Exam 3 Ultimate Study Guide

Chapter 35 – Deuterostome Animals

1. What are two characteristic morphological features in deuterostomes? Anus develops first and the coelom forms from mesoderm being pinched

2. What are three synapomorphies that characterize echinoderms? Adults have radial symmetryEndoskeleton Watervascular system

3. What are the components of the echinoderm water vascular system?Tube feet – podium (outside body) and Ampulla (inside body)

4. What type of symmetry do adult echinoderms have? Radial

5. Describe three different ways in which echinoderms feed. Mass feeding – ex: feeding on bivalves by ripping their shells apart with their tube feet, extruding their stomachs through the opening, secreting enzymes into them and sucking them upSuspension feeding – extend tube feet into the water and use them to flick up food particles. Their cilia then sweep food into their mouth Deposit feeding – dissolve food in mucus and eat mucus by moving it to their mouth with their tube feet

End objective questions

6. What are the five major lineages and common names of echinoderms?Crinodidea – feather stars and sea liliesAsteroidea – sea stars Ophiuroidea – brittle stars and basket stars Echinoidea – sea urchins and sand dollars Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers

7. What do you need to know about Crinoidea? They are sessile and suspension feeder

8. What do you need to know about Ophiuroidea? They have 5 or more arms connected to disk for feeding

9. What do you need to know about Holothuroidea?

Suspension/deposit feed with modified tube feet around mouth called tentacles

10. What do you need to know about Hemichordata and Xenoturbellida?They are worm-like

11. What four morphological features distinguish chordates?Openings in the throat called pharyngeal gill slits A dorsal hollow nerve cord that runs the length of the body A stiff and supportive but flexible rod, called the notochord, that runs the length of the body A muscular post-anal tail

12. The three lineages of chordates are…?Cephalochordates UrochordatesVertebrates

13. Cephalochordates are also called __lancelets__ or __amphioxus__.

14. Which is not a vertebrate?a. Scorpion b. Great white sharkc. Gorilla d. Pit viper e. Salamander

*scorpions are arthropods

15. Urochordates are also called __tunicates__ or __sea squirts__. What parts that distinguish them as chordates only occur in the larvae?

Notochord

Dorsal hollow nerve chord Muscular post anal tail

16. Label each colored part (yellow, pink, blue and brown).

Yellow = pharyngeal gill slits Dorsal hollow nerve cordNotochord Muscular, post-anal tail

17. Birds are a. Amphibiansb. Mammalsc. Body fishesd. Reptiles

18. In vertebrates, the dorsal hollow nerve cord = __spinal cord__

19. In aquatic species of vertebrates, what do pharyngeal pouches develop into?Gills

20. What are the synapomorphies that distinguish vertebrates? What do these protect?Vertebrae Cranium Protects the central nervous system

21. What are the three regions of the brain?Forebrain – housing the sense of smellMidbrain – associated with vision Hindbrain – responsible for balance and hearing

22. For the following statements, say whether they are correct or incorrect.

Asteroidia are predators or scavengers that feed on animals such as bivalves, sponges, barnacles and snails (CORRECT)

Asteroidia crawl by using their tube feet (CORRECT)Asteroidia only consist of females (INCORRECT)

Asteroidia have reproductive organisms in one or more of their arms (CORRECT)

The larvae are short lived. They only spend a few hours in the water column (INCORRECT)

Most species can regenerate lost arms. Some can regenerate by dividing the body in two and regenerating the missing half (CORRECT)

23. Most species of Ecinoidea are what?Sea urchins and sand dollars

24. Fill in the information in the table below about the key innovations of vertebrates. Innovation Bony

exoskeleton

Jaws Bony endoskeleton

Limbs capable of moving on land

Amniotic egg Wings and flight

Time period Ordovician Silurian Silurian Devonian Carboniferous

X

Accomplishment

Scale-like plates

predation

Rapid swimming

Tetrapods

Better-developed young

Flying

25. The key vertebrate chordate lineages include:

FishAmphibiansMammalsReptiles

Chapter 35 (Deuterostomes) continued… Key

1. Which lineage of echinoderms are sessile suspension feeders? Crinodea

2. How would you distinguish a brittle star from a sea star? Brittle stars have a much more defined central region. In sea stars the arms blend into

that central region.

3. How do sea stars (Asteroidea) use their tube feet? Eating and feeding

4. Compare and contrast the sea urchins and sand dollars (Echinoidea). Sea urchins feed on kelp grazing on the ground and sand dollars are suspension feeders

that use mucus.

5. What are the four shared morphological features of chordates? Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and muscular post anal tail

6. Which subphylum of chordates lacks three of these features in adults? Urochordates AKA sea squirts or tunicates

7. How does the dorsal hollow nerve cord differ between the vertebrates and the other subphyla of Chordata?

Bonier and becomes the spinal column

8. What is the purpose of the notochord in vertebrates? The notochord helps organize the body plan early in development by secreting proteins

that induce somite formation. Somites are segmented blocks of tissue that later differentiate into vertebrae, ribs, and skeletal muscles

9. What are the two synapomorphies that characterize vertebrates? Cranium and vertebrae. Both protect the CNS

10. What are three regions of the vertebrate brain and what do they control? Front, mid, and hind brain. Front brain controls smell, mid brain controls sight and hind

brain controls balance and hearing

11. What did the innovation of jaws allow? Predation

12. What did the innovation of the bony endoskeleton allow? Faster movement

13. What did the innovation of the amniotic egg allow? More developed juvenile stage. The amniotic egg provided a more moist environment.

Before, the eggs would’ve dried out on land.

14. What are the two primary lineages of the vertebrates that have roughly the same number of species?

Tetrapods and ray finned fishes

15. From what structure did the vertebrate jaw evolve? Gill finned arches

16. Describe the relationship between lungfish and tetrapods. Lungfish had bony limbs and tetrapods are animals that have limbs (although some have

lost either one pair of limbs or both). Tetrapods include amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

17. How are amphibian eggs different from those reptiles, birds, and mammals? Amphibian eggs only have one layer Yolk sac (contains nutrients), Amnion (contains embryo) and Allantios (contains waste)

18. What innovation do viviparous vertebrates have and why is it important/what does it do?

Placenta. This is important because it shields the embryo; constant temp, transport, easy transport of baby. It transfers nutrients and oxygen from mom to baby and CO2 and waste from baby.

19. How does parental care entail a fitness trade-off? The components of offspring are # of children and survival. You can only give so much to

offspring so you can’t have that many. So you are having less offspring but they are more likely to survive.

20. What adaptations have facilitated vertebrate flight? Hollow bones, keel (elongated keel on sternum for attachment on flight muscles),

endothermic (produce heat in their own tissues)

21. What is the difference between hominins and hominids?Great apes are called hominids Hominins include all of the homo species (including us and all the distinct species)

22. True or False: Across the hominins over time the brain case and body size have decreased.

23. Compared to early homo species, how are we (recent homo species) different?We have flatter faces, smaller teeth and larger braincases

24. What is the closest living relative of Homo sapiens?

Chimpanzee

25. True or False: we are 96% similar to chimpanzees based on DNA sequencing.

Chapter 31 – Green Algae and Land Plants

26. The green plants consist of: Green algae and land plants

27. What kind of ecosystem services do plants provide? Enhance life-supporting attributes of the physical, nonliving components of an

ecosystem Produce oxygen Build soil by providing food for decomposers Hold soil and prevent erosion by wind and water Water retention in soil Moderate climate by providing shade with windbreaks

28. Land plants are the dominant __primary producers__ in terrestrial ecosystems

29. What important resources do plants provide for humans? Food Fuel Fibers Building materials Medicines

30. How do biologists study green plants? Comparing morphological traits Analyzing the fossil record Estimating phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences from homologous

Chapter 31 - Green Algae and Land Plants - KEY

1. Most green algae are a. Aquatic b. Terrestrial

2. Most land plants are a. Aquatic b. Terrestrial

3. The transition from aquatic to terrestrial life occurred when land plants evolved from what?

Multicellular green algae

4. What structures in green algae and land plants tell us that they are closely related?

Similar chloroplast structureThylakoid arrangements are similarCell walls, sperm, and peroxisomes similar in structure and composition

5. What three major phyla are plants grouped into?Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)Seedless vascular plants Seed plants

6. Which phyla are mosses in?a. Seedless vascular plants

b. Nonvascular plants c. Seed plants

7. Which phyla are angiosperms in?a. Seedless vascular plantsb. Nonvascular plantsc. Seed plants

8. The reproductive cells of plants are called __spores__.9. The sheets of waxy coating called __cuticle__ that helped prevent

dessication.

10. Why is prevention of dessication an important early innovation? Dessication means removing the moisture from something. It’s important to prevent moisture loss from plants because they need moisture to survive.

11. What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperm?Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones.

12. Label the following plants in order (1-4) from which appeared first in the fossil record to which appeared last.

Nonvascular plants (2)Seed plants (4)Seedless vascular plants (3)Green algae (1)

13. Describe adaptations that prevented water loss from cells.The cuticle is a watertight sealant that covers the aboveground parts of the plants and gives them the ability to survive in dry environments. It’s a waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leaves.Stomata: consists of an opening called a pore surrounded by specialized guard cells. The pore opens and closes as the guard cells change shape. Gas exchange is accomplished through the pore.

14. Describe adaptations that provided protection from UV irradiation.

Most plants make and accumulate compounds that absorb UV light. These compounds act as sunscreen and protect the plant’s DNA

15. Describe adaptations that helped move water from tissues with direct access to water to tissues without direct access.

Growing upright plants had to be able to transport water against gravity and stay upright despite gravity and wind. They were able to do these things with the help of vascular tissue. A characteristic of vascular tissue is the presence of lignin in the walls of water-conducting cells. Tracheids also evolved (they are complex supportive and water-conducting tissues. Long, thin, tapering, water-conducting cells)Vessel elements (most specialized type of water-conducting cell) are shorter and wider than tracheids. They have gaps on both ends where both cell walls are missing

16. Which pair of morphological traits is used to define the three categories into which land plants are classified?

a. Which habitats the plants colonize, and which photosynthetic pigments they contain

b. Whether or not the plants contain vascular tissue, and whether or not they produce seeds

c. Where plants appear in the fossil record, and the closeness of their phylogenetic relationships

d. Whether or not they produce flowers, and whether or not their seeds are developed in enclosed structures

17. Plants must take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, but the waxy substance that covers the plant to prevent water loss also prevents the exchange of gases. What structure found in modern plants is the solution to this problem?

a. Stoma b. Cuticlec. Tracheidd. Spores encased in sporopollenin

SI worksheet 2/21 – Chapter 31 First, a review…

1. What are the two main groups of primates?

Prosimians & anthropoids

2. What are some of the defining characteristics of primates?Opposable thumbs Flat nailsLarger brainsColor vision Complex social behaviorForward facing eyes

3. What is the difference between a hominid and a hominin?Hominins is a subset of the hominids. Hominids are all great apes

4. What synapomorphy distinguishes hominins from other hominids?Bipedalism

5. How are recent species in the genus Homo distinguished from earlier species?Larger body size and larger brain cases

6. Describe the Out-of-Africa hypothesis. Human originated in Africa so we evolved all our modern traits there. Then there was this huge migration out of Africa around 50-60,000 years ago. After they migrated out of Africa, humans mated with Neanderthals and experienced gene flow with them.

7. Why are we discussing green algae along with the land plants?Land plants evolved from green algae and they have a lot of similar characteristics

8. Which species colonized terrestrial environments first, plants or animals?Plants

9. In what way are plants “primary producers”?They harvest the energy from the sun using photosynthesis to produce sugar and oxygen from CO2

10. Describe the process of plant domestication. Humans started about 10,000 years ago with completely wild plants and selected traits that they liked in those plants and after awhile those plants change to become the way humans wanted them to.

11. What are some ways that biologists can study plants?Fossil record Genetics Morphological traits

12. In what ways are green algae similar to land plants?Chloroplasts are similar Thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts are similar

13. What are the three primary groups of land plants and how are they differentiated based on morphology?

Seedless vascular Nonvascular Seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms)

14. What does the fossil record tell us about the evolution of land plants?Plants originated Sylerian Devonian explosion – all modern innovations of plants evolved during this Carboniferous was next – coal deposits in swamps now we are to current day – angiosperm radiation

15. What feature did land plants evolve in order to cope with dessication and what problem did this feature introduce?

Cuticle – the cuticle introduced the problem of being able to get air through the cuticle. The stoma solved this problem. First they were just pores but then evolved guard cells.

16. Why was increased UV radiation a problem for land plants and what was the evolutionary solution?

UV radiation damaged DNA. Flavonoids served as sunscreen that protected them from UV radiation.

Continuing Chapter 31…

17. What were the first land plants that lacked rigidity and grew low to the ground?Nonvascular plants

18. In order to grow erect, a plant must transport water against gravity and stay upright despite gravity and wind. What innovations allowed them to do this?

Vascular tissue, tracheids and vessels

19. In which groups of plants do you see vessel elements?Angiosperms and gnetophytes (these are gymnosperms)

20. Do green algae practice alternation of generations? Why or why not?No, because they lack two different stages (gametophyte and sporophyte). NO SPOROPHYTES IN GREEN ALGAE!

21. What are the name of the male and female gametes?Antheridium and archegonium

22. What two important obstacles in green land plants have to overcome to make the water-to-land transition?

Gamete dispersal Lack of motility

23. What innovations allowed plant reproduction in dry environments?Dessication-resistant spores encased in sporopolleninGametes produced in complex, multicellular structure Embryos retained and nourished by the parent plant

24. What are gametangia? What living land plant groups still have these?They are specialized reproductive organs that protect gametes from drying and damage. All living land plants EXCEPT angiosperms have these.

25. All land plants undergo alternation of generations. What is alternating? Alternates between a multicellular haploid phase called the gametophyte and a multicellular diploid phase known as the sporophyte

26. What are the events that are always involved in alternation of generation?-sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis -spores germinate, divide by mitosis, and develop into multicellular, haploid gametophytes-gametophytes produce unicellular haploid gametes by mitosis-two gametes unite during fertilization to form a diploid zygote -the zygote divides by mitosis and develops into multicellar, diploid sporophyte

27. What do zygotes become? Spores?Zygotes develop into sporophytes and spores are developed into gametophytes

28. What is produced by fertilization of sperm and egg?Zygotes

29. What does in mean when a certain stage is “dominant” over the other?It is larger and longer lived

30. In early land plants (nonvascular plants), which stage in the alternation of generations is dominant? Why does this make sense?

Gametophyte. This make sense because these evolved from green algae and they didn’t even have a sporophyte stage.

31. In ferns and other vascular plants, which stage is dominant?Sporophyte

32. What might be a reason for transition from a dominant haploid gametophyte stage to a dominant sporophyte stage for plants?

Because the sporophyte stage is diploid, therefore you would have a second copy as a backup during bad weather, etc.

33. What is a major difference that separates gymnosperms and angiosperms from earlier plants that has to do with the spores?

Early land plants are homosporous, which means that they have a single type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte (produces both egg and sperm) so they can self-fertilize Gymnosperms and angiosperms have heterospory which is the production of two different spore types by different structures

34. What is a pollen grain?Tiny mail gametophyte that is surrounded by a tough coat of sporopollenin Because it has this sporopollenin, they can be exposed to air for long periods of time

35. What does sporopollenin protect plants against?Desiccation

36. What is shown in the picture below?

Seed

37. What are the two key reproductive structures of flowers? Which is male and which is female?

Stamens (male) and carpels (female)

38. How is heterospory in angiosperms different than that of gymnosperms?Angiosperms have double fertilization. One fertilization produces embryo and the other produces endosperm to nourish embryo

39. What selective pressure likely first drove the evolution and diversification of flower sepals, petals, and scents?

a. Avoidance of herbivory b. Artificial selection and the cut-flower tradec. Attraction of animal pollinators d. Photosynthetic efficiency

40. What do the pollinator and plant each gain through their mutualistic relationship?Pollinator gets food and plant gets fertilized

Chapter 31 (Green Algae and Land Plants) and Chapter 36 (Viruses)

A review from Chapter 31…. 1. Why is sprawling growth habit a disadvantage for nonvascular plants?

Because when they grow taller they have more access to sunlight and more resources

2. Describe the unique cell wall structure found in fossils of land plants.2 cell walls; 1 is very well formed (primary cell wall) made up of cellulose and then the rings of lignin began to form to make up vessel elements and tracheids.

3. How do tracheids and vessel elements differ?Vessel elements: shorter, wider, and larger openings at the top

4. In what two lineages have vessel elements evolved?Angiosperms and gnetophytes

5. What is the primary difference between the life cycle of green algae and the land plants?

Land plants go through Alternation of Generations and green algae do not Green algae do not have diploid sporophyte (but they do have diploid zygote)

6. What are the two multicellular generations/individuals in land plant life cycles?Diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte

7. What is the difference between a spore and a zygote?Spore is haploid and zygote is diploid. Spore is produced by sporophyte and zygote is produced by gametophyte

8. Which generation dominates the life cycle later in land plants, the gametophyte or the sporophyte?

Sporophyte

9. What is the difference between homospory and heterospory?Homospory – gametophyte is bisexual (both male and female)

Heterospory – gametophyte is either male or female

10. In what type of plants is pollen found? What are some advantages of pollen?Seed plants – gymnosperms and angiosperms. More effective transport and the sporopollenin keeps it from drying out

11. What are the components and benefits of a seed?Embryo Nutritive component Outer protective layer

12. What are the four main components of a flower?Stamen (male) and carpel (female) petals and sepals

13. Describe the process of double fertilization. Main difference that you need to know: 2 from mom and 1 from dad…triploid AKA three copies of genetic material

14. Describe the directed-pollination hypothesis and give an example that supports it. The color, smell, etc. have all evolved to attract pollinators An example is bees being attracted to a certain color flower

15. What is derived from the ovary?Fruit

16. How many species of angiosperms are there?Over 250,000…they represents one of the greatest adaptive radiations (it’s happening now)

17. What is the difference between monocots and dicots?Monocots – one cotyledon, scattered vascular tissue, parallel leaf veins, and petals in multiples of three Dicots – two cotyledons, vascular tissue in circular arrangement, branching veins in leaves and petals in multiples of 4 or 5

18. What is the importance of a cotyledon?It’s the first source of nutrition…first leaf to photosynthize after germination

19. Dicots are _paraphyletic_ which means there are multiple independent lineages. Monocots are monophyletic.

20. Describe nonvascular plants. First land plantsHave a low, sprawling growth habit Lack vascular tissue with lignin-reinforced cell walls

Have flagellated sperm that swim to eggs Have spores that are dispersed by wind

21. Describe seedless vascular plants. Paraphyletic group between nonvascular plants and the seed plants All species of seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue comprised of lignin-reinforced cells Seedless vascular plants depend on presence of water for reproduction Sporophyte is dominant phase of life cycle

22. Describe seed plants. Monophyletic group including gymnosperms and angiospermsDefined by the production of seeds and pollen grains Found in virtually every type of habitat Have life spans ranging from a few weeks to almost 5000 yearsAre all heterosporous

Now, Chapter 36…23. What it mean that a virus is an obligate, intracellular parasite?

It has to be inside another cell in order to anything and is parasitic.

24. Are viruses themselves cellular?No…which means they are nonliving

25. What is lateral gene transfer?Transferring genes between organisms

26. Was the placenta partly derived from viruses?Yes

27. In order to become stably incorporated into the human genome and inherited across generations, a viral gene must infect what type of cell?

a. Neuron b. Lymphocytec. Gamete d. Erythrocyte

28. What is the difference between an epidemic and pandemic?An epidemic is a disease that rapidly infects a large number of individuals over a widening area (more local region)

A pandemic is a worldwide epidemic (global) (ex: Spanish flu)

29. How many people has aids killed so far?

30-35 million

30. True or false: virus particles are bigger than eukaryotic cells.

31. What is the difference between a nonenveloped virus and an enveloped virus?Nonenveloped (“naked”) viruses: genetic material covered by a protein shell called a capsid Enveloped: covered by a capside AND one more membrane-like envelopes

32. What are the functions of the capsid?Protects the genome while outside the host Releases the genome when infecting a new cell

33. What is the central dogma of biology? Do viruses follow this?DNA mRNA proteins Start with DNA which is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into proteins Many viruses violate this.

34. What are the three different classes of single-stranded RNA?Positive-sense viruses Negative-sense viruses Ambisense viruses

35. How does a virus replicate?There are two ways: -via replicative growth (LYTIC): produces the next generation of virions and often kills the host cell-in a dormant matter (LYSOGENIC): suspends virion production and allows virus to coexist with the host for a period of time.

36. Why do people die from HIV? Because they have too few T cells to fight infection

37. How long does it take virus B to go through one lytic cycle?

60 minutes

38. Virions are assembled duringa. Lysogenic cycle only b. Lytic cycle only c. Both a and b

*lysogenic cycle suspends viral production

39. A scientist develops a drug that slows the onset of symptoms of HIV. The HIV-infected cells are long polyproteins, so what is the scientist most likely using?

a. Reverse transcriptase inhibitor b. Polymerase inhibitor c. Protease inhibitor d. CD4 inhibitor

40. Describe the degeneration hypothesis.DNA viruses descend from free-living bacteria that lived inside eukaryotic cells The bacteria gradually degenerated into viruses, losing the genes needed to synthesize ATP, nucleic acids, amino acids and other compounds