.”

How Does Mussolini justify the attack of Ethiopia?

““It is my duty to inform the Governments It is my duty to inform the Governments assembled in Geneva, responsible as they assembled in Geneva, responsible as they are for the lives of millions of men, women are for the lives of millions of men, women

and children, of the deadly peril which and children, of the deadly peril which threatens them, by describing to them the threatens them, by describing to them the fate which has been suffered by Ethiopia… fate which has been suffered by Ethiopia…

Representatives of the World I have come to Representatives of the World I have come to Geneva to discharge in your midst the most Geneva to discharge in your midst the most painful of the duties of the head of a State. painful of the duties of the head of a State. What reply shall I have to take back to my What reply shall I have to take back to my

people?”people?”

On June 30, Haile Selassie made a powerful speech before the League of

Nations in Geneva in which he set forth two choices--support for collective security

or international lawlessness.

Haile Selassie

What does this incident tell What does this incident tell us about the League of us about the League of

Nations? Nations?

•The League also lost its most powerful member in the Far East and ultimately Japan was to unite with the two other nations that

broke League rules - Germany and Italy.

•The League could not enforce its authority. •A major power could get away with using force

•An issue so far from Europe was not likely to attract the whole-hearted support of the major European powers in the League.

•Other powers would almost certainly see this episode as a sign that they too could get away with

the use of force

AXIS POWERAXIS POWER

Adolf Hitler (right) is considered one of the most brutal dictators in

history. After purging possible rivals for leadership, Hitler

rearmed Germany into a modern war machine. He and Italian

dictator Benito Mussolini (left), both Fascists, became allies in 1936. They are shown here in Munich, Germany, in 1937.

GERMAN AGGRESSIONGERMAN AGGRESSION

Adolf Hitler preached to the Nazi party faithful that they were a superior race

that deserved more than they had, including additional Lebensraum, or living space, and a higher standard of

living. Hitler was an emotional speaker who had a mesmerizing effect on those who listened. By 1938 he had amassed the best-equipped, best-trained army in

the world.

Acts of Aggression Lead to Acts of Aggression Lead to WWIIWWII

CountryCountry Area AttackedArea Attacked ReasonReason Allies ReactionAllies Reaction

Japan Japan 1931 - Manchuria 1931 - Manchuria ChinaChina

1. Need for natural 1. Need for natural resources.resources.

League of Nations League of Nations condemned the action condemned the action but did nothing.but did nothing.

ItalyItaly Ethiopia - AfricaEthiopia - Africa

1. Distract Italians from 1. Distract Italians from depression. depression.

2. Promised to build the 2. Promised to build the new Roman Empirenew Roman Empire

League of Nations did League of Nations did nothing. Other nations nothing. Other nations concerned with their concerned with their own problems.own problems.

  1. Austria (1938) 1. Austria (1938)

1. German people lived 1. German people lived there.there.

1. None even though it was 1. None even though it was a direct violation of the a direct violation of the treatytreaty

GermanGermanyy

2.Czechoslovakia/2.Czechoslovakia/Sudeten-land Sudeten-land (1938) (1938)

2. German people lived 2. German people lived there.there.

2. Hitler promised he was 2. Hitler promised he was finished. Britain & finished. Britain & France appeased and France appeased and didn't fight.didn't fight.

   3. Poland (1939)3. Poland (1939) 3. Desire for land.3. Desire for land. 3. Britain and France 3. Britain and France declare war.declare war.

The Munich ConferenceThe Munich Conference

After Germany invaded the Sudetenland, the British and French

met with Hitler in Munich on September 30, 1938. They agreed

to allow the Nazi leader to seize the Sudeten districts of Czechoslovakia in return for an assurance from him

that he had no further territorial claims in Europe. Their

appeasement policy once again gave in to the _____________________.

The Policy Of AppeasementThe Policy Of Appeasement

Based on what you have learned, and these Dr. Seuss cartoons, what does ‘appeasement’ mean?

PEACE FOR OUR TIME!PEACE FOR OUR TIME!

“An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.”

- Winston Churchill

On 15 March 1939, the German army occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia.

“My good friends… I have returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is

peace for our time… Go home and get a nice quiet sleep.”

Peace For Our TimePeace For Our Time

"We, the German Führer and Chancellor, and the British Prime Minister, have had a further meeting today and are agreed in recognizing that the question of Anglo-German relations is of the first importance for our two countries and for

Europe. We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again. We are resolved that the method of consultation shall be the

method adopted to deal with any other questions that may concern our two countries, and we are determined to continue our efforts to remove possible

sources of difference, and thus to contribute to assure the peace of Europe. My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister

has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep."

The following is the wording of the printed statement that Neville Chamberlain waved as he stepped off the plane on September 30, 1938 after

the Munich Conference had ended the day before:

GERMAN AGGRESSION

Nazi-Soviet PactNazi-Soviet Pact

On August 23, 1939, the world was shocked when, suddenly, Russia and Germany signed a non-aggression pact. In addition, the two

countries had a secret agreement to invade and divide ______________ between them.

GERMANY INVADES POLANDGERMANY INVADES POLANDOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Hitler introduced a

new kind of war called a blitzkrieg, which means “lightning war.”

German bombers targeted railroads, shown here, which crippled Polish military mobilization. Hundreds of tanks smashed through Polish defenses and rolled deep into the country. The Poles fought hard, but on September 17, the Soviet Union invaded their country from the east. By the end of the month, Poland had fallen.

Britain and France Declare Britain and France Declare WarWar

Chamberlain Declares WarChamberlain Declares War

Listen to the speech by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.

1. What is the tone of the speech?

2. Is there anything Chamberlain could have done to prevent war?

World War II Begins!World War II Begins!

French RefugeesFrench Refugees

Taking only what they could carry, civilians flee Paris in 1940 in anticipation of the German invasion.

Nazi’s in Western Nazi’s in Western EuropeEurope

France Falls!France Falls!

In May 1940, the Germans attacked France. the French army was caught off guard. Although both armies were about equal in strength in terms of troops and

tanks, the Germans had superior numbers of aircraft and an invasion

plan.

The blitzkrieg sent French forces into a confused retreat, and as the Germans marched into Paris on June 14, the

French government collapsed.

Evacuation - "miracle" of Dunkirk

The German army quickly pushed into France. However, they inexplicably waited around the

perimeter of Dunkirk. Maybe the Panzer tanks and armored divisions were short of fuel and supplies after their successful but frantic dash into France.

Whatever the reason, this gave the Allies a window of opportunity to save as many troops as possible-

though all their equipment and weapons had to be left behind.

Navy ships were hastily gathered and sent to the port of Dunkirk. Troops waited their turn to be evacuated

on the surrounding sandy beaches.At the port, ships and beaches came under increasing aerial attack, civilian small boats were sent across to

help take men directly off the beaches.

                                                                                                      

           

German Blitzkreig German Blitzkreig DominatesDominates

The Bombing of BritainThe Bombing of Britain

In Summer of 1940, the German Luftwaffe hit London with the Blitz, with bombing raids on the capital and dog-fights in its sky

during the Battle of Britain.

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Operation BarbarossaOperation Barbarossa

Hitler Invades Soviet Hitler Invades Soviet UnionUnion

Turning Point: Pearl Turning Point: Pearl HarborHarbor

On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft initiated a surprise attack on the United States Pacific Fleet at Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor. The Japanese hoped to cripple the American fleet, which they perceived as the principal threat to victory in a war against the United States. Within a few hours the Japanese had destroyed four battleships and

damaged four more, including the USS Arizona (pictured), destroyed other naval vessels and a large number of combat aircraft, and killed and wounded many American

naval and military personnel.

United States Declares United States Declares WarWar

On December 8, 1941, the day after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress and asked for a

declaration of war against Japan. Roosevelt called December 7th “a date which will live in infamy.”

Japanese Aggression in Japanese Aggression in PacificPacific

After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese took over the Philippines, Indochina, Taiwan, and many other Pacific islands.

Turning Points: Africa and Turning Points: Africa and ItalyItaly

Operation Torch, 1942-43 El Alamein,

1942-43

Invasion of Sicily and Italy, 1943

Operation Overlord (D-Day), 1944

Invasion of Invasion of AfricaAfrica

German Forces had been moving across the North African desert under the command of _____________________

(nicknamed the “Desert Fox”). North Africa was considered the gateway to Italy.

1. Allies launch “_____________________________” - a surprise attack on German troops. Led by American

_____________________________Results: ________________________Rommel’s troops defeated

and pushed out of Northern Africa

Operation Torch

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Erwin Rommel

Turning Point: StalingradTurning Point: StalingradDuring the fall and early winter of 1941, German armored divisions had advanced toward Moscow at a rapid pace, capturing hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in

the process.

But by the first week of December, snow began falling, and temperatures plunged to -40° C (-40° F). The German soldiers, not dressed for winter weather, were freezing

and losing their will to fight. Their equipment also froze, becoming useless.

The Russian winter finally accomplished what its military had failed to do: It halted

the German offensive.

Results: 90% of the city was in ruins

90,000 German soldiers surrender – Germans push back for first time!

Invasion of ItalyInvasion of Italy

Patton (farthest left) comes ashore after the 1st Divison saved the beachead on

Sicily from a massive German

counterattack

At the Casablanca Conference held in January 1943, Winston

Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt decided to launch an invasion of Sicily. It was hoped that if the island was taken Italy might withdraw from the war. It was also argued that a successful

invasion would force Adolf Hitler to send troops from the

Eastern Front and help to relieve pressure on the Red Army in the

Soviet Union .

PattonPatton"No bastard ever won a war by dying for his country.

He won it by making the other poor dumb bastard die for

his country."

Liberation of Sicily!Liberation of Sicily!

On 17th August 1943, General George Patton and his troops marched into Messina. The capture of the island made it possible to clear the way for Allied shipping in the Mediterranean. It also helped to undermine the power of Benito

Mussolini and Victor Emmanuel III forced him to resign.

The The “Big “Big

Three”Three”

A meeting in Tehrān, Iran, in 1943 was held to discuss the military strategy and post-World War II policy for Europe. The leaders decided to invade France in

1944, against Churchill’s recommendations. The meeting marked the apex of the East-West wartime alliance.

Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and

Winston Churchill

Operation OverlordOperation OverlordBy the spring of 1944 an By the spring of 1944 an elaborate plan--code-elaborate plan--code-named Operation named Operation Overlord --was secretly in Overlord --was secretly in place to launch the place to launch the attack. attack.

The Allies, led by The Allies, led by American General Dwight American General Dwight Eisenhower faced an Eisenhower faced an enemy determined to enemy determined to keep them from landing keep them from landing successfully anywhere successfully anywhere along the western along the western European coastline. European coastline.

To ensure against such a landing, Hitler ordered Field Marshal Erwin Rommel to complete the Atlantic Wall --2,400 miles of fortifications made up of concrete bunkers, barbed wire, tank ditches, landmines,

fixed gun emplacements, and beach and underwater obstacles.

These obstacles were specially designed to rip out the bottoms of landing craft or blow them up before they reached the shore.

More than 150,000 men, a fleet of 5,000 ships and landing craft, 50,000 vehicles, and 11,000 planes were ready to secretly cross the

English Channel. This force was the largest armada in history!

D-Day: D-Day: Operation Operation OverlordOverlord

On June 6, 1944, a force of about 152,000 Allied soldiers On June 6, 1944, a force of about 152,000 Allied soldiers from the United States, Britain, and Canada stormed the from the United States, Britain, and Canada stormed the

beaches of Normandy in northern France, where they were beaches of Normandy in northern France, where they were supported by about 23,000 paratroopers. supported by about 23,000 paratroopers.

"In wartime, truth is so precious that "In wartime, truth is so precious that she must always be attended by a she must always be attended by a

bodyguard of lies." Winston Churchill, bodyguard of lies." Winston Churchill, 19431943

The main objective of the Allied deception strategy was to convince the Germans that an invasion would indeed take place-but not at Normandy. The most obvious choice for an invasion site was Calais, located at the

narrowest part of the English Channel, only 22 miles from Britain. Hitler was almost certain that the Allies would attack here.

This 25-pound gun and its

carriage were made from plywood

Military Decoy

The Allies encouraged Hitler's belief by employing an ingenious

ruse. Throughout southeastern England they built phony armies,

complete with dummy planes, ships, tanks, and jeeps. With the

help of British and American motion picture crews, they created entire army bases that would look

authentic to German reconnaissance aircraft. These "bases" gave the impression of a massive Allied buildup in preparations for an invasion of France at Calais.

The ruse worked. Hitler ordered a heavy concentration of troops and artillery in the Pas de Calais region. In doing so he left Normandy less

heavily defended.

A Sherman tank made from

inflatable rubber

General General Eisenhower Eisenhower addresses addresses American American

paratroopers on paratroopers on D-Day.D-Day.

D-Day was the largest seaborne invasion in history. The invasion at Normandy took the Germans by surprise, because they expected an invasion

from the narrowest part of the English Channel. The Germans fought the invasion fiercely, but by the end of the day, all five beaches were secured by

the Allies.

What if it Failed?What if it Failed?The invasion at Normandy brought on the

beginning of the end for Hitler and his Nazis.

Had the invasion failed:

• Hitler would have been able to pull troops from France to strengthen his Eastern Front against the encroaching Soviet Union.

• A second Allied invasion into France would have taken more than a year to plan, supply, and assemble.

• Hitler, meanwhile, would have further strengthened his Atlantic Wall, his newly developed V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets would have continued to rain down on England from launching pads across the Channel,

•The Nazis' Final Solution against European Jews might well have succeeded completely.

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge

which lasted from which lasted from December 16, 1944 to December 16, 1944 to

January 28, 1945 was theJanuary 28, 1945 was the largest landlargest land battle of battle of

World War II in which theWorld War II in which the United States United States

participated. More than a participated. More than a million men fought in this million men fought in this

battle including some battle including some 600,000 Germans, 600,000 Germans,

500,000 Americans, and 500,000 Americans, and 55,000 British. 55,000 British.

At the conclusion of the At the conclusion of the battle the casualties were battle the casualties were

as follows: 81,000 U.S. as follows: 81,000 U.S. with 19,000 killed, 1400 with 19,000 killed, 1400 British with 200 killed, British with 200 killed, and 100,000 Germans and 100,000 Germans

killed, wounded or killed, wounded or captured. captured.

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge

The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference

In February 1945 the leaders of the Allied powers, known as the Big Three, met at Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula to discuss Allied military strategy in the final months

of World War II.

VE-DAY, May 8, 1945VE-DAY, May 8, 1945

Winston Churchill acknowledges crowd on VE-Day.

VE Day marks the day of the Allies’ victory in Europe during World War II. After 3½ years of war, Nazi Germany surrendered

unconditionally in 1945.

War in Europe Ends!War in Europe Ends!

Island Hopping Strategy Island Hopping Strategy SuccessfulSuccessful

Led by Douglas McArthur, the United States began an island-hopping campaign that would push the Japanese back to Japan.

Midway, 1942

Iwo Jima, 1944-45

Guadalcanal, 1942-43

Philippines, 1944

Okinawa, 1945

Turning Point: MidwayTurning Point: Midway

The Battle of Midway was a victory for American forces and marked a turning point in the Pacific theater

during World War II. The battle was fought in the waters off the Midway Islands in June 1942 between United States land-and carrier-based planes and Japanese carrier-based planes.

The Japanese lost four aircraft carriers, two cruisers, and three

destroyers. The Americans lost the aircraft carrier Yorktown and one

destroyer.

Battle of Iwo JimaBattle of Iwo JimaIn March of 1945, American marines

gained control of the tiny, but strategically

located, island of Iwo Jima. Iwo Jima

is just 660 miles from Tokyo. This victory came after losing more than

20,000 more soldiers than they had ever

lost in a single battle.

Island Hopping in the Island Hopping in the Pacific!Pacific!

Pacific War Battles On!Pacific War Battles On!

Kamikaze, which in Japanese means “divine wind,” were suicide squadrons organized by the Japanese air force in the last months of World War II. Pilots flew their aircraft, loaded with explosives, directly into U.S. naval vessels.

Kamikaze pilots, sacrificing their lives in a last-ditch effort to stop the American advance, sank about 40 U.S. ships.

Kamikaze PilotsKamikaze Pilots

Harry TrumanHarry Truman

When Franklin Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, Harry Truman came into office. The European war was coming to an end, and he was left to concentrate on the war in the Pacific. The only obstacle that the United States needed

to overcome was _________________________. Although much of the Japanese naval fleet and air force

had been destroyed by Allied raids, their ancient _________________ tradition prevented a surrender.

Therefore, an Allied victory would create extremely high casualties; military advisors predicted that an invasion of

Japan would cost over ____________________ American lives. This fact put Truman in a very difficult

position.

Japan

Shinto

250,000

Although much of the Japanese naval fleet and air force Although much of the Japanese naval fleet and air force had been destroyed by Allied raids, their ancient had been destroyed by Allied raids, their ancient

BushidoBushido tradition prevented a surrender.  Therefore, an tradition prevented a surrender.  Therefore, an Allied victory would create extremely high casualties; Allied victory would create extremely high casualties; military advisors predicted that an invasion of Japan military advisors predicted that an invasion of Japan

would cost over would cost over 1 million1 million American lives. This fact put American lives. This fact put Truman in a very difficult position.  He had to choose Truman in a very difficult position.  He had to choose

between the massive destruction the bomb would between the massive destruction the bomb would cause Japan and saving the lives of his American cause Japan and saving the lives of his American

soldiers. soldiers. 

What would you do? Use the Atomic Bomb to make the Japanese

surrender, invade Japan, or find another

solution?

Atomic Atomic BombBomb

On August 6, 1945, during World War II, the United States dropped the first

atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city and military center. The blast

destroyed 68 percent of the city and damaged another 24 percent. An

estimated 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or reported missing, according to U.S. estimates, and

thousands more were made homeless. Sixteen hours after the attack, U.S.

President Harry S. Truman’s report of the event was broadcast to radio

listeners.

NagasakiNagasakiThree days later, on August 9th, a second bomb was dropped on the city of

Nagasaki. Over 20,000 people died instantly. In the successive weeks, thousands more Japanese died from the after effects of the

_______________ exposure of the blast.

The Atomic Age Begins!The Atomic Age Begins!

The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945, during World War II. The blast destroyed 68 percent of the city and damaged another 24

percent, and an estimated 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or reported missing, according to United States estimates.

VJ-Day: The War is Over!VJ-Day: The War is Over!

Japanese officials formally surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945, aboard the United States battleship Missouri. Japan's surrender brought an end to World War II

(1939-1945).

End of the war!End of the war!

Costs of the WarCosts of the War Mass DestructionMass Destruction 40 Million dead – 25 million wounded40 Million dead – 25 million wounded Europe, USSR, North Africa, East Africa were Europe, USSR, North Africa, East Africa were

destroyeddestroyed Major cities in ruins – Berlin, Paris, London, TokyoMajor cities in ruins – Berlin, Paris, London, Tokyo Holocaust and Atomic Bomb – Civilian casualtiesHolocaust and Atomic Bomb – Civilian casualties

Creation and Restructuring of Creation and Restructuring of New NationsNew Nations

Germany Split: East – Germany Split: East – controlled by USSRcontrolled by USSR West – USA, France, Britain West – USA, France, Britain

Japan occupied by the U.S. – Japan occupied by the U.S. – Led by MacArthur - Created a Led by MacArthur - Created a constitutionconstitution

Israel Declared a sovereign Israel Declared a sovereign nationnation

Decolonization begins in India and Decolonization begins in India and AfricaAfrica

Development of Development of SuperpowersSuperpowers

U.S. and USSR become world SuperpowersU.S. and USSR become world Superpowers US – Democracy and capitalismUS – Democracy and capitalism USSR – Totalitarian and CommunismUSSR – Totalitarian and Communism Yalta Conference – Division of Europe led Yalta Conference – Division of Europe led

to USSR control of Eastern Europe and the to USSR control of Eastern Europe and the “Iron Curtain”“Iron Curtain”

New TechnologyNew Technology Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs Improved tanks, planes, submarines, Improved tanks, planes, submarines,

weaponsweapons Aircraft Carrier, walkie talkie, Radar, SonarAircraft Carrier, walkie talkie, Radar, Sonar Leads to arms race and space race between Leads to arms race and space race between

USA and USSRUSA and USSR

United NationsUnited Nations 1945 - Replaces League of 1945 - Replaces League of

NationsNations Goal – Maintain peace, Goal – Maintain peace,

promote cooperation promote cooperation between nations, fight between nations, fight world hunger, disease, world hunger, disease, ignoranceignorance

Most nations joined – Most nations joined – General AssemblyGeneral Assembly

Security Council – USA, Security Council – USA, USSR, Britain, France, USSR, Britain, France, ChinaChina