Vehicle Electrification

Application Focus

ST is making Driving Greener 2

Vehicle Electrification

Electrification Technologies

Proces

Product

• Use of a range of technologies to use electric

power to replace some or all of the propulsion

requirements of a vehicle

What Electrification Means

Data Points - Electrification 3

The Need for Greener Driving

28%Of global final

energy demand

Transportation represents

23%of the total CO2

emissions from fuel

combustion

110000000000000000000JOULES

of energy consumed per year for transport

Source: iiea.org

Data Points - Electrification 4

The Need for Greener Driving

8%of total petrol

consumption

Vehicle emissions represent

10%of the total CO2

generated by humans

200,000early deaths per year

in the U.S.

Data Points - Electrification 5

Electrification : The Greener Vehicle

29%of electric

vehicle sales vs

total sales

in Norway

40-70Million

Estimated Total EV’s in 2025

750,000Electric Vehicles sold WW in 2016

Global Electric Vehicle Production 6

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Mild Hybrid Full Hybrid Plug-In Hybrid Battery Electric

Global Electric Vehicle Production Forecast K Units

2018 2020 2022 2024

Source: Strategy Analytics Oct17

Battery cost is the main difference

between ICE and EVs7

Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Jun17

BEV and ICE pre-tax prices in U.S. for medium segment price, 2010-2030 (thousand 2016$ and %)

• Battery costs fall EVs demand rise

• By 2025 EVs will cost same as internal combustion engine vehicles

Cost for Li-ion batteries* EV projected (cumulative) sales*

200

400

600

800

1000

$ p

er

kW

h

Millio

n v

eh

icle

s

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

100

200

300

400

500

Annual sales

Cumulative sales

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

EV market trends 8

Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance

Electric Vehicle Classification

• Electric Vehicles can be classified by the degree to which electricity is used to

power the vehicle

• There are many degrees and classifications possible

• Typical main ones are

• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

• Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

• Others include

• Micro-Hybrids

• Mild-Hybids

9

Electric Vehicle Classification*

• Micro-Hybrid Electric Vehicles

• Basic Start/Stop functionality, switches off the engine and restarts it using the battery

• Mild-Hybrid Electric Vehicles

• Mild Hybrids use a motor starter/generator unit (MGU), connected to a battery. The MGU charges

the battery and assists in vehicle acceleration after Start/Stop.

• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

• HEVs are powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor. Batteries are

charged via regenerative braking and optionally by a generator connected to the ICE.

• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

• PHEVs are HEVs with an on-board charger (OBC) that allows the batteries to be charged from an

electric power source. ICE used only as a backup.

• Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

• 100% use of electric power, no ICE. Batteries charged from electric power source and regenerative

braking.

10

*There are many varieties and topologies of all of the classifications listed. These are the most common definitions

Electrification: the 3 DegreesElectric Vehicles Can Be Classified by the Degree to which Electricity is Used to Power the Vehicle

11

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

(HEVs)

Plug-in Hybrid Electric

Vehicles (PHEVs)

Battery Electric Vehicles

(BEVs)

HEVs are powered by an internal

combustion engine (ICE) and electric

power. Batteries are charged via

regenerative braking and optionally by

a generator connected to the ICE.

PHEVs are HEVs with an on-board

charger (OBC) that allows the batteries

to be charged from an electric power

source.

100% use of electric power. Batteries

charged from electric power source

and regenerative braking.

+ Extended Range, Lower emissions

than ICE only

+ Greater “Electric” range than HEV,

ICE used as backup only

+ Zero Emissions, Lower

maintenance

- Use of fossil fuels, complexity of the

solution

- Use of fossil fuels, complexity of the

solution

- Range/Cost of Battery

Examples: Toyota Prius, Ford Fusion

HybridExamples: Chevrolet Volt, Mitsubishi

Outlander P-HEV

Examples: Tesla (all models), Nissan

Leaf

100%

Electrification: the 3 Degrees 12

PHEVHEV BEV

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Battery) Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicles can be classified by the degree to which electricity is used to power the vehicle

100%

Electrification Mild to Full BEV 13

Electric Vehicles can be classified by the degree to which electricity is used to power the vehicle

PHEVHEV BEV

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Battery) Electric Vehicle

100%MHEV

Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicle Classification 14

+ Extended Range, Lower emissions

- Use of fossil fuels, solution complexity

- Use of fossil fuels, solution complexity

+ Greater “Electric” range than Full-Hybrid,

ICE as backup only, lower emissions

+ Zero Emissions, Lower maintenance

- Range/Battery Cost

+ Extended Range, Lower emissions, Simple

- Use of fossil fuels

+ Extended Range, Lower emissions, Simple

- Use of fossil fuels

Micro-HybridLV 12V

Mild-HybridLV 48V

Full-HybridHV

Plug-in HybridHV

Full BEVHV

LV - Low Voltage <60V DC

HV - High voltage >60V DC

On the Road 15

2017 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, 2017 Renault Scenic,

2018 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid

2017 Ford Fusion Hybrid / Energi, 2017 Toyota Highlander Hybrid,

2017 Porsche Panamera Hybrid

2017 Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, BMW 330e iPerformance,

2017 Kia Optima Plug-In Hybrid, 2017 Volvo XC90 T8

Tesla – All models, Chevrolet Bolt, Renault Zoe,

Hyundai Ionic Electric, BMW i3

BMW 1/3 series, Fiat 500, Peugeot Citroen C3,

Mercedes-Benz A-class

Some* examples of the different electric vehicles in the market

*Other examples from other manufacturers are available

Micro-HybridLV 12V

Mild-HybridLV 48V

Full-HybridHV

Plug-in HybridHV

Full BEVHV

LV - Low Voltage <60V DC

HV - High voltage >60V DC

ICE and EV Comparisons 16

PHEV BEVHEVICE

Range200-300miles 200-400miles400-500miles300-500miles

Exhaust emission*

100gr/mile 0 gr/mile250gr/mile400gr/mile

Cost per mile*$8cents/mile GAS

$4cents/mile ELEC$4cents/mile$7cents/mile$11cents/mile

Refuel time10-600mins 40-1400mins5-10mins5-10mins

Source: US Dept. of Energy

ICE and EV Comparisons 17

PHEV BEVHEVICE

Range300-500km 300-500km600-800km500-800km

Exhaust emission*

60gr/km 0 gr/km150gr/km250gr/km

Cost per km*$5cents/km Petrol

$2.5cents/km ELEC$2.5cents/km$4cents/km$7cents/km

Refuel time10-600mins 40-1400mins5-10mins5-10mins

Source: US Dept. of Energy

The Transition to Electric Will Take TimeICE Opportunities for Greener Driving

18

Opportunities for

• Automotive MCUs

• Standard Low-side, High-side and Bridge Smart Power

Devices for driving solenoids, DC motors and stepper motors

• Dedicated ICs for actuator driving, charging and power

management

• Power MOSFETs and IGBTs

ST provides silicon solutions for a broad range of Engine Management Systems,

from motorbikes to multi-cylinder Gasoline Direct Injection and common-rail diesel

engines as well as transmission control and actuation

Electric Vehicle User Benefits

• Greener

• Less pollution: EV’s reduce harmful air pollution from exhaust

emissions. When running on electric power there are zero

exhaust emissions. EV’s are quieter and reduce noise

pollution

• Renewable energy: If renewable energy is accessible to

recharge the EV, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced

even further

• Eco-friendly materials: There is a trend towards more eco-

friendly production and materials especially for EVs. The Ford

Focus Electric is partly made from recycled materials

• Safer

• Many EV features can improve safety. The risk of fire is

reduced to non-inflammable fuel. EVs often have a lower

center of gravity that makes them less likely to roll over

19

Electric Vehicle User Benefits

• Cheaper to run and maintain

• Cost of Electricity is typically one third as much per

kilometer as buying petrol for the same vehicle

• State and local subsidies may reduce the cost of EV

purchase and usage

• A battery electric vehicle (BEV) has fewer moving

parts than a conventional petrol/diesel car and

relatively little servicing

• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) have petrol

engines that need regular servicing so cost more to

maintain. The shared electric power reduces petrol

engine maintenance costs.

• Battery technology is improving. Most car

manufacturers warrant EV batteries for around 8

years. (Source)

20

How Does it Work?Key Elements in Electric Vehicles

21

Traction Inverter

• Converts DC Voltage into 3-phase AC

at up to 200kW for the electric motor

DC-DC HV

• Converts DC from the high voltage

batteries (400V-700V) to a DC voltage

required by the traction inverter

On-Board Charger (OBC)

• Converts AC from the Grid 95-265 Vac

and converts to a DC voltage required

for battery charging 400-800 V

DC-DC 48 V

• Converts HV DC from the HV batteries

to 48 V for use in vehicle subsystems

DC-DC 12 V

• Converts HV DC from the HV batteries

to 12 V for use in legacy vehicle

subsystems

Battery management Systems (BMS)

• Manages the batteries for longevity

and performance

How Does it Work?Key Elements in Electric Vehicles

22

Traction

InverterDC-DC

HV

DC-DC

HV/12 V

DC-DC

HV/48 V

12 V

Systems

48 V

Systems

OBC

400-800 V

DC

400-800 V

DC

400-800 V

DC AC

48 V

DC

12 V

DC

48 V

DC

12 V

DC

95-265 V

AC

Getting Started - Mild Hybrids

• Mild Hybrids (typically) require a motor starter/generator unit

(MGU), a DC-DC converter and a 48V lithium-ion battery, they

provide a low-cost hybrid option

• Motor starter/generator unit (MGU)

• Is connected to the driveshaft and to the 48V battery

• Boosts the ICE during a start/stop event to improve acceleration

• Charges the 48V battery when the vehicle is running on ICE power and

slowing down using regenerative braking

• 48V battery also provides power to the high-current elements (fans,

pumps, AC etc.) and via a DC/DC converter provides power to a

small 12V battery for the 12V legacy system

23

MHEV

Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Mild Hybrid examples include the 2017 Renault Scenic, 2017 Buick LaCrosse eAssist, and 2017 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid

“Mild” hybrids are a low cost entry point for manufacturers and can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 20%

Why 48V?

• 48V electrical systems have advantages over current

12V systems, providing 4 times the power during

recuperation

• The improved power is ideal when powering fans,

pumps, electric power steering racks, and

compressors

• Higher voltages are more efficient, but automotive

regulations demand costly shielded cabling (galvanic

isolation) above 60V to protect occupants, so 48V

keeps the cost down

24

4XPower

$$$48V

48V Networks are being used across all EV Classifications

48V Mild Hybrid Benefits

Mild Hybrids Affordable solutions for entry level electrification

25

Up to 15% CO2 reduction due to lower power losses

(start-stop) and energy recuperation -15 %CO2Affordable Access to Electrification with significant

benefits

Enabling quicker engine start, sharper acceleration, and

higher performance in-car applications

0

3

6

9

12

15

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

x3

Mild Hybrid Vehicles [Mu]* Mild Hybrid Vehicles [Mu]

$$$48V

In 2025

~13Vehicles

M

MHEV

Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Battery management

Systems (BMS)

SiC MOSFETS

IGBTs

DC-DC 48V/12V

SiC MOSFETS

IGBTs

AC-DC 48V

SiC MOSFETS

IGBTs

*Source: Average of estimations of IHS, Continental, IDTechEx, Bloomberg

Additional

Large range of

protection, filter and

companion ICs

ST working closely with OEMs

Battery Electric Vehicles Disruptive market changing vehicles

26

Battery Electric Vehicles BEV ST Opportunities

(Battery) Electric Vehicle

BEVTraction Inverter

SiC MOSFETS

Galvanic Drivers

Regulators

32-bit MCUs

DC-DC HV

SiC MOSFETS

IGBTs + copacked diodes

Galvanic Drivers

32-bit MCUs

Battery Management

System (BMS)

32-bit MCUs

DC-DC HV/48V/LV

Super Junction MOSFETs

Trench Gate MOSFETs

IGBTs

On-Board Charger

SiC MOSFETS

IGBTs

SCRs, Diodes

Galvanic Drivers

32-bit MCUs

Fast Charger

SiC MOSFETS

IGBTs

Additional

Large range of

protection, filter and

companion ICs

7x in Europe

4x in America

8x in China

3x in Japan

2x in Korea

Engaged with key players in Car Electrification

~85%

of the projects include SiC products

Supporting Car Makers

with power modules

on a worldwide basis

Car Electrification and Autonomous Driving enabled by Semiconductors

Power ChallengesPower Solutions from ST

27

Leading Edge Technologies and

Solutions

• Improved figure of merit (lower on losses),

higher dV/dt (lower switching losses)

• Working at higher PWM frequency &

temperature

• High density to realize enhanced features,

diagnostics, precision embedded

intelligence

• High integration (SoC, SiP solutions)

• Shrink path and package miniaturization

• Advanced functional safety development

flow (ISO26262)

• Advanced reliability and test methodologies

Vertical

Intelligent

Power

Silicon

Carbide

Bipolar

CMOS

DMOS

Higher Performance & Voltage Operation

• Extremely low power losses

• High efficiency at low current

• Intrinsic SiC body diode (4 quadrant operation)

Higher Operating Frequency

• Lower switching losses

• Excellent diode switching performance

Higher Operating Temperature

• Operating up to 200°C junction

28

Electrification - mileage extension, smaller

battery (or increased battery reliability), fast &

efficient charging

• From ~2% (high load) to ~8% (low load) efficiency

gain on average

• ~7x lower switching losses

• ~7x smaller chip size

• ~40% lower total loss (W)

• ~ 5 ..10 times higher switching frequency

Lower System Cost

• ~5x reduced form factor &

• ~50% cooling system downsizing

• simpler sub-systems like smaller passives, no

external freewheeling diode,…

SiC Advantages for AutomotiveSiC Technological Benefits vs Conventional Silicon IGBT

Smart Power Technology SiCValue Proposition

29

BCD Advantages for AutomotiveBCD Technological Benefits

Smart Power Technology BCDValue Proposition

Higher Integration

• Integration of Bipolar, DMOS, CMOS & Memory

Higher Energy Efficiency

• Best in class specific Rds-ON for power DMOS

Wide voltage range components

• From 5V to 1200V, up to 6kV Galvanic Isolation

Deep trench isolation

• Improved latch-up, substrate noise immunity

and parasitic management

Thick copper metallization

• Improved current capability

Ni/Pd pad finishing

• Extended Temperature range up to 175°C

R&D leadership and automotive experience

• multiple process technology generations

• 30years+ automotive experience

Platform concept - multiple process options

• High voltage, SOI, advanced BCD, galvanic isolation

• embedded NVM option

Process customization to support specific

Automotive application requirements

Automotive quality and reliability

• Built-in right from the beginning of the definition of a

new technology node

Cost optimization

• Leading lithography nodes

• Technology architecture enhancements

High Integration in a single package

• Up to 8 actuator channels in QFN 6x6

• Monolithic integration of Smart Trench

FET technology with dense digital intelligence

Higher Energy Efficiency

• From low to high Rdson

High Current Actuation

• Up to 50A DC load for 12V, 24V and 48V

Smart Interfacing

• Serial peripheral Interface / parallel interface

Enhanced diagnostics

• SPI Drivers with autonomous synchronization

of diagnostic during PWM operation

• Very low current sensing spread

30

>25 years VIPower in Automotive

Comprehensive auto grade product families

New high power loads & power distribution systems

• Support of new high power load functions

• Smart Junction Boxes replacing relays & fuses

• Suitable for ICE as well as HEV

System simplification (HW and SW)

• SPI and ADC on board enable saving of I/O’s

• Enhanced diagnostic result in higher robustness

• SW re-use and AUTOSAR compliant

Miniaturization and reduced system cost

• Reduced number of external components

• Significant reduction of PCB space from generation

to generation

VIPower™ Advantages for AutomotiveVIPower™ Technological Benefits

Smart Power Technology VIPValue Proposition

RDS(on) continuous reduction

• FOM Reduction versus previous generations

Miller Capacity Reduction

• Thanks to new sophisticated gate structure

(double-electrode)

Soft Capacity Ratio Crss / Ciss

• F7 shows excellent EMI performance

Excellent Diode Performance

• F7 perfectly suitable for Synchronous

Rectification

Excellent avalanche Performance

• Technology is immune to dynamic dv/dt failure

175 °C maximum junction temperature

• F7 is able to meet AG requirements

31

Comprehensive auto grade product families

Broad Packaging Portfolio

• PowerFLAT (DI), TOLL, LFPAK, D2PAK, DPAK

• Bare Die Business

• Known Good Die (KGD)

Scalable Product Portfolio

• Different Voltage Classes

30V,40V, 60V, 80V & 100V

• Scalable RDSON starting in the sub mΩ range

Excellent Switching performance

• Very stable switching performance to support high

power 48V Power Grid Applications

F7 Technological Benefits

F7 Low Voltage MOSFETS Value Proposition

F7 Advantages for Automotive

ST Stands for life.augmentedSmart Driving is one of the 4 Smart Themes

32

Silicon CarbideMarket and History

SiC MOSFET Target Applications 34

NETCOM

SERVER

PHOTOVOLTAIC

INDUSTRIAL DRIVES

POWER SUPPLY / UPS

ENERGY STORAGE

CHARGING STATION

600V 900V 1200V

Rated Voltage

1 kW

5 kW

10 kW

30 kW

50 kW

100 kW

350 kW

Power

HOME APPLIANCE

HEV / BEV

Rail traction

Smart Power Grid

Wind mills

1700V

SiC Diode Target Applications 35

CHARGING STATION

600V 900V 1200V

Rated Voltage

1 kW

5 kW

10 kW

30 kW

50 kW

100 kW

350 kW

Power

HIGH POWER SMPS

HEV / BEV

ON-BOARD CHARGER

SOLAR INVERTERS

MOTOR DRIVES

POWER SUPPLY / UPS

TELECOM

NETCOM

SERVER

HOME APPLIANCE

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016…

20 Years of ST SiC History 36

April 1998

1st contract on SiC

with CNR-IMETEM

(Dr. V. Raineri)

February 2003

ETC Epitaxial

reactor prototype

installed in ST

May 2002

Schottky Diode

Demonstrator

(CNR line)

June 1996

Collaboration with

Physics Dept.

(Prof. G. Foti)

November 2003

First ST internal

product request

June 2003

2" ST line

May 2004

Schottky Diode

Demonstrator

(ST line)

December 2005

Schottky Diode

Mat 20

June 2006

3" ST line

October 2007

1st Gen Diode

Start Production

March 2009

Power MOSFET

3" Demonstrator

June 2011

4" ST line

June 2016

6" ST line

September 2014

1st Gen MOSFET

Start Production

May 2012

2nd Gen Diode

Start Production

June 2017

2nd Gen MOSFET

AG 6" Start

Production

Pioneers.. ...to mass production

September 2013

1.2kV Diode

Start

Production

June 2014

3rd Gen 3 Diode

Start Production

37

Higher Performance & Voltage Operation 38

100x

1200VSiC vs Si

SiC MOSFET

Gen 2Si StripFET MOSFET

Si IGBT

8x

650V

Si SJSiC MOSFET

Gen 2 5x

Si IGBT

SiC vs. Si

5x

1x

1x

Lower Rdson, Smaller Die Size for equivalent Breakdown Voltage

Higher Operating Frequency 39

1200V SiC MOSFET enables higher working frequency for smaller Passives and Cooling system

Higher efficiency at High frequency

• Smaller passives

• Smaller heatsink

Lower System cost and System size reduction

Simpler topologies can be adopted

• Less design effort

SiC Heat-sink

IGBT Heat-sinkInductor Size Reduction

40Higher Operating Temperature

SiC operates at higher temperatures and has a lower RdsOn across temperature range

ST SiC MOSFET has the lowest Ron at high temperatures

ST is the only supplier to guarantee max Tj as high as 200°C in plastic package

SCT30N120

Temperature (oC)

No

rmalized

On

Resis

tan

ce

ST SiC MOSFET

ST Si MOSFET

Competitor A SiC MOSFET

Competitor B SiC MOSFET

ST Si MOSFET

ST SiC MOSFET

41Faster Reverse Current Recovery

STTA806

STTH8R06

STTH806TTI

SiC

VR= 400V ; IF= 8A ; Tj= 125°C di/dt= 200A/µs

0

2A/Div , 20ns/Div

TurnTurn--OFF COMPARISONOFF COMPARISON

STTA806

STTH8R06

STTH806TTI

SiC

VR= 400V ; IF= 8A ; Tj= 125°C di/dt= 200A/µs

0

2A/Div , 20ns/Div STTA806

STTH8R06

STTH806TTI

SiC

VR= 400V ; IF= 8A ; Tj= 125°C di/dt= 200A/µs

0

2A/Div , 20ns/Div

TurnTurn--OFF COMPARISONOFF COMPARISON

Temperature (oC)

Effic

iency (

%) SiC

Si

500W PFC, f=100 kHz

ST SiC Manufacturing

• The process flow in SiC device fabrication

is similar to that in Si technology, but

several unique processes are also

needed because of physical and

chemical properties of SiC

• Special HT Epitaxy

• EPI defects classification and monitoring

• High temperature ion implantation

• Very HT dopants activation

• ST has extensive experience in SiC

manufacturing

42

ST has been manufacturing Silicon Carbide since 2003

2003 – 2”

line startup2006 – 3”

line startup

2011 – 4”

line startup

2016 – 6”

line startup

SiC MOSFET Technology Portfolio

• ST has long consolidated experience in manufacturing

Silicon and Silicon Carbide MOSFETs

• SiC 1st Gen 1.2kV MOSFET in production since 2014

• 12 A (500mW), 20 A (169mW), 45 A (80mW), 65 A (52mW)

• 2nd Gen 650V, 1.2 kV Automotive Grade in

production from Q3 2017

• 650V: 50 A (50 mW), 110 A (20 mW)

• 1200V: 40A (40 mW), 90 A (25 mW)

• 1.7 KV in production from Q4 2017

• 6 A (1 W), 25 A (90 mW)

43

Industrial and Automotive Grade 1200V and 650V

SiC Diode Technology Portfolio

• ST has over 20 years experience in

producing robust Schottky diodes

• SiC diodes are based on Schottky

technology, on which ST is a leader

• 650V AG

• 6A, 10A, 12A, 20

• 2x10A, 2x20A

• 1200V AG

• 2A, 5A, 6A, 10A, 15A, 20A

• 2x5A, 2x10A, 2x15A, 2x20A

44

Industrial and Automotive Grade 1200V and 650V

45SiC Technology RoadMAP

on losses*Area (V/A*mm2)

Schottky

diode planar JBS

(Junction Barrier Schottky)

trench

JBS

more

Effic

ient

Under Dev. : gen 3, gen 4 Under Dev. : gen 5, gen 6

MOSFET DIODE

From Planar to Trench 46

body

sourceTrenchFET key advantages:

• longer channel perimeter

• higher mobility on trench wall surface

• improved quality of channel surface

• self aligned gate

Tatsuya Kimoto; Hiroki Yoshioka; T. Nakamura

Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications

(WiPDA), 2013 IEEE Workshop on

ST 4th Generation SiC - TrenchFET