April 1, 2016

DIGHUMLAB–APROFILEPAPER

ByBirteChristensen-Dalsgaard

DIGHUMLAB

Draftversion2.0

April1,2016

Thisisadraftversionofaprofilepaper,whichisintendedasabasisforadiscussionwithstakeholders.

ThepapercontainsmyreflectionsformulatedduringmyfirstthreemonthsasprojectmanagerforDIGHUMLAB.Theobjectiveistwo-fold:toidentifyissues,whichneedstobeclarifiedinrelationtotheprofileofDIGHUMLAB,andtoestablishacommonframeworkforthediscussionsbetweenthedigitalhumanitiescommunityandmyself.

ii

VersionhistoryVersionno. Data Author Status Changes1.1 2016-02-02 BCD Draftfor

managementgroup

1.2 2016-02-23 BCD Draftforcommentbymanagementgroupandsecretariesfordeans

MajorchangesresultingfromdiscussionatmanagementgroupmeetingFeb8.

1.3 2016-03-01 BCD Drafttobeusedatadvisoryboardmeeting

Minorchangesbasedoncomments

2.0 2016-04-01 BCD Draftforgeneraldiscussion

MinorchangeseaterpresentationfortheThemeleaders,the AdvisoryBoardandtheSteeringGroup

iii

INDHOLDIntroduction...........................................................................................................................................................................1Resumé.....................................................................................................................................................................................2Vision,impactandgovernance......................................................................................................................................3Impact..................................................................................................................................................................................4Governance........................................................................................................................................................................4

Thepoliticalandscholarlylandscape........................................................................................................................5DigitalHumanitiesandthetechnologicalevolution.......................................................................................6Crowdsourcing/citizenscience................................................................................................................................7

Datafordigitalhumanities..............................................................................................................................................8Serviceprofile....................................................................................................................................................................10Completenessoftools................................................................................................................................................10Services–internationalinspiration....................................................................................................................11

DIGHUMLAB,adigitalecosystem..............................................................................................................................13DIGHUMLABterminology........................................................................................................................................15

ExistingServicesinDIGHUMLAB..............................................................................................................................15DIGHUMLABtools.......................................................................................................................................................15DIGHUMLAB-Datasets...............................................................................................................................................17Otherdigitalresources..............................................................................................................................................18

References:..........................................................................................................................................................................20

iv

1

INTRODUCTIONDigitalhumanitiesisanumbrellatermfortheories,methodologies,andpracticesrelatedtohumanitiesscholarshipthatusethedigitalcomputerasanintegratedandessentialpartofitsresearchandteachingactivities.Thecomputercanbeusedforestablishing,finding,collecting,andpreservingmaterialtostudy,asanobjectofstudyinitsownright,asananalyticaltool,orforcollaborating,andfordisseminatingresults.,NielsBrügger,2016

DIGHUMLABistheinfrastructuresupportingdigitalhumanitiesinDenmark1:

ThevisionforDIGHUMLABistorejuvenatefieldsofresearchwithinthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesthrough:

• Broadaccesstodigitalsourcesandresearchdata• Developmentofsoftware-supportedanalysismethods• Collaborativeformsofworkandnewresearchconcepts• Internationalisationofclassicspecialistresearchskillsandemerginginterdisciplinary

fieldsofresearch

DIGHUMLABwillenhanceandfacilitatedigitalhumanitiesinDanishresearch,therebycontributingtogreaterinterdisciplinarycooperation,widespreadknowledgetransferandglobalorientationandincreasedinternationalisationofbothresearchandeducation.

Thisformulationisverybroadand,aswillbediscussedlater,wouldbenefitfromareformulationandfocus.Thereformulationwillbeaprocessandthepresentreportisafirststeptowardsobtaininggreaterclarityofandagreementonthebreathanddepthofactivities.

Theapproachhasbeenaliteraturestudynotonlyindigitalhumanitiesbutalsoinneighbouringfieldslikedigitalscholarship,e-science,digitalcommonsandopenscience,todiscusswithstakeholdersandtolookintothetechnologicaltrendsandhowtheyinfluencescience.Inasecondsteplabswillbevisitedandexperiencefromthesewillinfluencethefuturedevelopment.

Manybooksandarticlesexistonthetopicofdigitalhumanitiesandthisreportisaresultofreadingsomeofthem.Thereportdoesnotaimtobeneitherareviewofexistingdebatesondigitalhumanitiesnordoesitintendtobeascientificpaper.AllclaimsmadeinthisreporthasbeenfoundinwhatIconsiderwellestablishedpublications;theresponsibilityofputtingthedifferentaspectstogetherismine.

ThisreportwillintroduceandcovertheimportantaspectsneededtodescribeDIGHUMLAB.Amoreindepthversion,wheresomeofthepointsareexpandedandillustrated,willbepresentedlaterinaseparatedocument.

1 http://dighumlab.com/about/vision-mission-goals/

2

RESUMÉDIGHUMLABisapartnershipbetweeninstitutionssharingacommonvisionofstimulatingresearchandeducationindigitalhumanitiesandarepreparedtosharethecostofmaintainingaplatformsupportingthisvision.

DIGHUMLABisadigitalecosystemsupportingdigitalhumanities.Itconsistsofa:

• Technicalandcontentinfrastructureofdigitalobjects,softwareandcapturefacilitiesconnectedviacommonstandardsforcommunicationandclassification

• Supportfacilitiesbasedontutorials,training,• Sharingofpoliciesandpracticese.g.viaexpertknowledgenetworksand • Communityactivitiesstimulatingthedialogwithanduptakeofnewresearchquestions–

aswellasbroaderinvolvement(likecitizenscience)

Allelementsarepresentedinacontext.Thisisachievedthroughlinksbetweentheobjectsand/orserviceelementsofDIGHUMLABandtheworkofresearchteamsinDenmark.Theresearchteamsbehindthepublishedcasestudiesortheresearchactivitieshaveagreedtoassistotherusersonhowtoproceedorgetstartedviaacommonsupportinfrastructure.

TheprovenanceoftoolsandservicesreferredtoaspartoftheDIGHUMLABecosystemvaries.Somearedevelopedandmaintainedbythepartners,othersdevelopandmaintainedaspartofDIGHUMLABandfinally,somearebothdevelopedandmaintainedasDIGHUMLAB.Asanexample,librariesmaintainmuchofthecontentandmanytoolsaredevelopedandmaintainedbyresearchcommunitiesorcommercialcompanies.

ThismixofresponsibilitiesneedstobereflectedinthesustainabilitymodelforDIGHUMLAB.

TheroleofDIGHUMLABasatoolandcontentpromoter/provideristoensurearelevant,adequateselectionsetinacontext.Inparticular:

• ParticipateinandsupplementthenationalandinternationaldevelopmentinselectedareasdevelopingmissingcomponentsofspecialinterestfortheDanishcommunity.

• PromoteandmobilisingtheworkfromtheinternationalcommunitiesintoaDanishcontext–e.g.viathecasestories.

• Createguidesandtutorialstotoolsandcontent,whichareusedbystudentsandresearchersattheDanishUniversities.

• Worktowardscreatingarichercontentbaseforthedigitalhumanisticscholarsthroughexposingand/orremovingbarriersforusingexistingdigitalmaterialresidinginarchives,museumsandothercontentcollectinginstitutions.

Aswithbiologicalecosystems,thedigitalecosystemneedstoadapttoexternalforceslikethechangingdirectionsoftheresearchactivities,newstrategicprioritiesoftheuniversitiesandanewpoliticalsituation.ThepresentcontentandtoolselectionofDIGHUMLABreflectstheresearchactivitiesofthepresentmembersofDIGHUMLAB.Asmanyhavepointedout,therearemanyareasnotaddressedbyDIGHUMLABsuchasresearcharoundsmartcities,researchindigitalhistory,technologyenhancedlearning,etc..

DIGHUMLABwillneedtodevelopmechanismforbothevaluateexistingactivitiesaroundtools,contentandservicestoensureDIGHUMLABrepresentstheneedsoftheusercommunityand

3

DIGHUMLABneedstostimulatethedevelopmentnewideas.Thedecisiononactivitiestobeterminatedorinitiatedlieswiththesteeringgroup.

VISION,IMPACTANDGOVERNANCEItisrarethatpeopleopenlywriteabouttheirfailures;fortunatelyQuinnDombrowskitheprojectmanagerofaveryambitiousinfrastructureprojectinmanywayssimilartoDIGHUMLAB,hasdoneso.

Inaresentpaper“WhatEverHappenedtoProjectBamboo”(Dombrowski2014)heanalysesboththedifferentphasesofthehumanisticcyber-infrastructureinitiativeBambooandofferssuggestionstothecauseofitstermination.Belowaresomequotesfromhisconclusions:

PriorworkonsocialscienceinfrastructuredevelopmentsuggeststhatBamboo’smodeofengagement—bringingtogetherpeoplefromthescholarly,technology,andlibrarycommunitiesafterBamboohadaconceptualandtechnicaltrajectory,whilenonethelessexpecting‘participatorydesign’—wouldbeasourceoftension.Indeed,thewiderangeofresponsestotheinitialtechnology-orientedproposalputBambooinabind.Technologistsandsomelibrarianstendedtoseeitasimportantandnecessary,whilemanyscholarsfeltthattheirneedslayelsewhereentirely.Changingscholars’mindswouldnotbequick;asnotedinRibesandBaker(2007),‘conceptualinnovationisanextendedprocess:onecannotsimplymakeclaimsabouttheimportanceof. . . [e.g.cyberinfrastructure]andexpectimmediatemeaningfulcommunityuptake’.

Andlater:FromtheearlyplanningworkshopstotheMellonFoundation’srejectionoftheproject’sfinalproposalattempt,Bamboowasdoggedbyitsreluctanceand/orinabilitytoconcretelydefineitself.Intheearlydays,avoidingaconcretedefinitionwasmotivatedbyadesirefortheprojecttoremainflexibleandresponsivetoitscommunity.

Andfinally:Perhaps,thegreatestimpedimenttoBamboo’ssuccesswasthelackofasharedvisionamongprojectleaders,developmentteams,andcommunicationsstaff.Inthebeginning,Bamboohadmulti-universitycross-professionalteamswhosemembersfacedchallengesincommunicationandculturebuthelpedoneanotherunderstandBamboo’sgoalsinmorenuancedways.Duringthedevelopmentphase,teamswereformedonthebasisofprofessionandinstitution,eachoneworkingaccordingtotheirownstatusquo,withlittleconnectiontoabiggerpicture.TheBambooplanningprojectaskedparticipants‘what’sinitforyou?’—animportantconsiderationoftenoverlookedinconsortialefforts.Withoutasharedvisiontocounterbalancethepullofself-interest,acomplexmulti-facetedprojectlikeBamboobecomeslittlemorethanafundingumbrellaforindividualinitiatives.

LearningfromtheexperienceofBamboo,DIGHUMLABshouldmakesureto

- Haveaclearvision- Haveacleardefinitionofitsgoalsandexpectations- Haveaclearmandate,and- Haveacontinuousdialogbetweenstakeholders–andlistentoeachother

Theresponsetothesepointswillbeverymuchinfocusthecoming6months.

4

IMPACTDigitalhumanitiesisarelativelynewandagrowingdiscipline,whichwillrequireinvestments–inatimeofcutsattheuniversitiesandresearchlibrariesandthememoryinstitutions.DIGHUMLABthereforeneedstoarticulateitspotentialintermsofpotentialsavings(orsmallerinvestments)andhowitcontributestosocialimpact.

ThecollaborativeeffortofDIGHUMLABwillservetomaximisetherelevanceandreturnofthetechnologyinvestments.Bysharingthecostofmaintainingtheplatform,thecostfortheindividualuniversitywillbereducedcomparedtocarryingtheoperationalcostformany,uncorrelatedservices.

Arecentreport“EvaluatingandmonitoringtheSocio-EconomicImpactofInvestmentinResearchInfrastructures”(technopolis,2015)pointstothepotentialsocio-economicimpactsofDIGHUMLABsuchas

- Thecombinationofdigitalandhumanisticskillsofstudents,mightleadtoincreasedemployment

- Jointventurewithcompaniesmaycontributetoinnovationactivities

Andthescientificimpactas

- Newknowledgeand - Scientificvisibility- Broaderresearchcollaborations

Withacombinedeffortandunifiedvoice,DIGHUMLABcanapproachcompanies,innovationnetworksand/orcompanieslikeAlexandratoformpartnershipsandtofacilitatethepotentialcommonbenefits.

GOVERNANCEAkeytosuccessforDIGHUMLABisitsabilitytoensurerelevanceofallitsactivitiesandtocreatevisibleresultsandvaluefortheresearchcommunity.ToensurethisDIGHUMLABneeds

- AmandateforamorestrategicroleinrelationtodigitalhumanitiesinDenmark- Amechanismforensuringtherightportfolioofactivities- Acommitmentfromtheinstitutionstoimplementsolutions- Anorganization,whichcansupportformulationsofe.g.externalfunding-andmarketing

strategiesandcansupportine.g.documentingsocietalimpact.

DIGHUMLABwillneedapermanentgovernancestructure;howevermanyissuesstillneedstobeaddressedandIproposetousetheprogramgovernancemodelfortheactivities,whichmayleadtoapermanentorganization.

Moderniseringsstyrelsehasdefinedaprogramas2 (inDanish):Etprogramerenmidlertidigfleksibelorganisationsstruktur,dereroprettetforatkoordinere,styreogovervågegennemførelsenafengruppegensidigtafhængigeprojekterogaktiviteter,foratlevereensamletbusinesscaseiformafresultateroggevinster,derunderstøttersammevision.

2 digitaliseringsstyrelsenshjemmeside:http://www.digst.dk/

5

Thepresentinfrastructureproject,DIGHUMLAB,willfollowthenewgovernancestructurewhenitgivesmeaning(ase.g.thespiltbetweenmanagementandstrategy).NewactivitiessuchasDIGHUMLAB2,willfallunderthenewgovernancestructure.

Anacceptanceofthisproposalwillhereandnowresultinfew,butsignificantchanges:

ToensurerelevanceandlocalimplementationofDIGHUMLABsolutions,anewgoverning“science”boardwillbecreatedwithrepresentationfromallthestakeholders:theuniversities,thelibraries,thememoryinstitutionsandrelevantinterestorganizations.Justasthebusinessboardinacompanyhastheresponsibilitytoensurevalue,thescienceboardhastheresponsibilitytoensureDIGHUMLABaddressesrelevantproblems,developsrelevantsolutionsandtoensurethattheseareimplementedattheinstitutions.

Thepresentmembersofthemanagementgroupcouldbepartofthescienceboard,butitwillbesupplementedwithrepresentationsfromthedigitalhumanitiesstrategyboardsattheindividualuniversities,withmembersfrome.g.DariahandClarinandwithrepresentationsfromongoingSIGs.

Toensureprogressintheindividualprojects,themanagementgroupwillfocusonprogress,achievementofgoalsandfollowuponexpenditure.

Thesteeringgroupwillremainunchanged.

Tofacilitateshortdecisionroutesandtosupportstrategicactivitiessuchasformulationandfollow-uponsocietalimpact,onfundraisingactivitiesetc.,themembersofthesteeringgroupwillappointa“deputy”,whowillassistthesecretariat.

THEPOLITICALANDSCHOLARLYLANDSCAPEDIGHUMLABisoneofaseriesofnationalandinternationalinitiativesandlargeprojectsinitiatedtostimulateresearchintheareaofe-scienceanddigitalscholarship.

DIGHUMLABwillcoordinateitsactivitieswithDeiCtoensurecoordinationoftaskandwillrespondtoinitiativesarounddatamanagementanduseofcomputerfacilities.DIGHUMLABandDeiCwillseekcommonsolutionstochallengessuchassecuredepositofresearchdata,portalsolutionsandlegalchallenges.

DIGHUMLABhasanationalmandatetoensurecoordinationwithactivitiesinEuropeanERICsCLARINERICandDariahERIC.Thesecoordinatingactivitieswillbemobilizedinconnectionwiththeproposedscienceboard.

DIGHUMLABisinfluencedbystrategicinitiativesandtrendssuchas

• OpenScience,whichworkstowardsanopendialogonalllevelsbetweenscientists.Thisinitiativeinvolvesamongotherthingsalsoopensource,opendataandopenaccess.The

6

DanishMinistryofresearchandeducationpublishedin2014anopenaccessstrategystatingthatin2022allshouldhaveaccesstoallpublicresearchpublications3

• Thecodeofconduct(andrequirementsfromsomejournals)aboutreproducibility.• Politicalfocusondialogwiththeinnovationnetworksandindustries• Collaborationisthenorm–whichopensforrequirementsabouttoolstosupportthe

collaborationintermsofcommunicationtolls,commonaccesstoanalysistoolsandplatforms,authoringtoolsetc.

DIGHUMLABwillworkonbeinganactiveplayerintheopensciencemovement–bysupportingopenaccess,byrequireowndevelopedsoftwaretobeopensourceandbypromotingandsupportingopendata.DIGHUMLABwillcollaboratewiththeactorsinthisfieldandwhensolutionsemerge,willworkonimplementingthese.

DIGITALHUMANITIESANDTHETECHNOLOGICALEVOLUTIONAsexplainedbye.gNielsBrügger(2016),digitalhumanitieshasbeenthroughdifferentphases,wherethecomputersandthedigitalmaterialbecomemoreandmoreintegratedintotheresearchmethodology..

Ashasbeendemonstratedinnumerousareas,theuptakeofnewtechnologiesgoesthroughanumberofphases,whichstartwithusingthetechnologytosolveproblemsmoreefficiently,goesoveraphase,wherethetechnologyisusedtoaugmenttheprocessesandends,wherethenewtechnologyistotallyimmersedintheproblemformulationandsolution.

Onearea,wherethisdevelopmenthasbeenstudiedquiteintensely,iseducation.InaUNESCOreport4 onereads:“StudiesofICTdevelopmentinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesidentifyatleastfourbroadapproachesthroughwhicheducationalsystemsandindividual

schoolsproceedintheiradoptionanduseofICT.Thefourapproaches,termedemerging,applying,infusionandtransformation,representacontinuum….”

Inthefiguretotheleft5,theinterplaybetweenthetechnologicaluptakeandthepedagogicalprinciplesishighlighted.

3 “Atskabefriadgangforalleborgere,forskereogvirksomhedertilalleforskningsartiklerfradanskeforskningsinstitutionerfinansieretafdetoffentligeog/ellerafprivatefonde.”fromhttp://ufm.dk/forskning-og-innovation/samspil-mellem-viden-og-innovation/open-access/billeder-og-filer/danmarks-nationale-strategi-for-open-access.pdf

4 http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001295/129538e.pdf5 fromanOECDreport:http://www.oecd.org/edu/ceri/Technology-Rich%20Innovative%20Learning%20Environments%20by%20Jennifer%20Groff.pdf

7

AnotherveryillustrativepresentationhasbeenproducedbyJeroeBosnamandBiancaKramerfromUtrechtUniversityLibrary(BosmanandKarmer,2015).Theyhaveinvestigatedwhichtoolsarebeingusedintheresearchprocessandhaveidentifiedanumberofworkflows,asshownonthefigurebelow.

Theaboveisinterestingnotonlybecauseitillustratesthechangingnatureofscholarlyworkbutalsobecausesomeofthetoolsrelyonthewisdomofyourpeers.Mendelay,whichwasoriginallymeantforstoringreferencessuddenlyisadiscoverytool–basedonthecollectionofpeers,andResearchgate,whichoriginallywasjustasiteforpublishingyouresultsnowhastoolsactivelypromotingresearchandthereforeisusedasanoutreachmechanism.

CROWDSOURCING/CITIZENSCIENCEThewisdomofpeersandamateursisbehindagrowingactivity,namelycrowsourcingandcitizenscience.

OnthedigitalhumanitieswebsitefromCambridge,oncanreadthefollowingdefinition:

Researchersinwiderangeofacademicdisciplineshavebeguntoexperimentwith‘crowdsourcing’-creatingormobilisingonlinecommunitiesofvolunteerstoassistthemintheirresearch.…………………….academiccrowdsourcingprojectsmayhavemoreincommonwithotherkindsofparticipatoryresearchinitiatives.‘Citizenscience’,forexample,whichisdescribedinarecentreportbytheUKEnvironmentalObservationFramework,as“theinvolvementofvolunteersinscience”,issometimesusedinterchangeablywith‘crowdsourcing’asalabeltodescriberesearchprojectswhichinvolveanonline,opencallforparticipationbythepublic.

ApioneerintheareaisZooUniverse,www.zoouniverse.org,whereonemightparticipateinthetranscriptionoftheworksofShakespeareorthelettersofartists.ActivitiesattheZooUniverse

8

hasbeenstudiedbySauermannandFranzoni(2015)whoanalyzedmorethan12milliondailyobservationsofuserswhoparticipateinthesevenprojectshostedatthecitizensciencesiteZooniverse.org.Theyfoundthatmorethan100,000citizenscientistscontributedover129,000hoursofunpaidtime,withanestimatedvalueofover$1.5millionforthefirstsixmonthsofjustsevenprojectsstudied.

CrowdsourcingisalreadyusedalotinDenmark,e.g.inarchivesandlibrariestoimprovedataquality.TheNationalArchiveusescrowdsourcingtotranscribee.g.census-dataandlocalarchiveshavemanagedtogetalotofregistrationcardstranscribe.TheRoyalLibraryhasinvolvedusersinaccuratelocationoffarms.

Asisthetopicofmanyarticles,citizensciencecanreallybeawin-winscenario–bothfromanoutreachpointofviewandfromanengagementpointofview.Thescientistsgetalotoffree,qualityassistanceandthepopulationgetsinsightintoproblemsandownershiptotheresearchoutcome.

DIGHUMLABwilllookintotheuseofcitizenscience.

DATAFORDIGITALHUMANITIESTheexponentialgrowthofstorage,ofcomputerpower,andinformationingeneralwillcompletelychangeourpossibilities.AsespeciallyKurzweil(RayKurzweil,TheSingularityIsNear:WhenHumansTranscendBiologyandhttp://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns)haspointedout,theexponentialgrowthofthedigitalworldisincontrasttotheinnaturelineargrowthbehindthebiologicallawsgoverningthehumanevolution.Humanscan’tgrasptheentirety.Technologyworksheretoaidhumansintwoverydifferentways:

- Bigdata,wherecomputerpowerisusedtoanalyzeandvisualizethemassiveamountsofdatatoextractpatternsandtrends

- Semanticdevelopmentwhereinformation(andthings)understandeachotherandcanactaccordingly

Someofthedilemmasbetweentraditionalhumanitiesanddigitalhumanitiesisthemethodologybestillustratedbycontrastinganumberoftermarisingintheliteraturebeingprettysimilar,butstillbeingusedbydifferentcommunities:

• Closereading–distancereading6:Traditionallyresearchinhumanitieshasbeenbasedonso-called“closereading”,referringtothecarefulreadingandinterpretationofselectedobjects–incontrasttotheso-calleddistancereadingrelyingonanalysisofmassiveamountsofaggregatedinformation.

• Smalldataversusbigdata7:Thetwoleadstoverydifferentresearchquestionsandmethodologies,,whichIreturntobelow.

6 TermintroducedbyMorettihttp://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/8/1/000171/000171.html7 Seee.g.blogpostbyTimHitchcock:http://historyonics.blogspot.dk/2014/11/big-data-small-data-and-meaning_9.html

9

• Structuredversusunstructured:Themajorreasonforthegrowthofdatarightnowisthedramaticincreaseofsocalledunstructureddata.Oneoperateswith8:

o Wellstructured(orjust”structured”)whichamountsto5-10%ofthetotalamountofdata,isdefinedasdata/informationwhichcanbestoredinclassicrelationaldatabaseswheretheintendedinterpretationforeveryfielddataisexplicitlyencodedinthedatabasebycolumnandrowheadings

o Semi-structured–accountingforother5-10%,isinformationthatdoesn’tresideinarelationaldatabasebutthatdoeshavesomeorganisationalpropertiesthatmakeiteasiertoanalyse

o Unstructured–whichistheremaining80–90%whichmaybedefinedasthedirectproductofhumancommunication.Examplesincludenaturallanguagedocuments,email,speech,imagesandvideo.Itisinformationthatwasnotspecificallyencodedformachinestoprocessbutratherauthoredbyhumansforhumanstounderstand

Unstructureddataiseverywhere.Infact,mostindividualsandorganizationsconducttheirlivesaroundunstructureddata.Justaswithstructureddata,unstructureddataiseithermachinegeneratedorhumangenerated.

Workingwithbigdataisaboutreducingthecomplexityoftheresearchobjectandincreasingtheirqualityasillustratedbelow.

Attheotherendofthescale,stilladdressingthepotentialoverflowofdata,is”Linkeddata”,whichwascoinedbytheinventoroftheweb,TimBurners-Lee,inconnectionwithhisintroductionofthesemanticweb.TheSemanticWebisn'tjustaboutputtingdataontheweb.

8 Thenumbersarefromhttps://jeremyronk.wordpress.com/2014/09/01/structured-semi-structured-and-unstructured-data/-andfitwiththefigureabove.

10

Thereallyimportantpointoflinkeddatais,thatthedataaredescribedinastructuredmannermakingitpossibleformachinestoaccessandusethem;theyaremachineactionable.

Usingthesestructuredinformationresourceswillbothreduceredundancyoffactualinformationandwillallowforagreaterdegreeofautomatisationofcertainworkflows.Aneasytounderstandexampleistheuseofcreativecommonlicenses.Hereapieceofcodeassociatedwitheache.g.pictureswilltellcrawlerssuchasGoogleabouttherightsassociatedwiththedigitalobject.Google(orothers)canthenmakeasearchinterface,whereIasausercanaskonlytogetpictures,whichcanbere-used.

Anotherclassofdataaretheidentification/authorityinformationsuchas:

- Uniqueidentifiersforresearchoutput–DOI,DanPID- Registryofuniqueresearcheridentifiers–ORCID- VirtualInternationalAuthorityFile(VIAF)

Basedonthediscussionsinthissection:

- DIGHUMLABworkswithbigdatatoinvestigatethepotentialforthislineofresearch.- DIGHUMLABsupports,whenpossible,theLODparadigm.- DIGHUMLABwillencourageactivitiesaroundsmalldata(databases,2D,3D).

SERVICEPROFILECOMPLETENESSOFTOOLSAmajorchallengeindefiningtheactivitiesforDIGHUMLABisthedegreetowhichsoftwareshouldresultinready,easytousetoolsandservices.Themoreeffortyouputintodevelopingapieceofsoftwaretheeasierandcheaperisittousefortheaudience.Often,howeverasistheexperiencefromcloudcomputing,atapriceoffewerdegreesoffreedom.IncloudcomputingonedistinguishesbetweendifferentlevelsofcloudserviceprovisionwithInfrastructureasaService(IaaS)asthemostprimitive,overPlatformasaService(PaaS)toend-userfriendlySoftwareasaService(SaaS),whichnormallycanonlybeusedinonewayandwithlittlefreedomtochangethebehavior.

11

DIGHUMLABreliesonatechnicalinfrastructureofnetworks,computersandinfrastructuresfore.g.autentificationandauthorisationprovidedbyDeICandthedifferentit-departments.

TheplatformandsoftwarelayerforDIGHUMLABalsoconsistsofowndevelopedsoftwareandprogramsforspecifictasks.Someofthetoolsareend-userfriendly,andcanbeusedbyanyone,othersrequireprogrammingexpertise.DIGHUMLABwillneedtomakeachoicebetweenusingit-competencetodevelopthetoolsortouseit-competencetoassistresearchersbuildingoncomponentsfromaroundtheworld.

Iproposethefollowingstrategyfordevelopments:

• Toolsintendedformanyusersshouldbemadeeasytouse.Amongthesetoolsarecontentgatheringandsomeoftheanalysisandvisualisationtools.Noorlittleit-knowledgeisrequiredtousethesetools.

• Formorespecificsolutionstoresearchquestions,theaimshouldbewelldocumentedtoolswithwelldescribedinterfaces.Tousethese,oneneedsprogrammingskills.Tosupportresearcherswithouttherequiredit-competence,DIGHUMLABshouldhaveapoolofit-developers,whichafterapplicationcanbeassignedtoaspecificprojectfor3-12month(seeremarkbyDonaldWaltersbelow).

SERVICES–INTERNATIONALINSPIRATION Numerousinitiativesexisttosupportresearchin“digitalhumanities”.Theyhavenameslike:digitalhumanitieslab,humanitieslab,digitalscholarshipcenters,digitalcommons,etc.InareportformaworkshoparrangedbyCoalitionforNetworkedInformation(CNI)attendedmainlybylibrarians,DonaldWaters,SeniorProgramOfficerforScholarlyCommunicationsatTheAndrewW.MellonFoundation,providedhisobservationsontheworkshop’spresentationsanddiscussions9:

Hiscommentsfocusedontheneedtoviewthesupportofdigitalscholarshipinaninstitutionalcontext,notnarrowlyinalibrarycontext.Inhisview,digitalhumanitiescentersandfacultyinstitutesareoftentheplacesthatbringnewideasin–theyareattheleadingedgeofdevelopments;incontrast,thekindsofcentersthisworkshopfocusedonallownewtools,methods,andinfrastructuretomovefromtheedgetothecenter,makingthosethingsavailabletomoreindividualsandtoabroaderrangeofdisciplinesthanthefacultyinstituteserves.AsDSCsdevelop,theywillalwayshavemoredemandsonthemthanresources,andWaterssuggestedthatdevelopingapeerreviewprocessthatemphasizedsuchfactorsasthebenefitoftheproject totheinstitution’smission,thepotentialapplicationsoftheoutcomesoftheprojecttootherscholarship,thepotentialinter-institutionaldimensionsoftheproject,andthedevelopmentofrobusttoolsthatcouldbeusedinteachingandlearningenvironmentsaswellasinresearch,wouldassistinidentifyingpriorityprojects.

FromtheEuropeansceneIwanttohighlightthreetypesofinitiatives:

CHASE(http://www.chase.ac.uk/),whichisaconsortiumfortheHumanitiesandArtsinSouthEastEnglandworksonnewapproachtodoctoralresearch.Itofferstrainingprogrammesanditworksonidentifyingplacementsforstudents.Membersandpartnersareuniversitiesand

9 https://www.cni.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/CNI-Digitial-Schol.-Centers-report-2014.web_.pdf

12

memoryinstitution.ThealsoworkwithNetworkDevelopmentFund,whichcouldbeamodelforthefutureofSIGwithinDIGHUMLAB.

Physicalfacilitiesrunbyuniversitiesorlibraries,whererelevanthardwareandsoftwareequipment(computers,videoequipment,eyetracking,audiorecording,bigdataanalysis,etc.)areinstalledandwhereresearchersandstudentscanexperienceandbetrainedindifferentaspectsofdigitalmethodologies.HerebothUmeaaandLundgiveverygoodexamples,seehttp://www.humlab.umu.se/en/about/humlab/andhttp://www.humlab.lu.se/en/about/).Whatseemstocharacterisethesecentersisthepresenceofadrivingperson,whoensuresthedevelopmentoflab-facilitiesthroughdealswiththeuniversityandthroughfocuseduseofgrantmoney.

Registries,mainlydrivenbylibraries,whichattempttoprovideanentrytothewealthoftoolsavailablefordigitalhumanitiesresearchoranentrytoidentifydata(suchasClarin)ortoolslikeDirt(http://dirtdirectory.org)maintainedbytheCenterNetorganization.Utrechthasdevelopedaregistrycontainingadescriptionofowndevelopedtools–withexamplesandinformationonthedeveloper.

Iobserve

- Aneedtostimulateprojectcreationandexchangeofideas- Aneedforapeerreviewprocesstogoverntheuseofsupportresources- Aneedtoassiststudentsandresearchersinexploringnewpossibilities- Aneedtouseprojectmoneytodevelopandexpandthearrayofservices–toensure

continuedrelevanceofthefacilities

ForDIGHUMLABIpropose

• TocreateacommonregistryoftoolsusedindigitalhumanitiesinDenmark,wheretheactualusescenarioisincenter–eitherinformofareallifeusecaseortoolsand/ordigitalobjectsarepartofaworkflow.Theusecaseortheworkflowcanstemfromaresearchquestionorfromalearningsituation.

• Togetherwiththescienceboardarrangeayearly“dating”event,whereideasarepitchedandwherepanelswillchallengethese.Theobjectiveistocreatesynergybetweensimilaractivitiesandtoidentifynewareasofactivity.

• Establishapeerreviewprocesstodistributeit-developmentresources.–ifitisdecidedtocreateapoolofsuchexpertise.

• WorkoncreatingamembershipmodelbasedonthemodelofChase,wherefundingorganisations,universitiesandinformationcompaniespartnertooffersupportforcompetencebuilding,e.g.throughplacementgrantinconnectionwithPhDstudies.

13

DIGHUMLAB,ADIGITALECOSYSTEMEUdefinesresearchinfrastructure10 as:facilities,resourcesandrelatedservicesusedbythescientificcommunitytoconducttop-levelresearchintheirrespectivefields,..

ThefacilitiesinDIGHUMLABareequipmentandsoftwareandtheresourcesarethedigitalobjectsandrelatedservicesarethesupport,training,outreach,andadministrativestructurebuiltaroundthefacilities.

Ashasalreadybeendescribed,thetechnologicallandscapechangesfastandwithexponentialgrowthratesinallparameters.Thishasconsequencesfortheinfrastructurewhichcan’tbeonebigmonolithicsystem–ithastobedynamicandadjusttothechangingneedsoftheresearchcommunity.Thisistheideabehindadigitalecosystem,aconceptnowusedforconferences,booksandpapersanddescribedindetailbyBriscoe(Briscos,2009)inhisPhDthesis“DigitalEcosystems”.

Wikipediadefinesadigitalecosystemasadistributed,adaptive,opensocio-technicalsystemwithpropertiesofself-organisation,scalabilityandsustainabilityinspiredfromnaturalecosystems.Digitalecosystemmodelsareinformedbyknowledgeofnaturalecosystems,especiallyforaspectsrelatedtocompetitionandcollaborationamongdiverseentitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_ecosystem)

ThecomponentsofDIGHUMLABaredigitalobjects,servicesandsupport–developedinresponsetorealresearchquestions.Theinteroperabilityisensuredthroughadherencetoexchangestandardsformetadata,fortheobjects,forthesoftwareandforcommunication.Theusabilityisensuredthroughuserinvolvementinfuturedevelopments,throughmanualsand/ortrainingmaterialandthroughanexpertsupportsystem.

DigitalEcosystem

Objects

Practice

Community

Experts

Tutorials

Tools

10 (https://ec.europa.eu/research/infrastructures/index_en.cfm?pg=what

14

ThefigureaboveisinspiredbyasimilarfigurewithjustfourcategoriesfromYaleDigitalCollectioncenter(http://ydc2.yale.edu/digital-ecosystem),capturingthecomponentsoftheDIGHUMLABdigitalecosystem.

FollowingthesixcategoriesinthefigureIthereforeproposethefollowingdescriptionofDIGHUMLAB:

DIGHUMLABasadigitalecosystemadvancingresearchindigitalhumanitiesandconsistingof:

Atoolareaconsistingof

• Software(preferableopensource)–withwelldescribedAPIsandwithmetadatafordiscovery

• Selectedexternal(andinternal)services,whichcanbeinvokedaccordingtostandards• Capturetools

Adigitalobjectareaconsistingof

• Licenseddataandtheirassociatedmetadata• Opendataadheringtostandardsandwithmetadatafordiscovery(preferableadhering

tothestandardsbehindLinked(open)Data)

Tutorialsconsistingof

• Video/demonstratorsillustratingtheuse• Workflowdescriptions• Trainingcourses

Asharepoliciesandpracticeareaconsistingof

• Informationonethicalquestion(DIGETIK)• Networkforbestpracticeinrightandprivacy(findcorrecttitle)

Andfinallyacommunityareaof

• Specialinterestgroupsaddressingemergingthemes• Participationinnationalnetworks• CommunitiesontheWebandonFacebook• Collaborationthroughinternationalfora

Andfinally,expertsagreeingtosupporttheresearch(andeducational)communitythroughactivitiessuchas

• Atechnicalhelpdesk• Adviceonsimilarproblems(e.g.purchaseofvideocapturetools)

Theindividualcellsoftheecosystemwillbegroupedaccordingtopropertiessuchasthenatureofthedatasetandtheresearchactivitysupportedbythetoolandtheunderlyingtechniqueused.

AnadditionalconceptintroducedinDIGHUMLABis“incontext”;notoolandnodatasetwillbeexposedwithoutbeingsetinacontext,whichcanhappeneitherviaacasestory,apaperbasedonthedatasetand/ortoolsorviaadescriptionofaworkflow.

15

Intheecosystem,somedata/objectsandsomeprocesseswillbeconnectedtoformworkflows.Theseworkflowstogetherwithcasestudieswillconstitutethebasisforknowledgesharingandcanactasthekeytoconnectinterestedstudents/researcherstoexperts.

AspointedoutbyamongothersCarolGoble(Goble,2008)theconstructionofrelevantworkflowsmakesiteasierforstudentsandresearcherstogetstartedandgetresults.

DIGHUMLABTERMINOLOGY Theglueofthedigitalecosystemhasmanyforms,fromprotocolsandframeworkforthesystem-to-systemcommunicationoverstandardsforwrappingtheobjectstohowthesearedescribed.

Intheshorttimeframe,itwillbeusefulwithataxonomytogroupthetoolsandobjects.

SinceDariahisapartofDIGHUMLABIthinkweneedtoexploretheadaptabilityoftheTaDiRAH11 taxonomy,alsoasithasbeenusedtoclassifythetoolsinDIRT.

TaDiRAHoperateswiththreeareas:Activities,ObjectsandTechniques.DIGHUMLABwillinvestigatethepossibilityofusingtheTaDiRAHtaxonomidevelopedbyDariahforactivitiestodescribetheactivitiesandusethisapproachtounifytheecosystem.

DIGHUMLABmayinvestigatetheuseofNeMO12 todescribethedigitalobjects.

Togetafullclassification,amethodologywillbeneededfortechniques;myinvestigationsuptonowhavenotrevealedagoodcandidate.

EXISTINGSERVICESINDIGHUMLABThestudentsandresearchersoftheparticipatinginstitutionsofDIGHUMLABcanfreelyuseandseekadviceontoolsandservicesasdescribedbelow.

DIGHUMLABTOOLSThefollowingtoolshavedevelopedaspartoforhasbeenembeddedinDIGHUMLAB:

Tools,whichhasbeendevelopedbymembersofDIGHUMLABandtowhichDIGHUMLABhasaresponsibilityofmaintainingthetools:

CLARINinfrastructuretoolsfor:

• Linguisticannotations(POS-TaggingopenNLP,Brill'sPosTagger,NameRecogniser,CSTlemmatiser,Bohnetsparser)andfor

• Conversation(TEIP5tokenizer,TEIP5segmenter,CoNLLconverter)

LARMinfrastructuregivingaccesstomorethan1mio.Radio-andtelevisionprogramsandsupportingthefollowingfeatures:

• Collaboration• Sharedannotationsendenrichmentofthematerial

11 http://tadirah.dariah.eu/vocab/index.php12 http://nemo.dcu.gr

16

• Accesstoallmaterialinmediestream(Newspapers,broadcastsandmanuscriptsfornews-broadcasts)

Lab-facilitiestovideo-captureeventsandtoannotatethese:

MobileVideo-capturefacility–basedonGoProcamera

VideoResearchLabinAalborg,

VideoEditingLabinKolding

Thefollowingopensourceor/andcommercialtoolsareusedbymembersoftheDHLcommunity:

EZArchive–atoolsdevelopedbyChaosInside,whichcanbeusedforstoringresearchoutput.(notutorialavailable)

Asetoftoolsforgatheringofwebbasedmaterialexplainedandusedinaworkshoponcreatingwebarchives:

• Enkeltsider:(WebSnapper,Paparazzi)• Lydogvideo:(VideoDownloadHelper,Musicbox,WireTapSudio,Videobox)• Skærmfilmiingb(SnagIt)• Samlehelewebsider(HTTrack)

Asetoftoolsforworkingwithvideowithtutorialsexplaininghowtousethese:

• Transcritiontools:(CLAN,ELAN,Praat)• Video-editingtools:(FinalCutPro,PremierePro)

Atoolfordocumentdesign

• InDesign

ThetoolsofDIGHUMLABarevisualizedinthefigurebelow,wherethetaxonomyofTaDiRahisusedasabasisforcharacterizingthetools:

17

Supportingtoolsprovidedbyothers:

- DanPID;KB- Supportforpublishingjournals(nationalinitiativesupportedbytheMinistryofresearch

andeducation):KB- WAYF–authentication- Datacite(DOIfordatasets)- ORCID–identifiesforresearchers

MostoftheDIGHUMLABtoolshavebeendevelopedasopensourceandhavebeensubmittedtoGitHUB.

DIGHUMLAB-DATASETSMostofthedataisopenaccess;however,afairamountofthecontemporarymaterial,isclosedasprivacyhindersopenaccesstothematerial.

18

CLARIN:

- Generallanguagecorpus,notpublic(18,893files)- DK-CLARINGenerallanguagecorpus,publicpart,textsfromtheDanishParliament- DK-CLARINLanguageforSpecialPurposes(LSP)corpusconsistsoftextsfromseven

selecteddomains.Itcomprises11Mtokensfromtheperiod2000-2010,complementingtheexistingDanishgenerallanguagecorpora

- KnowledgeforEverymanCorpusofDanishtextsfromtheperiod1500-1750(86files)- RAPID,DanishPressReleasesfromtheEuropeanCommission1993-2003(5329files)- JRC-Acquis(2306files)- DanishFinancialReports,2002-2010(90files)- Aseriesofthreedifferentmaterialtypesrelatedto

o Talkbankconversations(7soundfiles,13videofilesand21annotatedcollections)

o Interviewswithyoungstudents(14soundfiles,46videofilesand16Annotatedcollections)

o Conversationamongstudents(16soundfiles,21videofilesand4Annotatedcollections)

- Structureddata(owl,csv):DanNet- Jydskordbog(TEIPS)

Netarchive

ThenetarchivehasharvestedtheDanishInternetsince2005,wheretheDanishLegalDepositLawwaschangedtoincludethistypeofmaterial.ThetaskisundertakenbythetwolegaldepositlibrariesinDenmark,theStateandUniversityLibrary,AarhusandtheRoyalLibraryinCopenhagen.TheNetarchivecontainsmorethan10.000.000.000documents.

Radio-andtelevisioncollection

TheStateandUniversityLibrary,Aarhus,hostthenationalmediacollection.Duetothelibraryfocusondigitalizationitnowcontainsnearto2millionprograms:

• Harvestingofradio-andtelevisioncontinuouslysinceJan.12006• Retrodigitalisationoftelevision(Mpeg-1,mpeg-2,H.264)• RetrodigitalisationofDRradiotapesfromca.1920(incollaborationwithDR)(WAV,

BWF,mp3)• 52.000commercials

OTHERDIGITALRESOURCESTheabovearethemainresourcesusedinDIGHUMLAB.Manymoreressourcesareavailableandfutureworkwillworkonidentifyingrelevantdigitalmaterialforhumanities.Afullregistrationofdigitalizedcollectionscanbefoundat“DanskKulturarvdigitaliseret”,aportalmaintainedbytheRoyalLibraryprovidingaccesstoretro-digitisedmaterial.

Amongthecollections,whichhasbeenmentionedasbeingofinterestfordigitalhumanitiesarementionedbelow.However,manymoreareavailableandarerelevant,sothelistbelowisinnowayexhaustive.

19

Digitalizednewspapers(SB)

TheStateandUniversityLibraryhoststhenewspaperarchive.Morethan13mio.pageshavebeendigitizedandOCR’eduptonowandareavailableviaMediastream.

DigitalizedLiterature(KB)

TheRoyalLibraryisresponsibleforlargecollectionsofmanuscripts,lettersandbooks.SomeofthesehavebeendigitizedandpublishedonthewebandsomehavebeenassociatedwiththeMARC-recordofthelibrarysystem.

Mostoftheearlymaterial(upto1700)areavailable(freelyfromDenmark)viaEarlyEuropeanBooks.

Worksof78majoroutofcopyrightDanishauthorshasbeenpublishedas“Arkivfordansklitteratur”,acollaborationbetweenKBandDSL.Theapproximately2.100pagesareavailableviawww.adl.dk.

DigitalizedSheetMusic(KB)

TheRoyalLibraryisresponsibleforlargecollectionsofsheetmusic.Morethan7.000piecesofthesehavebeendigitizedandissearchableviathelibrarysystem.

Retro-digitalizedmapsandpictures

AlargecollectionofaerialphotoshavebeenretrodigitizedbytheRoyalLibraryandismadeavailableviatheportal“Danmarksetfraluften–førGoogle”.

Kiekegaard(Kierkegaardcentret,KB),Holberg(DSL,KB)andGrundtvig(Grundtvigcentret):

ThecompleteworkandcorrespondenceofthreeofthemajorDanishauthorsareavailableasannotatedtextviathreedifferentsites.

SørenKierkegaardsSkrifter,www.sks.dk:thecompleteworkofKierkegaard,

LudvigHolbergsSkrifter,www.holberg,thecompleteworkofHolbergand

Grundtvigsværker,www.grundtvigsværker.dk,thecompleteworkofGrundtvig.

DigitisedmaterialfromRigsarkivet(NationalArchive)

20

REFERENCES:Bosman,JeroenandKramer,Bianca2015 ‘101InnovationsinScholarlyCommunication’seee.g.https://innoscholcomm.silk.coorhttps://figshare.com/articles/101_Innovations_in_Scholarly_Communication_the_Changing_Research_Workflow/1286826

Briscoe,Gerard2009PhDthesis“DigitalEcosystems”http://arxiv.org/pdf/0909.3423.pdf

Brügger,Niels2016‘DigitalHumanities’,inTheInternationalEncyclopediaofCommunicationTheoryandPhilosophy.red.KlausBruhnJensen,Wiley-Blackwell2016.

Dombrowski,Quinn2014‘WhatEverHappenedtoProjectBamboo?’LiteraryandLinguisticComputing,vol.29,no.3,September2014,pp.326–339. doi: 10.1093/llc/fqu026)

Franzoni,ChiaraandSauermann,Henry2014‘CrowdScience:TheOrganizationofScientific ResearchinOpenCollaborativeProjects’,ResearchPolicy,vol43,issue1,pages1-20

Goble,Carol2008InvitedtalkatECDL2008