Appendix: Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume978-0-387-71165-2/1.pdf · Appendix:...
37
Appendix: Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume Akiva M. Liberman The recent explosion in longitudinal research reports is well exemplified by the reviews in this volume. I have identified 64 longitudinal data sets of delinquency or aggression which these reviews draw upon. Yet, for most substantive questions, only a few of the relevant longitudinal data sets have been examined. Individual reviews in this volume report on findings from 8 to 29 of these longitudinal studies. Many of the studies not drawn upon represent analytic opportunities that have not yet been undertaken. This Appendix consists of two tables. Table 1 shows which of the 64 longitudinal data sets were used in which review. Table 2 contains some basic features of each study, including study subjects’ birth years, age at initiation of the study, the tim- ing of follow-up data collection, approximate sample size, and sample inclusion by race and gender. A representative citation is provided for each study, and a web-site address is provided, if known. The Appendix is restricted to longitudinal data sets which contain measures of offending, aggression, or anti-social behavior. While some other longitudinal studies are also referenced in some chapters, they are not listed here. Of the 64 such longitudinal data sets identified, 9 are national U.S. studies, 35 are local U.S. studies, and 20 are of studies outside the U.S. Most of these studies involve subjects born since the 1970s. The findings from these studies have been reported in about 200 empirical papers cited in this volume; that majority of these have been published since 2000. Akiva M. Liberman, The Long View of Crime: A Synthesis of Longitudinal Research. 281 C Springer 2008
Transcript of Appendix: Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume978-0-387-71165-2/1.pdf · Appendix:...
Appendix: Longitudinal Studies Reportedon in this Volume
Akiva M. Liberman
The recent explosion in longitudinal research reports is well exemplified by thereviews in this volume. I have identified 64 longitudinal data sets of delinquency oraggression which these reviews draw upon. Yet, for most substantive questions, onlya few of the relevant longitudinal data sets have been examined. Individual reviewsin this volume report on findings from 8 to 29 of these longitudinal studies. Many ofthe studies not drawn upon represent analytic opportunities that have not yet beenundertaken.
This Appendix consists of two tables. Table 1 shows which of the 64 longitudinaldata sets were used in which review. Table 2 contains some basic features of eachstudy, including study subjects’ birth years, age at initiation of the study, the tim-ing of follow-up data collection, approximate sample size, and sample inclusion byrace and gender. A representative citation is provided for each study, and a web-siteaddress is provided, if known.
The Appendix is restricted to longitudinal data sets which contain measures ofoffending, aggression, or anti-social behavior. While some other longitudinal studiesare also referenced in some chapters, they are not listed here.
Of the 64 such longitudinal data sets identified, 9 are national U.S. studies, 35 arelocal U.S. studies, and 20 are of studies outside the U.S. Most of these studiesinvolve subjects born since the 1970s. The findings from these studies have beenreported in about 200 empirical papers cited in this volume; that majority of thesehave been published since 2000.
Akiva M. Liberman, The Long View of Crime: A Synthesis of Longitudinal Research. 281C© Springer 2008
282 Akiva M. Liberman
Tab
le1
Lon
gitu
dina
lstu
dies
cite
dby
revi
ewch
apte
rs,s
orte
dby
stud
ylo
cati
on
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
yC
h.2.
Tra
ject
orie
sC
h3.
Ear
lyC
hild
hood
Ch
4.G
angs
Ch
5.A
dult
Rol
esC
h6.
Em
ploy
men
tC
h7.
Arr
ests
U.S
.NA
TIO
NA
LST
UD
IES
1.19
57–1
961
Mon
itor
ing
the
Futu
reX
2.19
59–1
965
Nat
iona
lCol
labo
rativ
ePe
rina
talP
roje
ctX
3.19
77–1
982
Nat
iona
lLon
gitu
dina
lSt
udy
ofA
dole
scen
tH
ealt
h
X
4.19
57–1
964
Nat
iona
lLon
gitu
dina
lSu
rvey
ofY
outh
1979
XX
5.19
80–1
984
Nat
iona
lLon
gitu
dina
lSu
rvey
ofY
outh
1997
X
6.19
61N
atio
nalS
uppo
rted
Wor
kD
emon
stra
tion
X
7.19
65–1
969
Nat
iona
lSur
vey
ofC
hild
ren
X
8.19
59–1
965
Nat
iona
lYou
thSu
rvey
XX
XX
9.19
91N
ICH
DSt
udy
ofE
arly
Chi
ldC
are
and
You
thD
evel
opm
ent
X
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 283
U.S
.CIT
Y/S
TAT
EST
UD
IES,
SOR
TE
DB
YL
OC
AT
ION
10.
1977
Blo
omin
gton
(IN
)L
ongi
tudi
nalS
tudy
X
11.
1975
–198
2B
loom
ingt
on,I
N,
Kno
xvill
e,T
N,&
Nas
hvil
le,T
N:C
hild
Dev
elop
men
tPro
ject
XX
12.
1924
–193
5B
osto
n:G
luec
kD
elin
quen
tsSa
mpl
eX
XX
X
13.
1973
–197
6B
uffa
lo(N
Y)
Lon
gitu
dina
lSur
vey
ofY
oung
Men
X
14.
1946
–195
5C
alif
orni
aY
outh
Aut
hori
typa
role
esre
leas
ed19
66–1
972
XX
15.
1956
–197
8C
alif
orni
aY
outh
Aut
hori
typa
role
esre
leas
ed19
81–1
992
X
16.
1964
–197
4C
hica
go(p
ubli
cho
usin
gsa
mpl
e)X
17.
1976
Cle
vela
ndH
ospi
tals
tudy
X(c
onti
nued
)
284 Akiva M. Liberman
Tab
le1
(con
tinu
ed)
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
yC
h.2.
Tra
ject
orie
sC
h3.
Ear
lyC
hild
hood
Ch
4.G
angs
Ch
5.A
dult
Rol
esC
h6.
Em
ploy
men
tC
h7.
Arr
ests
18.
1972
–198
1D
enve
rY
outh
Stud
yX
XX
19.
1978
–198
0E
lmir
a(N
Y):
Old
sE
lmir
ast
udy
X
20.
1975
Iow
a(s
mal
lto
wn
sam
ple)
X21
.19
45–1
974
Iow
a:U
nive
rsit
yof
Iow
aA
dopt
ion
stud
yX
22.
1990
–199
2M
emph
is,T
N:
Old
sM
emph
isT
reat
men
tst
udy
X
23.
1975
–197
7M
inne
sota
Pare
nt-C
hild
Proj
ect
X
24.
1972
mea
nN
ebra
ska
inm
ates
X25
.19
61–1
967
New
Jers
ey:
Rut
gers
Hea
lth
and
Hum
anD
evel
opm
ent
Proj
ect
X
26.
1978
–197
9N
ewY
ork
Cit
yH
ospi
tal
stud
yX
27.
1973
New
Yor
kSt
ate:
Mid
dle
Ado
lesc
ent
Vul
nera
bil-
ity
Stud
y(a
.k.a
.Liv
esA
cros
sT
ime)
X
28.
1979
–198
3N
orth
Car
olin
a:G
reat
Smok
yM
ount
ain
Stud
yX
29.
1961
–196
6O
hio
inst
itut
iona
lsa
mpl
eX
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 285
30.
1973
–197
5O
rego
nY
outh
Stud
yX
31.
1975
–198
0Pe
nnsy
lvan
iaan
dG
eorg
ia:
Dev
elop
men
tal
Tre
nds
Stud
yX
32.
1945
Phil
adel
phia
1945
Bir
thC
ohor
tX
XX
33.
1958
Phil
adel
phia
1958
Bir
thC
ohor
tX
34.
1983
–198
7Ph
ilad
elph
iaan
dPh
oeni
x:Pa
thw
ays
toD
esis
tanc
eSt
udy
X
35.
1998
–200
0Pi
ttsbu
rgh:
Ear
lySt
eps
Pilo
tSt
udy
X
36.
1989
–199
2Pi
ttsb
urgh
Mot
her
and
Chi
ldPr
ojec
tX
X
37.
1974
–198
1Pi
ttsb
urgh
You
thSt
udy
XX
XX
38.
1942
,19
49,
1955
Rac
ine,
WI
1942
,19
49,
1955
birt
hco
hort
sX
X
39.
1975
Roc
hest
erY
outh
Dev
elop
men
tSt
udy
XX
XX
40.
1975
Seat
tle
Soc
ial
Dev
elop
men
tPr
ojec
tX
XX
41.
1970
–197
4St
.Pau
l,M
N:
You
thD
evel
opm
ent
Stud
yX
(con
tinu
ed)
286 Akiva M. Liberman
Tab
le1
(con
tinu
ed)
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
yC
h.2.
Tra
ject
orie
sC
h3.
Ear
lyC
hild
hood
Ch
4.G
angs
Ch
5.A
dult
Rol
esC
h6.
Em
ploy
men
tC
h7.
Arr
ests
42.
1966
–198
9W
ashi
ngto
nSt
ate:
Uni
-ve
rsit
yof
Was
hing
ton
Feta
lA
lcoh
olFo
llow
-up
Stud
y
X
43.
1988
–199
2W
ashi
ngto
nSt
ate,
U.S
.&V
icto
ria,
Aus
tral
ia(g
rade
5-7)
X
44.
1958
–196
4Y
psil
anti
,Mic
higa
n:H
igh/
Scop
ePe
rry
Pres
choo
lPr
ojec
t
X
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
LST
UD
IES,
BY
CO
UN
TR
Y45
.19
84A
ustr
alia
:So
uth
Aus
tral
iaSt
udy
X
46.
1978
Can
ada:
Mon
trea
lL
ongi
-tu
dina
lan
dE
xper
imen
tal
Stud
y
XX
X
47.
1996
Can
ada:
Que
bec
(inf
ants
)X
48.
1980
Can
ada:
Que
bec
Lon
gitu
-di
nal
Stud
yX
X
49.
1959
–196
1D
enm
ark
(bor
n19
59–
1961
)X
50.
1944
–194
7D
enm
ark:
1944
–194
7B
irth
Coh
ort
X
51.
1953
Eng
land
:H
ome
Offi
ceO
ffen
ders
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xB
irth
Coh
ort
1953
X
52.
1969
–197
0E
ngla
nd,
Sout
hL
ondo
n:W
alth
amFo
rest
Bor
ough
X
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 287
53.
1952
–195
4E
ngla
nd,
Lon
don:
Cam
-br
idge
Stud
yin
Del
inqu
ent
Dev
elop
men
t
XX
X
54.
1966
Finl
and:
Nor
ther
nFi
nlan
dX
55.
1974
–197
5G
erm
any:
Bre
mm
enSc
hool
toW
ork
Stud
yX
X
56.
1980
–198
3G
erm
any:
adol
esce
nts
X57
.19
67–1
979
Hol
land
:Z
uid-
Hol
land
Lon
gitu
dina
lSt
udy
X
58.
1912
–196
5(m
ean
=19
48)
Net
herl
ands
:C
rim
inal
Car
eer
and
Lif
e-C
ours
eSt
udy
XX
59.
1924
–198
1N
ethe
rlan
ds:
Dut
chN
a-ti
onal
Cri
me
Surv
eyX
X
60.
1977
New
Zea
land
:C
hris
tchu
rch
Hea
lth
and
Dev
elop
men
tSt
udy
X
61.
1972
–197
3N
ewZ
eala
nd:
Dun
edin
Mul
tidi
scip
lina
ryH
ealt
han
dH
uman
Dev
elop
men
tSt
udy
XX
X
62.
1969
–197
2N
orw
ay,
Ber
gen:
Olw
eus
X63
.19
53Sw
eden
,St
ockh
olm
(195
3bi
rth
coho
rt)
X
64.
1955
–195
8Sw
eden
,St
ockh
olm
:C
lini
cfo
rth
eSt
udy
ofC
hild
ren’
sD
evel
opm
ent
and
Hea
lth
X
288 Akiva M. LibermanT
able
2L
ongi
tudi
nals
tudy
feat
ures
,sor
ted
byst
udy
loca
tion
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
ySa
mpl
eA
ppro
xsa
mpl
esi
ze(n
);Se
x(M
,F);
Rac
e/et
hnic
ity
–if
lim
ited
Age
,yr
atIn
itia
tion
Foll
ow-u
pD
ata
Col
lect
ion
Sam
ple
Cit
atio
nW
ebsi
te
U.S
.NA
TIO
NA
LST
UD
IES
1.19
57–
1961
Mon
itor
ing
the
Futu
re8t
h,10
th&
12th
grad
ehi
ghsc
hool
stud
ents
,sa
mpl
edsi
nce
1975
,(a
nnua
ln
abou
t50
,000
)
long
itud
inal
n=
3,00
0;M
&F
14–1
8in
1975
sinc
e19
76,
foll
owup
data
coll
ecte
dbi
annu
ally
onsu
bsam
ple
Osg
ood,
Wil
son,
O’M
alle
y,B
achm
an,a
ndJo
hnst
on(1
996)
http
://m
onit
orin
gth
efut
ure.
org
2.19
59–
1965
Nat
iona
lC
olla
bora
tive
Peri
nata
lPr
ojec
t
Chi
ldre
nof
mat
erni
tyca
repa
tien
tsat
publ
iccl
inic
atPe
nnsy
lvan
iaH
ospi
tal
scho
olan
dC
Jre
cord
sfo
rsa
mpl
en
=3,
000;
M&
F;A
fric
an-
Am
eric
an
atbi
rth
foll
ow-u
pex
ams
at4,
8,&
12m
os.,
and
3,4,
7,8
yrs.
Piqu
ero,
Gib
son,
Tib
bett
s,T
urne
r,an
dK
atz
(200
2)
http
://p
erm
anen
t.ac
cess
.gpo
.gov
/lp
s679
3/w
ww
.nar
a.go
v/na
ra/p
arel
ectr
onic
/nc
pp.h
tml
3.19
77–
1982
Nat
iona
lL
ongi
tudi
nal
Stud
yof
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lesc
ent
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lth
nati
onal
lyre
pres
enta
tive
ofst
uden
tsin
grad
es7–
12
n=
21,0
00;M
&F
grad
es7–
12in
1994
foll
ow-u
pin
terv
iew
sat
1,2,
6yr
s.
John
son
(200
4)ht
tp://
ww
w.
cpc.
unc.
edu/
addh
ealt
h
4.19
57–
1964
Nat
iona
lL
ongi
tudi
nal
Surv
eyof
You
th19
79
nati
onal
lyre
pres
enta
tive
(n=
6,10
0);
blac
k,H
ispa
nic,
econ
omic
ally
disa
dvan
tage
dov
ersa
mpl
e(n
=5,
300)
;mil
itar
ysa
mpl
e(n
=1,
300)
n=
12,0
00;M
&F
14–2
2in
1979
inte
rvie
wed
annu
ally
thro
ugh
1994
,an
dbi
enni
ally
sinc
e
Hyn
esan
dC
lark
berg
(200
5)
http
://w
ww
.bls
.gov
/nls
/
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 289
5.19
80–
1984
Nat
iona
lL
ongi
tudi
nal
Surv
eyof
You
th19
97
nati
onal
lyre
pres
enta
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ksan
dH
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over
sam
pled
n=
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0;M
&F
12–1
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-up
inte
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ws
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rnos
ter,
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hway
,B
ram
e,an
dA
pel(
2003
)
http
://w
ww
.bl
s.go
v/nl
s/
6.19
61N
atio
nal
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orte
dW
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Dem
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stra
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inal
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nder
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ampl
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http
://w
ww
.m
drc.
org/
publ
icat
ions
/31
6/ab
stra
ct.h
tml
7.19
65–
1969
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iona
lSur
vey
ofC
hild
ren
nati
onal
lyre
pres
enta
tive
n=
2,30
0;M
&F
7–11
in19
76fo
llow
upin
1981
,19
87M
oras
han
dR
ucke
r(1
999)
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://w
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.ss
cnet
.ucl
a.ed
u/is
sr/d
a/in
dex/
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/M
0681
.HT
M
8.19
59–
1965
Nat
iona
lYou
thSu
rvey
nati
onal
lyre
pres
enta
tive
n=
1,70
0;M
&F
11–1
7in
1976
annu
alw
aves
1976
–198
0;19
83,1
987,
1990
,199
3,20
02,2
003
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hway
(199
8)ht
tp://
ww
w.
colo
rado
.edu
/ib
s/N
YSF
S/
9.19
91N
ICH
DSt
udy
ofE
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ldC
are
and
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thD
evel
opm
ent
from
10U
.S.C
ities
n=
1,40
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&F
1m
o.in
1991
phas
eI:
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3yr
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ase
II:
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ugh
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grad
e;ph
ase
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es2-
6
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(200
4)ht
tp:/
/ww
w.
nich
d.ni
h.go
v/re
sear
ch/
supp
orte
d/se
ccyd
.cfm
(con
tinu
ed)
290 Akiva M. Liberman
Tab
le2
(con
tinu
ed)
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
ySa
mpl
eA
ppro
xsa
mpl
esi
ze(n
);Se
x(M
,F);
Rac
e/et
hnic
ity
–if
lim
ited
Age
,yr
atIn
itia
tion
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ow-u
pD
ata
Col
lect
ion
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ple
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atio
nW
ebsi
te
U.S
.CIT
Y/S
TAT
EST
UD
IES,
SOR
TE
DB
YL
OC
AT
ION
10.
1977
Blo
omin
gton
(IN
)L
ongi
tudi
nal
Stud
y
com
mun
ity
sam
ple
n=
168;
M&
F6
mos
.in
1977
foll
owup
at12
,24
mos
.;va
ryin
gag
es3–
10;
cont
inui
ngto
age
17
Bat
es,P
etti
t,D
odge
,and
Rid
ge(1
998)
http
://w
ww
.in
di-
ana.
edu/
∼bat
essd
l/bl
s.ht
ml
11.
1975
–19
82B
loom
ingt
on,I
N,
Kno
xvill
e,T
N,
&N
ashv
ille
,T
N:C
hild
Dev
elop
men
tPr
ojec
t
recr
uite
dat
kind
erga
rten
enro
llm
ent;
low
SES
scho
ols
over
sam
pled
n=
600;
M&
F5
yrs.
in19
87–1
988
annu
alfo
llow
upas
sess
men
tsth
roug
hgr
ade
11
Bat
eset
al.
(199
8)ht
tp:/
/ww
w.
indi
-an
a.ed
u/∼b
ates
sdl/
cdp.
htm
l
12.
1924
–19
35B
osto
n:G
luec
kD
elin
quen
tsSa
mpl
e
500
deli
nque
nts
from
corr
ecti
onal
scho
ols,
wit
hm
atch
edsa
mpl
eof
500
nond
elin
quen
tsfr
ompu
blic
scho
ols
n=
1,00
0;M
only
;w
hite
only
10–1
7at
recr
uitm
ent,
stud
yin
itia
ted
in19
39
foll
ow-u
pin
terv
iew
sat
age
25&
32;o
ffici
alda
taco
llec
ted
onde
linq
uent
sto
age
70;s
ubsa
mpl
ere
inte
rvie
wed
arou
ndag
e70
(n=
52)
Lau
ban
dSa
mps
on(2
003)
13.
1973
–19
76B
uffa
lo(N
Y)
Lon
gitu
dina
lSu
rvey
ofY
oung
Men
gene
ral
popu
lati
onsa
mpl
e,w
ith
over
sam
ple
athi
ghri
skfo
rde
linq
uenc
y
n=
600;
Mon
ly16
–19
in19
92fo
llow
-up
inte
rvie
ws
at18
mos
.,fo
ra
plan
ned
5-yr
pane
lstu
dy
Zha
ng,W
elte
,an
dW
iecz
orek
(199
9)
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 291
14.
1946
–19
55C
alif
orni
aY
outh
Aut
hori
typa
role
esre
leas
ed19
66–1
972
paro
lees
rele
ased
inla
tete
ens
and
earl
y20
sn
=50
0;M
only
16–2
8at
rele
ase
retr
ospe
ctiv
e;da
tafo
r7
cons
ecut
ive
yrs
afte
rre
leas
e
Piqu
ero,
Mac
Don
ald,
and
Park
er(2
002)
http
://w
ebap
p.ic
psr.u
mic
h.ed
u/co
coon
/N
AC
JD-
STU
DY
/03
136.
xml
15.
1956
–19
78C
alif
orni
aY
outh
Aut
hori
typa
role
esre
leas
ed19
81–1
992
3sa
mpl
esof
paro
lees
:re
leas
edin
1981
-198
2;19
86-1
987;
&19
91-1
992
n=
1,40
0–2,
000
per
sam
ple;
M&
F
18–2
5at
rele
ase
retr
ospe
ctiv
e:ar
rest
data
to20
00E
zell
and
Coh
en(2
005)
16.
1964
–19
74C
hica
go(p
ubli
cho
usin
gsa
mpl
e)pu
blic
hous
ing
sam
ple
n=
118;
Mon
ly;
Afr
ican
-A
mer
ican
only
16–2
6ab
out
1990
10ye
ars
ofet
hnog
raph
icda
ta;f
ollo
w-u
pin
terv
iew
sin
itia
ted
in20
00;
exte
nsiv
ere
tros
pect
ive
data
coll
ecti
on
Lev
itta
ndV
enka
tesh
(200
1)
17.
1976
Cle
vela
ndH
ospi
tal
stud
ych
ildr
enad
mit
ted
tone
o-na
tal
ICU
wit
hve
rylo
wbi
rthw
eigh
t
n=
500;
M&
Fbo
rn19
76fo
llow
-up
at9
yrs
Bre
slau
,K
lein
,and
All
en(1
988)
18.
1972
–19
81D
enve
rY
outh
Stud
ysa
mpl
edfr
omhi
gh-r
isk
neig
hbor
hood
sn
=1,
500;
M&
F7–
15in
1987
annu
alfo
llow
-up
inte
rvie
ws
1989
–199
2&
1995
–199
9;su
bsam
ple
in20
02
Esb
ense
nan
dH
uizi
nga
(199
3)
http
://o
jjdp
.nc
jrs.
org/
ccd/
denv
er.
htm
l(c
onti
nued
)
292 Akiva M. LibermanT
able
2(c
onti
nued
)
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
ySa
mpl
eA
ppro
xsa
mpl
esi
ze(n
);Se
x(M
,F);
Rac
e/et
hnic
ity
–if
lim
ited
Age
,yr
atIn
itia
tion
Foll
ow-u
pD
ata
Col
lect
ion
Sam
ple
Cit
atio
nW
ebsi
te
19.
1978
–19
80E
lmir
a(N
Y):
Old
sE
lmir
ast
udy
chil
dren
ofhi
gh-r
isk
first
preg
nanc
yto
low
-inc
ome,
unm
arri
edw
omen
inse
mi-
rura
lco
mm
unit
y
n=
400;
M&
F;W
hite
only
born 19
78–
1980
mul
tipl
efo
llow
-ups
duri
ngfir
st2
yrs;
atag
e4,
15,&
19(u
nder
way
in20
07)
Old
s,H
ill,
and
Rum
sey
(199
8)ht
tp:/
/ww
w.
nurs
efam
ily
part
ners
hip.
org/
cont
ent/
inde
x.cf
m?f
usea
ctio
n=
show
Con
tent
&co
nten
tID
=11
3&na
vID
=10
1
20.
1975
Iow
a(s
mal
ltow
nsa
mpl
e)ch
ildr
enof
two-
pare
ntfa
mil
ies
insm
allt
owns
n=
236;
M&
F;w
hite
7th gr
ader
sin
1989
rein
terv
iew
edin
1991
,199
7Si
mon
s,St
ewar
t,G
ordo
n,an
dE
lder
(200
2)
21.
1945
–19
74Io
wa:
Uni
vers
ity
ofIo
wa
Ado
ptio
nst
udy
adop
tees
from
adop
tion
agen
cies
inIo
wa;
half
wit
ha
biol
ogic
alpa
rent
wit
han
ti-s
ocia
lpe
rson
alit
yan
d/or
subs
tanc
eus
epr
oble
ms
n=
200;
M&
F18
–47
retr
ospe
ctiv
eC
ador
et,Y
ates
,T
roug
hton
,W
oodw
orth
,an
dSt
ewar
t(1
995)
22.
1990
–19
92M
emph
is,T
N:
Old
sM
emph
istr
eatm
ents
tudy
chil
dren
ofhi
gh-r
isk
first
preg
nanc
yto
low
-inc
ome,
unm
arri
edw
omen
n=
1,10
0;M
&F;
Afr
ican
-A
mer
ican
only
born 19
90–
1992
foll
ow-u
pat
age
4&
5;po
st-
kind
erga
rten
foll
ow-u
pun
derw
ay(a
sof
1-23
-07)
Old
set
al.(
2004
)ht
tp:/
/w
ww
.nur
sefa
mil
ypa
rtne
rshi
p.or
g/co
nten
t/in
dex.
cfm
?fu
seac
tion
=sh
owC
onte
nt&
cont
entI
D=
113&
navI
D=
101
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 293
23.
1975
–19
77M
inne
sota
Pare
nt-C
hild
Proj
ect
high
-ris
kpo
pula
tion
from
Min
neap
olis
publ
iche
alth
clin
ic
n=
267;
M&
F;w
hite
born 19
75–
1977
foll
ow-u
pat
3,6,
12,1
8,24
,&30
mos
.;ye
arly
thro
ugh
grad
e3;
3ti
mes
ages
9–13
;age
s16
,17
.5,1
9,23
,26,
&28
App
leya
rd,
Ege
land
,M
anfr
ed,a
ndSr
oufe
(200
5)
http
://e
duca
tion
.um
n.ed
u/ic
d/Pa
rent
-Chi
ld/
PCPO
verv
iew
.ht
ml
24.
1972
mea
nN
ebra
ska
inm
ates
inca
rcer
ated
inm
ates
n=
650;
Mon
lym
ean
age
=28
in19
89–
1990
retr
ospe
ctiv
em
onth
-to-
mon
thac
coun
t,co
veri
ng25
to36
mos
.,of
crim
inal
offe
nses
and
loca
lli
feci
rcum
stan
ces
Hor
ney,
Osg
ood,
and
Mar
shal
l(1
995)
25.
1961
–19
67N
ewJe
rsey
:R
utge
rsH
ealt
han
dH
uman
Dev
elop
men
tPr
ojec
t
rand
omte
leph
one
surv
eyof
New
Jers
eyn
=1,
400;
M&
F12
,15,
18in
1979
-19
81
foll
owup
in19
82–1
984;
1985
–198
7;19
92–1
994
Whi
te,B
ates
,and
Buy
ske
(200
1)ht
tp:/
/soc
iolo
gy.
rutg
ers.
edu/
grad
uate
/C
ore%
20ar
eas/
heal
th.h
tml
26.
1978
–19
79N
ewY
ork
Cit
yH
ospi
tals
tudy
born
prem
atur
ely
and
adm
itte
dto
the
neon
atal
inte
nsiv
eca
reun
it
n=
87;M
&F
born 19
78–
1979
age
7–8
Ros
s,L
ippe
r,an
dA
uld
(199
0)
27.
1973
New
Yor
kSt
ate:
Mid
dle
Ado
lesc
ent
Vul
nera
bili
tySt
udy
(a.k
.a.
Liv
esA
cros
sT
ime)
grad
es10
-11
inW
este
rnN
Yn
=1,
200;
M&
F15
–16
in19
88-
1989
foll
owup
at6,
12,
18m
os.
(198
9–19
91);
in19
96&
2001
Wie
sner
and
Win
dle
(200
4)ht
tp:/
/w
ww
.uab
.edu
/yo
uthh
ealt
h/la
tdet
ails
.htm
l
(con
tinu
ed)
294 Akiva M. Liberman
Tab
le2
(con
tinu
ed)
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
ySa
mpl
eA
ppro
xsa
mpl
esi
ze(n
);Se
x(M
,F);
Rac
e/et
hnic
ity
–if
lim
ited
Age
,yr
atIn
itia
tion
Foll
ow-u
pD
ata
Col
lect
ion
Sam
ple
Cit
atio
nW
ebsi
te
28.
1979
–19
83N
orth
Car
olin
a:G
reat
Smok
yM
ount
ain
Stud
y
repr
esen
tativ
esa
mpl
eof
rura
lyou
th,w
ith
over
sam
ple
ofN
ativ
eA
mer
ican
s
n=
1,50
0;M
&F
9–13
in19
92an
nual
foll
owup
toag
e16
,and
ever
y2
to3
year
sth
erea
fter
Mus
till
oet
al.
(200
3)
29.
1961
–19
66O
hio inst
itut
iona
lsa
mpl
e
corr
ecti
onal
popu
lati
onsa
mpl
en
=25
0;M
&F
16–2
1in
1982
foll
ow-u
pin
1995
&20
03Sc
hroe
der,
Gio
rdan
o,C
ernk
ovic
h(2
007)
30.
1973
–19
75O
rego
nY
outh
Stud
ygr
ade
4cl
asse
sin
high
er-c
rim
ear
eas
ofa
med
ium
-siz
edm
etro
poli
tan
regi
onin
the
Paci
ficN
orth
wes
t
n=
200;
Mon
ly9–
10in
1983
–19
85
annu
alfo
llow
-up,
for
atle
ast1
7ye
ars
Stoo
lmil
ler,
Kim
,and
Cap
aldi
(200
5)
31.
1975
–19
80Pe
nnsy
lvan
iaan
dG
eorg
ia:
Dev
elop
men
-ta
lTre
nds
Stud
y
boys
refe
rred
toun
iver
sity
men
tal
heal
thcl
inic
s(m
ostl
yfo
rD
isru
ptiv
eB
ehav
ior
Dis
orde
rs)
inPi
ttsb
urgh
,PA
,A
then
s,G
A,a
ndru
ralG
A
n=
177;
Mon
ly7-
12in
1987
annu
alfo
llow
-up,
for
atle
ast1
3ye
ars
Wak
schl
aget
al.(
1997
)ht
tp:/
/w
ww
.wpi
c.pi
tt.e
du/
rese
arch
/fa
mhi
st/
DT
S.ht
m
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 295
32.
1945
Phil
adel
phia
1945
Bir
thC
ohor
t
boys
who
lived
inPh
ilad
elph
iafr
omag
e10
to18
n=
10,0
00;M
only
born 19
45po
lice
data
thro
ugh
age
30;
atag
e25
,in
terv
iew
sco
nduc
ted
wit
h6.
2%su
bsam
ple
Bra
me,
Mul
vey,
and
Piqu
ero
(200
1)
http
://w
ww
.icps
r.um
ich.
edu/
coco
on/N
AC
JD/
STU
DY
/077
29.x
ml
33.
1958
Phil
adel
phia
1958
Bir
thC
ohor
t
chil
dren
born
inPh
ilad
elph
iain
1945
n=
27,0
00;M
&F
born 19
58fo
llow
-up
surv
eyin
1988
(n=
782)
Bra
me,
Bus
hway
,an
dPa
tern
oste
r(2
003)
http
://w
ww
.icps
r.um
ich.
edu/
coco
on/N
AC
JD/
STU
DY
/092
93.x
ml
34.
1983
–19
87Ph
ilad
elph
iaan
dPh
oeni
x:Pa
thw
ays
toD
esis
tanc
eSt
udy
adol
esce
nts
adju
dica
ted
onse
riou
sfe
loni
es
n=
1,30
0;M
&F
14–1
8in
2001
foll
ow-u
pin
terv
iew
sev
ery
6m
os.
for
3ye
ars;
annu
ally
ther
eaft
er
Piqu
ero,
Faga
n,M
ulve
y,St
einb
erg,
and
Odg
ers
(200
5)
http
://w
ww
.adj
j.org
/co
nten
t/pa
ge.p
hp?c
at_i
d=
2&
cont
ent_
id=
13
35.
1998
–20
00Pi
ttsb
urgh
:Ear
lySt
eps
Pilo
tSt
udy
high
risk
boys
(scr
eene
d)fr
omW
omen
,Inf
ants
,&C
hild
ren
clin
ics
n=
120;
Mon
lyA
ge2
age
3,4,
5.5-
6Sh
aw,D
ishi
on,
Supp
lee,
Gar
dner
,and
Arn
ds(2
006)
http
://w
ww
.pit
t.edu
/∼p
pcl/
proj
ects
.htm
36.
1989
–19
92Pi
ttsb
urgh
Mot
her
and
Chi
ldPr
ojec
t
recr
uite
dfr
omPi
ttsb
urgh
Wom
en,
Infa
nts,
&C
hild
ren
clin
ics
n=
300;
Mon
ly6–
17 mos
.in 19
91
foll
owup
atag
e2,
3.5,
5,6,
8,10
,15;
age
17pl
anne
d
Shaw
,L
acou
rse,
and
Nag
in(2
005)
http
://w
ww
.pit
t.edu
/∼m
omch
ild/
(con
tinu
ed)
296 Akiva M. Liberman
Tab
le2
(con
tinu
ed)
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
ySa
mpl
eA
ppro
xsa
mpl
esi
ze(n
);Se
x(M
,F);
Rac
e/et
hnic
ity
–if
lim
ited
Age
,yr
atIn
itia
tion
Foll
ow-u
pD
ata
Col
lect
ion
Sam
ple
Cit
atio
nW
ebsi
te
37.
1974
–19
81Pi
ttsb
urgh
You
thSt
udy
sam
pled
from
1st,
4th,
&7t
hgr
ade;
over
sam
ple
ofhi
ghly
disr
uptiv
ebo
ys
n=
1,50
0;M
only
7-13
in19
87fo
llow
upev
ery
6-m
os.f
or5
year
s;th
erea
fter
youn
gest
&ol
dest
sam
ples
(1st
&7t
hgr
ade)
inte
rvie
wed
annu
ally
Stou
tham
er-
Loe
ber,
Wei
,L
oebe
r,an
dM
aste
n(2
004)
http
://w
ww
.wpi
c.pi
tt.e
du/
rese
arch
/fam
hist
/PY
S.ht
m
38.
1942
,19
49,
1955
Rac
ine,
WI
1942
,19
49,1
955
birt
hco
hort
s
birt
hco
hort
sn
=6,
000;
Mon
lybo
rn19
42,
1949
,195
5of
ficia
lrec
ords
D’U
nger
,L
and,
McC
all,
and
Nag
in(1
998)
http
://w
ww
.icps
r.um
ich.
edu/
coco
on/N
AC
JD/
STU
DY
/085
30.x
ml
39.
1975
Roc
hest
erY
outh
Dev
elop
men
tSt
udy
Gra
des
7–8
inpu
blic
scho
ol;
mal
es&
high
-arr
est
neig
hbor
hood
sov
ersa
mpl
ed
n=
1,00
0;M
&F
13in
1988
foll
ow-u
pev
ery
6m
os.t
o19
92;
annu
ally
1994
to19
97;(
wav
e12
in19
97)
Tho
rnbe
rry
etal
.(2
003)
http
://w
ww
.alb
any.
edu/
hind
elan
g/yo
uth_
stud
y.ht
ml
40.
1975
Seat
tle
Soc
ial
Dev
elop
men
tPr
ojec
t
from
18el
emen
tary
scho
ols
serv
ing
high
crim
ene
ighb
orho
ods
n=
800;
M&
F5t
hgr
ade
in19
85(i
ncl.
subs
ampl
efr
om1s
tgra
dein
1981
)
foll
ow-u
pin
spri
ng19
86;a
nnua
lly
1987
–199
1;19
93,1
996,
&19
99
Hil
l,H
owel
l,H
awki
ns,
and
Bat
tin-
Pear
son
(199
9)
http
://d
epts
.was
hing
-to
n.ed
u/ss
dp/
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 297
41.
1970
–19
74St
.Pau
l,M
N:
You
thD
evel
opm
ent
Stud
y
high
scho
olst
uden
tsn
=1,
000;
M&
FH
igh
scho
olst
uden
tsin
1988
annu
alfo
llow
-up
surv
eys
for
12ye
ars
Staf
fan
dU
ggen
(200
3)
http
://w
ww
.ext
ensi
on.
umn.
edu/
dist
ribu
tion
/fa
mil
ydev
elop
men
t/co
mpo
nent
s/75
65_0
7.ht
ml
42.
1966
–19
89W
ashi
ngto
nSt
ate:
Uni
vers
ity
ofW
ashi
ngto
nFe
talA
lcoh
olFo
llow
-up
Stud
y
chil
dren
diag
nose
dw
ith
feta
lalc
ohol
synd
rom
e
n=
400;
M&
Fat
leas
t6yr
sol
dre
tros
pect
ive;
life
hist
ory
inte
rvie
ws
Stre
issg
uth
etal
.(2
004)
http
://d
epts
.w
ashi
ngto
n.ed
u/fa
du/F
AD
U.
proj
ects
.htm
l#FA
Sfol
low
43.
1988
–19
92W
ashi
ngto
nSt
ate,
U.S
.&V
icto
ria,
Aus
tral
ia(g
rade
5–7)
5th,
7th,
9th
grad
ers
n=
2,90
0in
each
site
;M&
F10
–15
in20
02fo
llow
-up
one
year
late
rH
emph
ill,
Toum
-bo
uro,
Her
-re
nkoh
l,M
cMor
ris,
and
Cat
alan
o(2
006)
44.
1958
–19
64Y
psil
anti
,M
ichi
gan:
Hig
h/Sc
ope
Perr
yPr
esch
ool
Proj
ect
poor
and
athi
ghri
skof
fail
ing
insc
hool
n=
123;
M&
F;A
fric
an-
Am
eric
anon
ly
3–4
in19
62–1
967
annu
alfo
llow
upto
age
8;at
10,1
5,23
,27,
&40
Wei
kart
(199
8)ht
tp:/
/w
ww
.hig
hsco
pe.o
rg/
Res
earc
h/Pe
rryP
ro-
ject
/per
rym
ain.
htm
(con
tinu
ed)
298 Akiva M. Liberman
Tab
le2
(con
tinu
ed)
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
ySa
mpl
eA
ppro
xsa
mpl
esi
ze(n
);Se
x(M
,F);
Rac
e/et
hnic
ity
–if
lim
ited
Age
,yr
atIn
itia
tion
Foll
ow-u
pD
ata
Col
lect
ion
Sam
ple
Cit
atio
nW
ebsi
te
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
LST
UD
IES,
BY
CO
UN
TR
Y
45.
1984
Aus
tral
ia:S
outh
Aus
tral
iaSt
udy
appr
ehen
ded
bypo
lice
atle
ast
once
atag
es10
–17
n=
3,30
0;M
&F
born
in19
84cr
imin
alre
cord
son
ly,t
hrou
ghag
e20
Mar
shal
l(20
05)
46.
1978
Can
ada:
Mon
trea
lL
ongi
tudi
nal
and
Exp
erim
enta
lSt
udy
kind
erga
rten
ers
from
low
inco
me
fam
ilie
s
n=
1,00
0;M
;w
hite
6in
1984
annu
alfo
llow
-up
thro
ugh
1995
;19
98–2
000
Tre
mbl
ay,V
itar
o,N
agin
,Pag
ani,
and
Segu
in(2
003)
http
://w
ww
.pub
info
.vc
u.ed
u/va
bp/
prog
ram
_det
ails
.as
p?id
=12
4
47.
1996
Can
ada:
Que
bec
(inf
ants
)re
pres
enta
tive
sam
ple
offa
mil
ies
wit
ha
5-m
o.ol
d
n=
500;
M&
F;w
hite
5m
os.i
n19
9617
,30
42m
os.
Tre
mbl
ayet
al.
(200
4)
48.
1980
Can
ada:
Que
bec
Lon
gitu
dina
lSt
udy
repr
esen
tativ
eof
kind
erga
rten
-er
s;ov
ersa
mpl
eof
high
lydi
srup
tive
chil
dren
N=
2,00
0;M
&F;
whi
te6
in19
86–1
987
annu
alfo
llow
-up
toag
e12
;re
inte
rvie
wed
at15
Cot
e,T
rem
blay
,N
agin
,Z
occo
lill
o,an
dV
itar
o(2
002)
49.
1959
–19
61D
enm
ark
(bor
n19
59–1
961)
mal
esfr
ombi
rth
coho
rtn
=4,
300;
M;
whi
tebo
rn19
59–1
961
foll
ow-u
pat
ages
1,2;
poli
cean
dco
urtr
ecor
dsat
17–1
9&
33–3
5yr
s.
Rai
ne,B
renn
an,
and
Med
nick
(199
7)
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 299
50.
1944
–19
47D
enm
ark:
1944
-194
7B
irth
Coh
ort
mal
esfr
ombi
rth
coho
rtn
=29
,000
;M;
whi
tebo
rn19
44–1
947
poli
cean
dco
urt
reco
rds
thro
ugh
1973
Bre
nnan
and
Med
nick
(199
4)
51.
1953
Eng
land
:Hom
eO
ffice
Off
ende
rsIn
dex
Bir
thC
ohor
t195
3
birt
hco
hort
n=
11,0
00;
M&
F;w
hite
born
1953
offic
ialr
ecor
dsto
1993
Fran
cis,
Soot
hill
,an
dFl
igel
ston
e(2
004)
52.
1969
–19
70E
ngla
nd,S
outh
Lon
don:
Wal
tham
Fore
stB
orou
gh
gene
ral
popu
lati
onsa
mpl
e
N=
800;
M&
F;w
hite
age
3co
nvic
tion
reco
rds
thro
ugh
1993
Stev
enso
nan
dG
oodm
an(2
001)
53.
1952
–19
54E
ngla
nd,L
ondo
n:C
ambr
idge
Stud
yin
Del
inqu
ent
Dev
elop
men
t
gene
ral
popu
lati
onsa
mpl
efr
omSo
uth
Lon
don
n=
411;
M8–
9in
1961
–196
2fo
llow
-up
atag
es10
,14,
16,1
8,21
,25,
32,4
8
Piqu
ero,
Farr
ingt
on,a
ndB
lum
stei
n(2
007)
54.
1966
Finl
and:
Nor
ther
nFi
nlan
dbi
rth
coho
rtn
=11
,000
;M
&F;
whi
tebo
rn19
66as
sess
men
tat
age
1;of
ficia
lrec
ords
thro
ugh
age
28
Ras
anen
etal
.(1
999)
(con
tinu
ed)
300 Akiva M. Liberman
Tab
le2
(con
tinu
ed)
Bir
thye
ars
(app
rox)
Stud
ySa
mpl
eA
ppro
xsa
mpl
esi
ze(n
);Se
x(M
,F);
Rac
e/et
hnic
ity
–if
lim
ited
Age
,yr
atIn
itia
tion
Foll
ow-u
pD
ata
Col
lect
ion
Sam
ple
Cit
atio
nW
ebsi
te
55.
1974
–19
75G
erm
any:
Bre
mm
enSc
hool
toW
ork
Stud
y
9th
&10
thgr
ade
stud
ents
n=
700;
M&
F;w
hite
13–1
4in
1988
foll
ow-u
pin
1993
,19
95,1
997
Hui
zing
a,Sc
hum
ann,
Ehr
et,
and
Ell
iott
(200
3)
56.
1980
–19
83G
erm
any:
adol
esce
nts
gene
ral
popu
lati
onsa
mpl
e;E
.G
erm
ans
over
sam
pled
n=
700;
M&
F;w
hite
10–1
3in
1993
thre
eye
arly
foll
ow-u
pas
sess
men
ts
Wie
sner
and
Silb
erei
sen
(200
3)
57.
1967
–19
79H
olla
nd:
Zui
d-H
olla
ndL
ongi
tudi
nal
Stud
y
gene
ral
popu
lati
onsa
mpl
e
n=
2,00
0;M
&F;
whi
te4–
16in
1983
foll
owup
sat
2-ye
arin
terv
als
unti
l199
1;19
97
Bon
gers
,Koo
t,va
nde
rE
nde,
and
Ver
huls
t(20
04)
58.
1912
–19
65(m
ean
=19
48)
Net
herl
ands
:C
rim
inal
Car
eer
and
Lif
e-C
ours
eSt
udy
4%sa
mpl
eof
crim
inal
case
str
ied
inN
ethe
rlan
dsin
1997
n=
4,60
0;M
&F;
whi
te12
–65
in19
77(m
ean
=29
)
offic
ial
crim
inal
data
com
bine
dw
ith
offic
ial
life
-cir
cum
stan
ceda
ta
Blo
klan
dan
dN
ieuw
beer
ta(2
005)
59.
1924
–19
81N
ethe
rlan
ds:
Dut
chN
atio
nal
Cri
me
Surv
ey
repr
esen
tativ
epo
pula
tion
sam
ple
over
15,
over
sam
ple
of15
–30
n=
2,20
0;M
&F;
whi
te15
–72
in19
96re
tros
pect
ive
life
hist
ory
inte
rvie
ws
Blo
klan
dan
dN
ieuw
beer
ta(2
005)
Longitudinal Studies Reported on in this Volume 301
60.
1977
New
Zea
land
:C
hris
tchu
rch
Hea
lth
and
Dev
elop
men
tSt
udy
birt
hco
hort
n=
1,30
0;M
&F;
whi
tebo
rn19
77fo
llow
-up
at4
mos
.&
1yr
.,an
nual
lyto
age
16;a
t18,
21&
25
Ferg
usso
n,H
orw
ood,
and
Woo
dwar
d(2
001)
http
://
ww
w.c
hmed
s.ac
.nz/
rese
arch
/chd
s/in
dex.
htm
61.
1972
–19
73N
ewZ
eala
nd:
Dun
edin
Mul
ti-
disc
ipli
nary
Hea
lth
and
Hum
anD
evel
opm
ent
Stud
y
birt
hco
hort
n=
1,00
0;M
&F;
whi
tebo
rn 1972
–73
foll
ow-u
pat
ages
3,5,
7,9,
11,1
3,15
,18,
21,2
6
Mof
fitta
ndC
aspi
(200
1)ht
tp:/
/w
ww
.iop.
kcl.a
c.uk
/de
part
men
ts/
?loc
ator
=35
1
62.
1969
–19
72N
orw
ay,B
erge
n:O
lweu
ssc
hool
-bas
edre
pres
enta
tive
sam
ple
n=
1,30
0;M
;w
hite
grad
es5–
8in
1983
foll
ow-u
psin
1984
&19
85B
endi
xen,
End
rese
n,an
dO
lweu
s(2
006)
63.
1953
Swed
en,
Stoc
khol
m(1
953
birt
hco
hort
)
birt
hco
hort
n=
15,0
00;
M&
F;w
hite
born
1953
offic
ialr
ecor
dson
ly,t
oag
es30
Hod
gins
,Kra
tzer
,an
dM
cNei
l(2
001)
64.
1955
–19
58Sw
eden
,St
ockh
olm
:C
lini
cfo
rth
eSt
udy
ofC
hild
ren’
sD
evel
opm
ent
and
Hea
lth
repr
esen
tativ
esa
mpl
en
=21
2;M
&F
;whi
tebo
rn 1955
–19
58
five
foll
owup
sto
age
2;3,
4,5,
8,11
,14,
17
Stat
tin
and
Kla
cken
berg
-L
arss
on(1
993)
302 Akiva M. Liberman
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Index
Adolescence, 9, 11–14, 25–26, 33, 34, 37,40–43, 44–50, 81–90, 90, 92, 92–100,94–95, 141, 146, 148–149, 151–152,161, 206–207, 223, 228–229, 241,244, 272
Adult roles, 11, 14–15, 148, 161–196, 182,183, 205–206
Age-crime curve, 12, 14–15, 38, 161–162,166, 184, 272, 274
Antisocial behavior, 13, 26, 41, 43, 79–82,83–85, 87–93, 95–100, 143, 152, 229,257, 268, 271, 273
Archival data, 167–168At-risk populations, 16, 210–211Attachment, 7, 82, 88, 89, 92, 135, 161,
162, 174, 175, 176, 179, 182,195, 241
Birth cohort, 6, 35, 39, 40, 44, 46, 49, 87, 89,181, 202, 238
Causal order, 8, 131, 167–168, 195, 203, 209,241, 258–260
Causation, 257, 269, 270–271Child factors, 80–81, 88Child maltreatment, 84, 92, 94, 97,
99, 267Cohabiting, 15, 150–151, 174, 175, 184Control theory, 15, 176, 193, 195Correlational study, 133Criminal justice sanctions, 16–17Cross-sectional analysis of longitudinal data,
3–5, 7–9, 13, 15, 16, 24, 128, 129–133,139–140, 167, 173, 175, 176, 192, 195,202, 203–205, 206–208, 212, 238, 248,268, 281
Cross-sectional study, 4, 15–16, 24, 129–130,131–133, 167, 206, 212
Cumulative risk, 135
Desistance, 7, 14, 18, 24, 26, 31, 46, 51,161–162, 163, 165–166, 169, 174,176–177, 179, 192, 205, 213, 244, 259,272–273, 274
Deterrence, 16–17, 220–222, 224–226, 229,237, 242–246, 247–249, 250
Developmental trajectories, 12, 23–53Dynamic risk factors, 8
Early childhood, 11, 12–13, 26, 79–83, 84–88,89–95, 96–100, 172
Early starters, 79, 92, 152Employment, 6–7, 11, 15–17, 33, 35, 94, 128,
150–151, 161–163, 164, 169, 172–173,175–177, 178–180, 183–184, 191–195,202, 203–207, 208–210, 211, 213–214,238–240, 244, 268, 270
Enhancement model, 139, 142–143Ex-offenders, 16, 179, 191–192, 210–211,
213, 238Experimental studies, 16, 17, 220, 222, 247,
249, 257–258, 260, 262, 265–267, 274,268, 269
Experiments, 17, 170, 172–173, 181, 260–262,266, 267–268
Family adversity, 26, 83, 95
Gang facilitation effect, 140, 143–145, 147Gang membership, duration of, 13, 14,
128–130, 131–135, 136, 138–146,147–153, 154
Gang membership, risk factors for, 8,14, 130, 131, 132–136, 137, 138,142, 143, 145–146, 153, 154, 258,270, 271
Gang policy, 8, 128, 130, 138, 141, 153, 154Gang prevention, 14, 154
305
306 Index
General population samples, 6, 15, 40–48, 166,178, 181
Genetic risk, 100
Historical era, 182, 223, 244Homotypic and heterotypic continuity, 85, 86
Informant bias, 96Intellectual ability, 82, 88–89, 265Intensive work, 16, 205–206, 208, 212Intervention, 7, 8, 10, 11–14, 17–18, 26, 29,
52, 79, 80, 93–95, 96–98, 100, 131,133, 138, 153, 154–155, 170, 172, 192,211, 222, 227, 229, 230, 231, 235–237,239–241, 245, 249–250, 257, 260–261,262–263, 264, 265–267, 268, 270,273, 274
Job characteristics, 207–208
Labeling theory, 16Lagged correlations, 8Language development, 88–89Late starters, 29, 79, 152Life course, 7, 11, 12–15, 23–26, 29, 38, 39,
44, 47–48, 51–53, 80, 84, 128–131,139, 148–151, 152, 153, 154, 161–162,165–166, 173, 180, 181, 184, 213, 220,223, 247, 266
Life-course development, 130, 152, 266Life-course trajectories, 47, 48, 49, 50Life history calendars, 167–168Living arrangements, 15, 161–162, 173,
180–181, 184Longitudinal-experimental studies, 260, 262,
265–268
Marriage, 15, 25, 35, 37, 39–40, 161–165,167, 169–173, 175–177, 179, 180–181,183, 184
Maternal age, 13, 92, 95, 97Motivational interviewing, 94
National Institute of Justice, 5, 10
Observational study, 16, 85, 95, 147, 170, 173Offender groups, 39, 53, 145
Parental attributes, 81, 89–90Parental psychopathology, 91Parental supervision, 14, 135–136, 138,
242, 273Parenthood, 15, 90, 149–151, 161–162, 167,
171, 172–173, 176, 177, 179, 180,182–184, 212, 237, 241
Parenting, 13, 26, 41, 80–81, 83, 88, 92–97,99, 136, 164, 258
Parenting practices, 80, 88, 92, 258Peak age of offending, 31, 38Peers, 4, 7, 14, 16, 133, 135, 136, 162–163,
164, 173, 176, 206–208, 210, 213, 235,242, 246–247, 266
Perinatal risk, 96Perry Preschool Project, 18, 265Poverty, 7, 14, 138, 191, 229, 240, 268Precocious, 15, 205–206, 241Precocious transitions, 241Prenatal alcohol and drug use, 15, 84, 93, 95,
96, 180–181Prenatal risk, 13, 80–81, 84, 94, 97, 100Prenatal smoking, 83–84, 90, 100Pre-school intervention, 18Prevention, 14, 80, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100,
128, 133, 154, 182, 191, 223, 260,266–267, 268
Propensity scores, 171, 204Prospective longitudinal studies, 4, 9, 17, 162,
220, 247
Quasi-experiments, 18, 173, 211, 236,257–258, 262–264, 268–269, 270, 274
Random assignment, 17, 172, 202, 211, 262Risk factors, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 38, 41,
80–81, 88, 91–94, 95–100, 130–131,132–136, 138, 142, 143, 145, 257–259,262, 263, 267, 269, 270–271, 274
Risk of arrest, 94, 178, 221
School, 4, 6–7, 14, 15–17, 45, 52, 80, 132,133, 135, 136, 138, 149–151, 162, 164,168, 170, 174, 178, 182, 194, 205–207,208, 211, 213–214, 226, 228, 229, 239,240–241, 242–245, 246, 257, 265, 266
School dropout, 4, 16, 17, 170, 194, 211,241, 244
Selection, 4, 14, 16, 131, 138–143, 146–147,154, 163, 167, 169–170, 171–173,175–176, 179–180, 181, 194, 195, 202,203, 204, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213,238, 258, 259, 261, 270
Selection bias, 16, 181, 194Self control, 5, 7, 15, 25, 163, 169, 194, 271Self-reported offending, 17, 169, 174, 175, 270Sex differences, 46Stability of measurement, 8Statistical control, 87, 170, 270
Index 307
Substance use, 8, 9, 85, 96, 167, 207, 208, 210,238, 266
Temporal order, 8, 16, 130, 132, 195, 209, 269Trajectories, 146, 148, 149, 169, 262, 268Trajectory methods, 12, 26–27, 29, 30, 146
Unemployment, 15, 16, 151, 161, 178–179,191, 194, 195, 208–210, 211, 238, 239,244, 270
Within-individual analyses, 8, 172, 174, 176,178–180, 181, 270, 274
Work intensity, 191, 205–207, 208, 213
Author Index
Abbott, R. D., 267Abrahamse, A., 210Abroms, L., 76Ageton, S. S., 202, 241Agnew, R., 164Aguilar, B., 81, 82, 85, 88, 92, 93, 95, 96,
97, 118Akers, R. L., 139, 235, 237Allan, E., 193, 208Allen, L., 96, 291Allison, P. D., 172Alpern, L., 88Alpert, G., 242Alwin, D., 168Amdur, R. L., 258, 271Anderson, A. L., 207Anderson, L., 243Anderson, S. J., 8, 263Andrews, D. W., 96Angold, A., 63, 268Angrist, J. D., viii, 173, 261Aos, S., 222, 234Apel, R., vii, 194, 196, 206, 208, 213, 289Apospori, E., 242Applegate, B., 272Appleyard, K., 88, 99, 119, 293Arnds, K., 80, 295Arnett, J. J., 167, 173Arsenault, L., 81, 82, 83, 93, 124Asparouhov, T., 32Assaad, J.-M., 75Augustyn, M., 84Auld, P., 124, 293
Bachman, J. G., 162, 180, 193, 194, 198, 205,206, 288
Ball, R. E., 128Baltes, P. B., 148, 257Ban, L., 152Bandeen-Roche, K., 34
Bank, L., 79Barber, B. L., 183Barnes, H. V., 265Barnett, W. S., 265, 266Barnoski, R., 222Barrera, M., Jr., 67Bates, J. E., 80, 81, 82, 85, 88, 98, 122, 290Bates, J., 81Bates, M. E., 66, 293Battin-Pearson, S. R., 128, 133Bauer, D. J., 31Baydar, N., 80Bayles, K., 122Beck, J., 82, 83, 93, 126Becker, G. S., 192Beelman, A., 267Behrens, A., 212Bell, R. Q., 82, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 96,
97, 99Bellair, P. E., 199, 210Bendixen, M., 143, 144, 301Bennet, D. S., 122Bentler, P. M., 149, 180Berg, I., 234, 237Berger, M., 96Berk, R. A., 211Bernburg, J. G., 169, 201, 229, 232, 235, 237,
239, 240, 249Berrueta-Clement, J. R., 265Binder, A., 88Bingham, C. R., 84Bishop, D. M., 242, 243Bjerregaard, B., 136, 137, 141Blalock, H. M., 257Blau, J. R., 33, 193Blau, P. M., 193Blokland, A. A. J., vii, 34, 39, 40, 76, 77,
168, 172, 174, 176, 177, 178, 181, 194,200, 300
309
310 Author Index
Blumstein, A., 4, 6, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 231,263, 299
Bongers, I. L., 43, 74, 300Boruch, R. F., 262Bos, H., 211Boulerice, B., 81Boulerice, N., 240Bovet, L., 89Bowling, B., 176, 177Boyle, M. H., 79Braga, A. A., 128Brame, R., 29, 34, 42, 48, 51, 64, 65, 70, 75,
166, 175, 181, 194, 205, 206, 208,289, 295
Brelau, N., 291Brennan, P. A., 81, 82, 83, 84, 97, 112, 236,
237, 298, 299Breslau, N., 82, 120Brewer, D. D., 10, 267Briar, S., 193Brim, O. G., 148Britt, C. L., 25, 193, 209Broidy, L. M., 9, 24, 41, 42, 51, 69, 166Brown, C. H., 34Brown, D. W., 225, 243Brown, M., 122Bryk, A. S., 172, 205Bucholz, K. K., 77Burghardt, J., 211Burke, J. D., 85, 264Bursik, R. J., Jr., 129Burton, J., 94, 129Burton, R. V., 94, 129Bushway, S. D., 24, 34, 46, 47, 51, 62, 70, 75,
166, 179, 194, 197, 205, 206, 208, 211,238, 289, 295
Buyske, S., 63, 66, 293
Cadoret, R. J., 82, 89, 90, 91, 96, 100, 108, 292Call, K., 207Camburn, D., 168Cameron, M. O., 231, 234, 244Campbell, D. T., 202, 257, 258Campbell, F. A., 266Campbell, J. D., 129Campbell, R. T., 67Campbell, S. B., 79, 81, 85, 87, 96, 125Cantor, D., 209Capaldi, D. M., 33, 70, 79, 152, 294Capasso, L., 272Caplan, N. S., 128Carlson, E., 81Caspi, A., 6, 79, 81, 82, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93,
95, 96, 98, 116, 117, 149, 200, 203,209, 301
Casswell, S., 68Catalano, R. F., 10, 33, 128, 228, 267, 297Cauce, A. M., 98Cauffman, E., 166, 205Cave, G., 211Cernkovich, S. A., 163, 179, 180, 294Chamlin, M. B., 225, 226Chard-Wierschem, D., 128Chassin, L., 33, 63, 67, 73Chavez, J. M., 34, 74Chen, K., 149Chen, P.-H., 66Chen, R., 76Chiricos, T. G., 209, 224, 242, 243Christ, M., 33, 66Christenson, R. L., 195, 198, 209, 238Chu, R., 151Chung, I.-J., 33, 45, 68, 146Claes, M., 69, 145Clarkberg, M., 33, 76, 289Clarke, R. V., 192Cloniger, D. O., 225Cloward, R. A., 128, 193, 209Cohen, A. K., 128Cohen, J., 4, 23, 24, 263Cohen, L. E., 34, 35, 37, 78, 291Cohen, L., 193, 209Colder, C. R., 64, 67Cole, K. N., 266Collins-Hall, L., 149Compton, S. N., 268Conger, R. D., 92Consterdine, M., 234Cook, P. J., 210Cook, T. D., 257, 258, 262Copes, H., 240Cornish, D. B., 192Costello, E. J., 63, 268Cote, S., 66, 67, 82, 96, 298Cotter, R. B., 264Cox, L. A.,96, 236, 237Craig, W. M., 136, 137Cressey, D. R., 164Crosby, L., 96Crutchfield, R. D., 193, 196, 204, 208,
210, 211Cullen, F. T., 205, 207Cummings, E. M.,91Curran, P. J., 30, 31Curry, D. G., 128
D’Amico, R., 206D’Unger, A. V., 31, 44, 46, 49, 51, 61, 67, 296Dale, P. S., 266Damphouse, K. R., 229, 232
Author Index 311
DaVanzo, J., 180David, P. F., vii, 257Davies, M., 149Davies, S., 239Day, N., 84De Li, S., 226, 239Deater-Deckard, K., 98Decker, S. H., 128, 149, 226Denham, S., 91Denno, D. W., 83Denton, N., 193Derzon, J. H., 10Dickson, N., 87DiLalla, E. F., 272Dishion, T. J., 80, 89, 92, 94, 96, 100, 127, 295Dodds, M., 97, 119Dodge, K. A., 81, 98, 290Doolittle, F., 211Dornbusch, S. M., 205, 206, 207Dowdell Hommerding, K., 89Duncan, S. C., 73Duncan, T. E., 65Dunford, F. W., 222, 227, 234Dunn, M., 89, 117
Earls, F., 85Ebel, B. E., 274Eccles, J. S., 183Eckenrode, J., 93, 94, 267Edin, K., 212Egeland, B., 81, 88, 97, 119, 293Eggleston, E. P., 31, 34, 38, 49, 50, 72Egley, A., Jr., 136, 138Ehret, B., 200, 228, 300Ehrlich, I., 192, 209Eisner, M., 267Eitle, D., 137, 138Elder, G. H., 92, 165, 174, 292Eliason, S. R., 183Ellickson, P. L., 34, 69, 72, 73Elliott, A., 10, 200, 228, 242, 300Elliott, D. E., 10Elliott, D. S., 51, 93, 155, 168, 202, 227,
241, 246Ellis, D. A., 84Ellis, L. K., 85Emery, R. E., 93Empey, L. T., 262Endresen, I. M., 143, 301Epstein, A. S., 265Erickson, M. F., 88, 92Erickson, M. L., 262Erickson, M., 243Esbensen, F. A., 6, 128, 129, 135, 137, 141,
147, 148, 228, 232, 291
Eskridge, C., 221Espiritu, R., 6, 135, 228, 235, 237Ewing, L. J., 79Ezell, M. E., 34, 35, 37, 78, 291
Fagan, J., 33, 149, 210, 295Fagot, B. I., 86, 88, 99Farrington, D. P., vi, vii, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17,
18, 23, 24, 27, 48, 51, 83, 89, 115, 136,137, 139, 152, 161, 173, 195, 198, 202,209, 212, 226, 232, 238, 239, 257, 258,259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 267, 268,269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 299
Fegley, S., 206Feiring, C., 88Felson, M., 193, 209Fergusson, D. M., 62, 67, 84, 88, 89, 90, 92,
123, 201, 210, 301Figlio, R. M., 23, 195, 231Finch, M. D., 205, 206, 207Fisher, K. J., 67Fitzgerald, H. E., 84Flamant, R., 261Flay, B. R., 67Fleming, C. B., 267Fligelstone, R., 35, 299Flora, D. B., 73Forst, B., 240Francis, B., 35, 39, 73, 299Frank, D. A., 84Freedman, D., 168Freeman, R. B., 192, 202, 208, 210Frick, P. J., 272Frost, L. A., 88Furstenberg, F. F., 164, 169Fussell, E., 164, 169
Gagnon, C., 136Gainey, R. D., 267Gallagher, B., 161, 209, 264, 270García Coll, C. T., 97Garcia, M., 97Gardner, F. E. M., 97Gardner, F., 80, 92, 94, 295Gartin, P. R., 230, 234, 235, 244Gartner, R., 199, 211Gatti, U., 136, 142, 145Ge, X., 92, 100Giancola, P. R., 272Gibbs, J. P., 222, 224, 242, 243Gibson, C. L., 82, 113, 288Gibson, C., 84Gilchrist, L. D., 68, 88Gill, A., 149Giller, H., 10
312 Author Index
Gilliom, M., 41, 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 90,91, 96
Giordano, P. C., 163, 165, 169, 174, 176, 177,179, 180, 181, 183, 294
Giovannelli, J., 79, 85Glaser, D., 161Glazerman, S., 211Glueck, E., 7, 164, 193, 195Glueck, S., 7, 164, 193, 195Gold, M., 226, 232Goldscheider, F. K., 180Goldschmidt, L., 84Goodenough, F. L., 80Goodman, R., 82, 85, 86, 115, 299Gordon, L. C., 174, 292Gordon, M. A., 129Gordon, R. A., 136, 142, 148, 270Gottfredson, D. M., 235, 237Gottfredson, M. R., 5, 8, 24, 25, 26, 52, 139,
147, 161, 163, 166, 169, 194, 195, 202,205, 206
Gottfried, A. W., 80Graham, J., 176, 177Graham, P. J., 79Granovettor, M., 211Grasmick, H. G., 129Green, S. M., 264Greenberg, D. F., 25, 209, 225Greenberg, M. T., 88, 92, 96Greenberger, E., 206Greenland, S., viiGrekin, E., 82Griffiths, E., 34, 74Grogger, J. T., 210Gross, H. E., vi, 11, 12, 13, 79Guerin, D. W., 80, 82Gunther, O., 33Guo, J., 33, 69, 146
Haapanen, R., 29, 166Hagan, J., 169, 195, 198, 203, 206, 209, 210,
211, 238Hagedorn, J. H., 129, 148, 149, 150Hagel, A., 10Haggerty, K. P., 267Hall, G. P., 144, 145, 151Hamil-Luker, J., 33, 74, 77Hamilton, R. A., 234, 237Hammond, M., 94Hans, S., 92Hansen, E. W., 224Harachi, T. W., 10, 267Harding, 204Harford, T. C., 181Hart, E. L., 272
Haviland, A. M., vii, 4, 34, 52, 146Hawkins, J. D., 10, 33, 68, 128, 133, 146,
267, 296Hay, D. F., 27Haynie, D. L., 76, 163Healy, W., 7Heckman, J. J., viii, 196, 197, 204, 207Heimer, K., 205, 208, 212Hemphill, S. A., 228, 233, 297Henderson, C., 92, 93, 95, 125Henry, B., 85, 87, 96, 116Henry, K. L., vi, 11, 16, 17, 220Hepburn, J. R., 241Herrenkohl, T. I., 10, 228, 297Herrenkohl, T., 10, 228, 297Hill, K. G., 33, 45, 63, 68, 128, 133, 137, 138,
141, 142, 146, 296Hill, P., 82, 93, 96, 97, 292Hindelang, M. J., 168Hirschi, T., 5, 8, 24, 25, 26, 52, 139, 147, 161,
163, 166, 168, 169, 193, 194, 195, 202,205, 206, 272
Hirshfield, P. J., 240Hix-Small, H., 73Hodgins, S., 83, 109, 301Holleran, D., 235, 237Holzer, H. J., 210Hood, N., 89Hops, H., 65, 67Horney, J. D., 166, 293Horney, J., 168, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180,
181, 184Horwood, J., 88, 92, 210, 301Horwood, L. J., 62, 67, 84, 210, 301Hotz, V. J., 173Howard, G. J., 149Howell, D. N., 77Howell, J. C., 128, 133, 136, 138, 296Howell, J. H., 222Hu, F., viiHuff, C. R., 128Hughes, L. A., 129Huiras, J., 197, 203, 297Huizinga, D. H., 202, 232, 237Huizinga, D., vi, 6, 10, 11, 16, 17, 93, 135,
137, 141, 147, 148, 200, 220, 227, 228,231, 232, 233, 235, 237, 242, 246, 249,291, 300
Hullin, R., 234Hynes, K., 33, 76
Ialongo, N., 70Iannotti, R. J., 91Imbens, G., viii
Author Index 313
Ingoldsby, E. M., 41, 81Ireland, T. O., 92
Jackson, K. M., 63, 77Jackson-Jacobs, C., 129Jacobson, J. L., 84Jacobson, S. W., 84Janosz, M., 240Jaskin, J., 88Jenkins, J. R., 266Jensen, G. F., 241Jersild, A. T., 80Johnson, C., 10Johnson, D. R., 172Johnson, M. K., 199, 205, 208, 288Johnson, V., 63Johnston, L. D., 162, 180, 193, 288Jolliffe, D., 261, 272Jones, B. L., 34, 64Jouriles, E. N., 97Junger-Tas, J., 168
van Kammen, W. B., 280Kandel, D. B., 149Kandel, E. S., 81, 82, 83, 90, 96, 111Kaplan, H. B., 8, 9, 149, 229, 232Karus, D., 149Katz, J., 129Katz, L. F., 266Katz, S., 84, 288Kavanagh, K., 86, 88, 94, 99, 100Keeler, G., 268Keenan, K., 88, 89, 91Kellam, S., 70Keller, T. E., 88Kennedy, D. M., 128Kennedy, S., 164Kerley, K. R., 240Kerner, H.-J., 24Kessler, R. C., 225Kim, H. K., 33, 294King, K. M., 73King, R., 171, 175, 181Klackenberg-Larsson, I., 81, 82, 89, 110, 301Klein, D. J., 34, 72Klein, M. K., 128, 133, 154, 155Klein, M. W., 128, 129, 148, 149, 221, 227,
231, 232, 235, 237, 243Klein, N., 82, 291Klemke, L. W., 231Kling, J. R., 266Knight, B. J., 161Knight, W., 84Kobner, O., 23Kobrin, S., 128, 224, 225, 242, 243
Kohfeld, C. W., 226Köhler, T., 270Koot, H. M., 74, 300Kosterman, R., 128, 137, 267Kraemer, H. C., 257, 258, 269Kratzer, L., 83, 301Kraut, R., 33Kreager, D. 231Kreuter, F., 31, 34Krishnan, R., 33Krohn, M. D., vi, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 24,
46, 128, 139, 149, 151, 152, 169, 195,201, 202, 206, 229, 232, 235, 239, 240,249, 273
Krueger, A. B., 173Krull, J., 84Kruttschnitt, C., 176, 177, 178, 211Kupfer, D. J., 257
La Due, R. A., 84Lacourse, E., 41, 68, 69, 145, 147, 295Lahey, B. B., 85, 136, 137, 264, 272Land, K. C., vii, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 46,
51, 61, 64, 145, 209, 296Lanthier, R., 81Laub, J. H., vii, 6, 7, 9, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 34,
37, 38, 39, 40, 49, 51, 61, 71, 152, 161,162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 171, 173,174, 175, 177, 179, 181, 193, 194, 195,198, 205, 212, 238, 290
Laucht, M., 83Lauritsen, J., 149LeBlanc, M., 152, 240Ledger, R. J., 161, 209, 264, 270Lee, H., 177Lelouch, J., 261Lemert, E. M., 164Lenihan, K. J., 211LePore, P. C., 204Leve, L., 100Levitt, S. D., 149, 150, 291Lewis, M., 88Li, F., 65, 67Liberman, A. M., v, vi, vii, 3, 10, 281Lieb, R., 222Lipper, E., 124, 293Lipsey, M. W., 10, 222Liu, X., 149Lizotte, A. J., 6, 128, 136, 137, 141, 144, 149,
151, 206, 241Loeber, R., vii, 6, 8, 10, 11, 17, 18, 24, 25,
26, 27, 85, 89, 136, 137, 152, 165, 174,212, 257, 259, 263, 264, 269, 270, 271,272, 273, 274, 296
Logan, C. H., 222, 225, 226
314 Author Index
Lorenz, F., 92Lösel, F., 267Loughran, T., 34Loukas, A., 84Lowe, K. K., 158, 257Lubeck, S., 224Ludwig, J., 266Lum, C., 34Luster, T., 132Lynam, D., 169Lynch, K., 31Lynskey, M. T., 84, 92Lyons-Ruth, K., 88, 92
McAra, L., 230, 233, 236, 237, 249McCall, P. L., 31, 34, 46, 61, 296McBurnett, K., 272McCloyd, V. G., 164Maccoby, E. E., 96McCord, J., 9, 23, 264, 265, 267MacDonald, J. M., 171, 174, 175, 179,
180, 181McDuff, P., 136, 142McElroy, S. W., 173McGee, R., 85, 88McGuffog, E., 88McGuire, R., 234McKay, H. D., 128MacMillan, R., 171McMorris, B. J., 197, 203, 207, 228, 297McNeil, T., 83, 301McNulty, T. L., 210McVie, S., 230, 233, 236, 237, 249Magnuson, K., 97Maguin, E., 128Manfred, H. M., 88, 293Manski, C. F., viiiManza, J., 212Marakovitz, S., 81March, C. L., 79Mare, R. D., 204Markey, F. V., 80Marsh, H. L., 206Marshall, I. H., 166, 168, 293Marshall, J., 35, 78, 298Martin, J., 34, 92Martino, S. C., 34Maruna, S., 212Mason, C. A., 136Mason, W. A., 267Mâsse, L. C., 265Massey, D. S., 193Massoglia, M., 171Masten, A. S., 24, 165, 196Matsueda, R. L., 205, 212, 231, 243, 245
Mattick, H., 128Maughan, B., 63Maxson, C. A., 129Maxson, C. L., 128, 129, 133, 154, 155Mazerolle, P., 24, 29, 166Mazza, J. J., 267Mednick, B., 82Mednick, S. A., 81, 82, 83, 88, 90, 96, 111,
115, 236, 237, 298, 299Meier, R. F., 183Menard, S., 6, 10, 93, 135Mensch, B. S., 149Merton, R. K., 193Mezzich, A. C., 272Mihalic, S., 155Miller, J., 169Miller,W. B., 128Miller,W. R., 94Miller-Johnson, S., 266Mills, P. E., 266Moffitt, T. E., 6, 24, 26, 27, 39, 44, 45, 47, 48,
49, 51, 52, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88,89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 116,117, 149, 152, 200, 203, 209, 272, 301
Moitra, S., 27, 231Moore, G., 81, 129, 150Moore, J. W., 81, 129, 150Morash, M., 90, 109, 289Morenoff, J. D., 10, 193, 202Morgan, S. L., 170, 171, 173, 204Morley, L., St., 161, 209, 264, 270Morse, B., 246Mortimer, J. T., 197, 202, 205, 206, 207Mulvey, E. P., 295Mun, E. Y., 77Murray, C., 236, 237Mustillo, S., 33, 70, 294Mutchka, J. S., 264Muthén, B. O., 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 62, 63, 181Muthén, L., 29, 63
Nagin, D. S., vii, viii, 4, 9, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67,68, 69, 71, 75, 79, 81, 85, 89, 90, 91,97, 98, 108, 124, 142, 145, 146, 164,238, 243, 249, 295, 296, 298
Navarro-Lozano, S., viiiNavratil, J. L., 264Needels, K., 239Nelson, T. J., 212Nesselroade, J. R., 257Newby, K., 81Newcomb, M. D., 149, 180Newman, D., 81
Author Index 315
Newman, K., 208Nieuwbeerta, P., vii, 34, 39, 40, 77, 168, 172,
174, 176, 177, 178, 181, 184, 194,200, 300
Nye, F. I., 168, 223
O’Connell, D. J., 178O’Grady, B., 239O’Malley, P. M., 162, 180, 193, 288Oberklaid, F., 80Odgers, C., 295Oesterle, S., 72Offord, D. R., 79Ohlin, L. E., vi, vii, 4, 128, 139, 193, 202, 209,
257, 260Okut, H., 73Olds, D. L., 79, 80, 82, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
100, 125, 127, 265, 266, 284, 292Olson, H., 81, 82, 84, 86, 97, 118, 121Olson, S., 81, 82, 84, 86, 97, 118, 121Olweus, D., 85, 143, 287, 301Orlando, M., 34, 69, 72Osborn, S. G., 174Osgood, D. W., vi, vii, 11, 14, 15, 128, 149,
161, 162, 163, 166, 171, 176, 177, 183,193, 198, 205, 207, 210, 212, 234,288, 293
Owens, E. B., 85, 88, 89
Pabon, E., 149Packer, H. L., 231Pagani, L., 52, 142, 298Pagani-Kurtz, L., 265Pager, D., 202, 210, 211Palloni, A., 169Pandina, R. J., 66Paranal, R., 212Parker, K. F., 171, 291Paternoster, R., viii, 34, 48, 65, 70, 75, 194,
196, 204, 205, 206, 208, 213, 227, 229,232, 243, 289, 295
Patterson, G. R., 24, 26, 27, 45, 49, 51, 79,92, 152
Payne, M. R., 262Pedlow, R., 80Pell, T., 84Perez, C. M., 206Petras, H., 70Petrosino, A., 274Pettit, G. S., 81, 98, 290Phipps, P., 222Pickles, A., 63Piehl, A. M., 128Pierce, E. W., 79, 81Pihl, R. O., 265
Piliavin, I., 193, 199, 211Piquero, A. R., vii, 6, 9, 11, 12, 23, 24, 25, 29,
31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 48, 50, 51, 64,68, 75, 78, 82, 83, 84, 112, 113, 145,166, 171, 174, 175, 179, 180, 181, 229,232, 288, 291, 295, 299
Piquero, N. L., 33Pitchford, S., 193, 196, 204, 210, 211Pitts, S. C., 33, 67Pledger, M., 68Ploeger, M., 197, 207Plomin, R., 98Poduska, J., 70Pogarsky, G., 89Porter, P. K., 147Posner, M. I., 85Pratap, S., 68Presson, C. C., 33Prior, M., 80Prost, J., 33, 67Pungello, E., 266
Quetelet, A., 161
Racine, Y. A., 40, 44, 45, 61, 79, 285, 296Raine, A., 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 93, 110, 111,
115, 272Ramey, C. T., 266Rand, A., 69, 72, 73, 77, 84, 161, 172, 196Randels, S. P., 84Rankin, B., 10Rasanen, P., 82, 84, 90, 114, 299Rathouz, P. J., 85Raudenbush, S. W., 10, 30, 48, 172, 202, 205Reid, J., 80, 92, 100Reid, M. J., 80Reiss, D., 100Rende, R., 85, 121Renken, B., 88Repacholi, B., 88Reuter, P., 179, 211Reynolds, C., 88, 115Rhodes, W., 240Ribeaud, D., 267Rice, K., 161Richardson, G., 84Richardson, J. L., 67Richman, M., 79, 86Ridder, E. M., 88Ridge, B., 81, 122, 290Rindfuss, R. C., 206Rindfuss, R. R., 180Rivera, C. J., 235Rivera, C., 152Robins, J., vii, viii, 85
316 Author Index
Robins, L. N., 85, 260, 264Rodgers,W. M. III, 208Roeder, K., 31, 34, 49, 62Rollnick, S., 94Roscigno, V. J., 210Rose, G., 234, 237Rosenbaum, P. R., vii, viii, 146, 171, 204Rosenfeld, R., 206Ross, G., 124, 211, 293Rossi, P. H., 211Roth, J. A., 4, 23Rothbart, M. K., 84Rowe, A. R. 224, 225, 242, 243Rowe, D., 272Rowe, R., 63Rubin, D. B., vii, viii, 146, 171, 204Rucker, L., 90, 109, 289Rudolph, J. L., 163Rueda, M. R., 85Ruel, E., 67Rumbaut, R. G., 164Rumsey, E., 82, 292Russell, S. T., 209Ruth, G. R., 88, 183Rutter, M., 6, 10, 96, 269, 273Ryu, S., 206, 207
Sampson, P. D., viiSamspon, R. J., 6, 7, 9, 10, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32,
34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 49, 51, 71, 152, 161,162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 171, 173,174, 175, 177, 179, 181, 193, 194, 195,198, 202, 205, 212, 238, 290
Sanders, S. G., 173Sandy, J., 81Sanson, A., 80, 82, 85, 86Sartor, C. E., 77Sartorius, L. C., 225Saucier, J., 81Scanlan, P., 181Schaeffer, C. M., 70Schneider, A. L., 235, 237Schochet, P., 211Schroeder, R. D., 294Schulenberg, J. E., 77, 194, 198, 205, 206Schumann, K., 200, 228, 300Schwartz, D., 261Schweinhart, L. J., 265Séguin, J. R., 75, 142, 298Sellin, T., 23, 195, 231Serbin, L., 98, 114Settersten, R. A., 164Shadish, W. R., 258Shanahan, M. J., 165, 206, 207Shannon, L. W., 235, 237
Shaw, C. R., 23, 128Shaw, D. S., vi, 6, 11, 12, 13, 41, 71, 76, 79,
80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,126, 127, 295
Shedden, K., 62Shelton, K., 211Sher, K. J., 63, 77Sherman, L. W., 192, 211, 225, 248Sherman, S. J., 33Short, J. F., 129, 168Short, J. F., Jr., 223Shover, N., 162, 163, 169, 207, 208, 211Siennick, S. E., vi, vii, 11, 14, 15, 149,
161, 212Silbereisen, R. K., 71, 300Silva, P. A., 6, 81, 85, 87, 149, 203Simons, R. L., 92, 174, 179, 180, 181, 292Simons-Morton, B., 76Singer, J. D., 257Small, S. A., 76, 132Smith, C. A., 128, 137, 149Smith, C., 92Smith, D. A., 230, 234, 235, 244Smith, D. J., 230, 233, 250Smith, D., 192, 211Smith, L. G., 235, 237Smith, R. S., 6, 82, 88, 89, 93, 97, 109Soothill, K., 35, 211, 299Sparling, J., 266Speltz, M. L., 88, 92Spieker, S. J., 88Spohn, C., 235, 237Spohr, H. L., 84Spoth, R. L., 267Sroufe, L. A., 81, 88, 119, 293Staff, J., 197, 205, 206, 207, 297Stanley, J. C., 202, 257Stanton, W., 87Stattin, H., 81, 82, 88, 89, 110, 301Steffensmeier, D., 193, 208Steinberg, L. D., 199, 205, 206, 207, 295Steinhausen, H. C., 84Stevenson, J., 79, 82, 85, 86, 115, 299Stewart, E., 174, 292Stewart, M., 82, 292Stoolmiller, M., 33, 76Stouthamer-Loeber, M., 6, 24, 136, 137, 165,
174, 178, 181, 183, 264Streissguth, A. P., 84, 115, 297Strodtbeck, F. L., 129, 148Sullivan, M., 208Supplee, L. A., 94Supplee, L. H., 80, 295Sutherland, E. H., 164
Author Index 317
Swicegood, C. G., 206Szumowski, E. K., 79
Takeuchi, D., 98Tanner, J., 239, 240Taylor, A., 98Thomas, C. W., 80, 226, 232, 242Thompson, M., 199, 205, 210Thornberry, T. P., vi, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14,
24, 46, 75, 92, 117, 128, 131, 133, 134,135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143,144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152,154, 155, 195, 198, 202, 209, 234, 237,238, 273, 296
Thornton, A., 168Thorsel, B. A., 231Thrasher, F. M., 128Tibbetts, S. G., 82, 83, 84, 112, 113, 288Tittle, C. R., 183, 221, 222, 224, 225, 242, 243Tobin, K., 6, 128Toby, J., 193Tolle, G. C. Jr., 8Tonry, M., 202, 212, 260Toumbourou, J. W., 228Toussaint, C., 211Tremblay, R. E., 79, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33,
34, 39, 42, 43, 49, 52, 62, 65, 66, 67,69, 75, 82, 85, 89, 91, 96, 98, 124, 136,142, 145, 146, 240, 265, 298
Tremblay, R. R., 41, 72, 298Tremblay, R., 80, 81, 89, 90Troughton, E., 82, 292Tucker, J. S., 25, 34, 69, 72, 77Tupling, C., 96Turner, M., 84, 288Tyrer, S., 234
Uggen, C., v, vi, vii, 7, 11, 15, 16, 166, 168,172, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 191,193, 194, 197, 199, 203, 204, 205, 207,210, 211, 212, 289
Valliant, P. M., 181van der Ende, J., 74, 300Venables, P. H., 88, 115Venkatesh, S. A., 149, 150, 291Verhulst, F. C., 74, 300Verthein, U., 270Vigil, J. D., 148, 246Visher, C. A., 4, 23Vitaro, F., 52, 66, 67, 69, 136, 142, 145,
265, 298von Mayr, G., 23von Scheel, H., 23Vondra, J. I., 88, 89
Wadsworth, T., 916, 207Wakefield, S., v, vi, vii, 7, 11, 15, 16, 180,
191, 194Wakschlag, L., 82, 92, 120, 294Waldfogel, J., 238, 239Waldo, G. P., 224, 242, 243Walker-Barnes, C. J., 136Wang, C.-P., 34, 52Warr, M., 163, 168, 173, 175, 176, 177, 181Warren, J. R., 204, 206Wasserman, L., 34Webster-Stratton, C., 80, 94Wei, E. H., 24, 165, 168, 296Weichselbaum, H. F., 234Weiher, A. H., 6Weiher, A. W., 135, 228Weiher, A., 228Weikart, D. P., 265Weikart, D., 110, 297Weis, J. G., 168Weisburd, D., 34, 73Weitekamp, E. G. M., 24Welsh, B. C., 257, 261, 264, 281Welte, J. W., 142, 290Werner, E. E., 6, 82, 88, 89, 93, 97, 109West, D. J., 161, 173, 174, 195, 209, 264, 270Western, B., 194, 196, 202, 204, 211, 293Wheaton, B., 206White, H. R., 6, 33, 63, 66, 273, 293White, J. L., 272White, J., 85, 87Whitlock, M. L., 129Wieczorek, W. F., 142, 290Wiesner, M., 70, 71, 74, 293, 300Wikström, P.-O. H., 273Willett, J. B., 257Williams, J., 226, 232Williams, N., 205Willm, J., 84Willoughby, M. T., 30Wilson, D. B., 10, 222Wilson, J. K., 162, 193, 288Wilson, J. Q., vi, vii, 4, 202, 210, 257Wilson, J., 139Wilson, L., 98Wilson, W. J., 10, 193Wimer, C., vii, 171Windle, M., 74, 77, 293Windle, R. C., 77Winfree, L. T., 129Winship, C., 170, 171, 173, 204Winslow, E. B., 85, 88, 89, 97Wohlwill, J. F., 257Wolfgang, M. E., 23, 29, 195, 198, 231,
234, 237
318 Author Index
Wood, P. K., 63, 77Woodward, L. J., 89, 90, 92, 123, 210, 301Woodworth, G., 82, 292Wright, B. R. E., 149, 203Wright, J. P., 196, 205, 207Wright, K. E., 161Wright, K. N., 161
Yablonsky, L., 148Yaggi, K., 97Yamaguchi, K., 149Yang, S.-M., 34Yaralian, P. S., 88Yarrow, M. R., 129
Yates, T., 82, 119, 292Yates, W., 97Yeaman, R. L., 224Yin, Y., 8, 236Yoshida, T., 8Young-DeMarco, L., 168Yule,W., 96
Zahn-Waxler, C., 91Zhang, L., 142, 146, 147, 290Zoccolillo, M., 66, 67, 298Zucker, R. A., 84Zuckerman, B., 84
