Appendix III - Innu Resources/Academic Papers... · 199 Appendix III Appendix III contains the...

199

Appendix III

Appendix III contains the collected data discussed in this project. The words are grouped according to the characteristics

of the initial phonological material of the base, that is, the nature of the onset and the quality and quantity of the initial vocalic

element; phonemic patterning may also be a factor, and, if so, will be specifically noted. Orthography, phonetic transcriptions

and translations are provided for each word. The individual base forms are presented with associated reduplications and Initial

Change forms. In certain cases, the base forms are unavailable, either because a word occurs only as a reduplication, or because

it did not arise during elicitation; in these instances, the bases are extrapolated from the reduplicated forms and labelled with (?).

The reduplicative, IC, and combination of reduplication and IC morphemes are isolated as RED, IC, and RED/IC respectively.

Table of Contents

I. C/a:/ <pâ-> /pa:/..........................................................................................................................................................201

II. C/a:/ <t â-> /ta:/ ........................................................................................................................................................205

III. C/a:/ <kâ-> /ka:/........................................................................................................................................................208

IV. C/a:/ <shâ-> / a:/.......................................................................................................................................................212

V. C/a:/ < mâ-> / ma /..................................................................................................................................................214

VI. C/a:/ <nâ-> /na:/........................................................................................................................................................222

VII. Cu/a:/ <kuâ->..............................................................................................................................................................225

VIII. u/a:/ <uâ-> .................................................................................................................................................................. 227

IX. C/e/ <pe> /pe/ .........................................................................................................................................................229

X. C/e/ <te> /te/ ...........................................................................................................................................................233

XI. C/e/ <she> / e/ ........................................................................................................................................................234

XII. C/e/ <me> /me/ .......................................................................................................................................................235

XIII. C/e/ <ne> /ne/ .........................................................................................................................................................236

XIV. C/e/ <kue> /kue/ .....................................................................................................................................................238

XV. u/e/ <ue> ...............................................................................................................................................................240

XVI. C/i:/ /pi:/........................................................................................................................................................242

200

XVII. C/i:/ <tî> /ti:/.......................................................................................................................................................244

XVIII. C/i:/ <mî> /mi:/...................................................................................................................................................245

XIX. C/i:/ <nî> /ni:/ .....................................................................................................................................................249

XX. C/i:/ <shî> / i:/ ...................................................................................................................................................250

XXI. C/i:/ <tshî> / / ................................................................................................................................................252

XXII. u/i:/ <uî> / ui / ....................................................................................................................................................255

XXIII. C/u:/ <pû> /pu /..................................................................................................................................................257

XXIV. C/u:/ <tû> /tu / ...................................................................................................................................................259

XXV. C/u:/ <kû> /ku /..................................................................................................................................................260

XXVI. C/u:/ <mû> /mu / ...............................................................................................................................................260

XXVII. C/u:/ <nû> /nu / .................................................................................................................................................263

XXVIII. C/a/ <pa> /pI/ ....................................................................................................................................................264

XXIX. C/a/ <ka> /kI/.....................................................................................................................................................265

XXX. C/a/ <ma> /mI/ ..................................................................................................................................................266

XXXI. C/a/ <na> /nI/.....................................................................................................................................................268

XXXII. C/a/ <sha> / I/ ...................................................................................................................................................270

XXXIII. C/I/ <pi> /pI/ .....................................................................................................................................................270

XXXIV. C/I/ <ti> /tI/.......................................................................................................................................................275

XXXV. C/I/ <mi> /mI/ ...................................................................................................................................................278

XXXVI. C/I/ <ni> /nI/ ................................................................................................................................................282

XXXVII. C/I/ <shi> / I/ ..............................................................................................................................................284

XXXVIII. C/I/ <tshi> / I/........................................................................................................................................... 285

XXXIX. C/u/ <ku> /ku/..............................................................................................................................................288

XL. Cu + V <puâ-> /pua:/...................................................................................................................................... 291

XLI. Cu + V <pue-> /pue/....................................................................................................................................... 291

201

XLII. Cu + V <mue->..................................................................................................................................................292

XLIII. Cu + V <tue .......................................................................................................................................................292

XLIV. Vowel Initial < â> /a:/......................................................................................................................................... 293

XLV. Vowel Initial < û> /u:/ ........................................................................................................................................ 299

XLVI. Vowel Initial < a> /I/ .......................................................................................................................................... 300

XLVII. Vowel Initial /I/........................................................................................................................................... 303

XLVIII. Vowel Initial < î> /i:/.......................................................................................................................................... 305

XLIX. Vowel Initial /u/ ......................................................................................................................................... 306

I. C/a:/ <pâ-> /pa:/

Base Reduplicated Form RED. Initial Change Form IC Reduplication/IC RED/IC

pâkumu

[ba g

“s/he vomits”

pâpâkumu

[pæ pæ g ]

“s/he vomits repeatedly”

pâkupâkumu

[pæg pæg

“s/he is throwing up all

over the place”

tshika pâkupâkumu

[ g ba g ba g ]

“s/he will vomit over &

over”

[pæ ]-

[pæg -

[ba g -

piâkumut

[piya gum t ]

“(who) is vomiting?”

[iya -piâkupâkumut

[piyæ:g æ:g t ]

“(who) is vomiting over &

over?”

[piyæ:g ]

202


pâpu

[pa bu ]

“s/he is

laughing”

pâpâpu

[pa pa bu]

“s/he keeps laughing”

nipâpâbin

[n ba ba b n]

tshika mishtapâpâbu

[m t bæ:bæ:bu ]

“s/he will keep laughing

a lot”

[pa ]-

[ba ]-

[bæ:]-

piâpit

[piyæ b t ]

“(who) is laughing?”

[iyæpiâpiâpit

[piyæ piyæ b t ]

“(who) keeps laughing?”

[piyæ ]

pâshtaim

[ba teym]

“s/he walks over

it/ cracks it”

papâshtaim

[b bæ steym]

“s/he cracks it here &

there; hitting it in many

places”

pâshtapâshtaim

[bæ t bæ steym]

“s/he keeps cracking it”

(speaker not sure)

nipâshtapâshtain

[n bæ t bæ steyn]

“I crack it here & there”

[b -

[bæ t -

[bæ t -

piâshtaik

[piyæ steyk ]

“(who) is cracking

it?”

[iyæ

203


pâshteu

[pæ t w]

“it is dry”

piâshtit

[piyæ st t ]

“(what) is dry?”

[iyæ ]

pâshtuepaniu

[ba dwe b ]

“s/ he jumps,

goes over s.t

pâshtapashtuepaniu

[ba sd ba dweb

“s/he keeps jumping

over something.”

nipâshtapashtuepanîu

[n ba d ba dwe b

“I keep jumping over

something”

[ba sd -

[ba d -

piâshtuepanîut

[piyæ dwe b ]

“(who) is jumping

over something?”

[iyæ ]

piâshtapashtuepanîut

[piyæ d ba dwe b nyut ]

“(who) keeps jumping

over something?”

[piyæ d ]

pâssitsheu

[pa s ew]

“s/he is shooting

at”

pâpâssitsheu

[pa pa s w]

“s/he is shooting one

after the other”

pâssipâssitsheu

[ba:s ba:s w]

“s/he shoots repeatedly”

nipâssipâssitshin

[n ba s ba s n]

“I keep shooting”

[pa ]-

[ba:s ]-

[ba s ]-

piâssâk

[piya s ]

“(who) is shooting at

it?”

[iya ]

204


pâtshiku

[pa gu ]

“it drips (once)”

pâpâtshiku

[papa gu ]

“it drips, trickles a lot”

pâpâtshikushinit

[pa pa gu n t ]

[pa]-

[pa ]-

piâpâtshikut

[piyæ:bæ t ]

“(what) is dripping”

[piyæ:]

pâtshishinu

[bæ: nu:]

[pa nu ]

“s/he is falling”

[pa: it

“falling”

pâpâtshishinu

[bæ:bæ: nu]

“keeps falling down”

papâtshishin

[b ba n]

nipâpâtshishin

[n ba ba n]

[bæ:]-

[b -

[ba ]-

piâtshinit

[piyæ nt ]

“(who) is falling”

[iyæ ]

patshishkuakanu

(?)

papatshishkuakanu

[p p skwa g ]

“he was flattened”

[p -

205

II. C/a:/ <t â-> /ta:/

Base Reduplicated Form RED. Initial Change Form IC Reduplication/IC RED/IC.

tâkunam

[dæ gun m]

“s/he holds it”

tiâkunâk

[diyæg næk ]

[diyæ g nak ]

“(who) is holding it?”

[iyæ]

[iyæ ]

tâkushkâtam

[dæ:g gæ:d m]

“s/he tramples,

steps on it (once)”

tâtâkushkâtam

[dæ dæ g gæ:t m]

[dæ:dæ:g gæ:d m]

[dæ dæ ga m]

“s/he tramples, steps

on it (one after the

other;e.g. stepping

stones), stepping on

one thing repeatedly”

nitâtâkushkatin

[nta ta g ga d n]

“I am stepping on

something repeatedly”

nitâtâkushkâtau

[ndæ dæ g gæ d w]

“(I’m) trampling on

mud with feet”

[dæ ]-

[ta ]-

tiâkushkâtâki

[diyag gæ:dagi]

“when s/he steps on it”

tiâtâkushkâtâk

[diyadæg gæ:dæ ]

“(who) tramples on it”

[iya]-

206


tâkusseu

[dæ g s w]

“s/he steps once”

tâtâkussepanu

[dæ dæ gus b nu]

“step on each one, one

after another”

[dæ ]-

tâpueu

[dæ bw w]

“s/he is right, tells

the truth”

tiâpuit

[diyæbw t ]

“(who) is right, tells

the truth?”

[iyæ]-

tâtinam

[da dn m]

“s/he touches it”

tâtâtinam

[da da dn m]

“s/he touches it again

& again”

nitâtâtinitin

[nda da dn dn]

“I am touching s.t.

repeatedly”

uî tâtâtinam

wi tæ tæ dn

“s/he wants to touch it

over & over again”

[da ]- tiatinâk

[diyæd ]

“(who) touches it?”

[iyæ] tiâtâtinâk

[tiyæ tiyæ dnak ]

“(who) is touching it over

& over”

uâ tâtinâk

wæ:tæ:dnak

“(who) wants to touch it


[tiyæ ]

i > æ:

(preverb)

+ [tæ:]

207


tâtshipiteu

[dæ: b d w]

“s/he touches

him/her/it (anim)”

tâtâtshipiteu

[tæ tæ b w]

“s/he touches

him/her/it (anim)

repeatedly”

[tæ ]tiâtâtshipitat

[tiyatæ b t ]

“(who) is she touching


[tiya]

tâtshishkueu

[da d kw ]

“s/he kicks him

(once)”

nitâtâtshishkuau

[nta ta gu ]

“I am kicking

him/her

repeatedly”

tâtâtshishkueu

[da da skw w]

[tæ tæ t kw w]

[da ]

[tæ ]

tiâtshishkuât

[tiyæ skwat ]

“(who) kicks him?”

[iyæ ]tiâtâtshishkuât

[tiyæ tæ t skwat ]

“(who) is kicking him

repeatedly; while she is

kicking him”

[tiyæ

tâu

[ta w ]

“s/he is (there);

s/he exists; s/he is

in a place”

ietâu (?)

[(i)yeid w]

“s/he's here & there;

always there in that

place”

Speaker not sure about

this form.

[(i)yei] etât

[ tat ]

“(who) is there?”

tiât(?)

[iyat ]

“(where) s/he is”

[ ]

[iya]n.b. Speaker considers

etât “proper” and tiât

“not proper”, “fast

speech”.

208

III. C/a:/ <kâ-> /ka:/


kâneu

[ga new]

[gæ n w]

kakâneu

[g g æ n w]

“hiding in different

places (e.g. children)”

nikakânaut

[n g gæ nawt ]

“I am hiding them in

different places”

[g -

kâshînam

[gæ: i:n m]

“s/he wipes s.t.”

kâshinâkanu

[gæ i n

“s/he it is

wiped”

kâshinâkin

[gæ i n n]

“wiper, baby

wipes”

kakâshînu

[g gæ inu]

“s/he is wiping here &

there”

[g kiâshinât

[kiyæ inæt ]

“(who) wipes”

e kâshinât

[e: kæ: i:næt ]

“(who) wipes”

[iyæ

[e:]-

(e-

conjunct)

209


kâshkâueu

[ga gaw w]

“s/he strikes,

scratches it;

strike s.t. and

make a scratch

across it”

kâshkâshkâueu

[ga ga gaw w]

“s/he scrapes it (anim)

with an instrument; e.g.

bannock burning -

scraping off burnt

parts”

nikâshkâshkâuau

[n ga ga ga w]

“I am scraping it with

an instrument”

uî kâshkâshkâueu

[wi ga ga gaw w]

“s/he wants to scrape it

with an instrument”

[ga ]

[ga ]

kiâshkâshkâuât

[giyæ ga gawat ]

“(who) is scraping it

with an instrument?”

uâ kâshkâshkâuât

[wa ga ga gawat ]

“(who) wants to scrape it

with an instrument”

[giyæ ]

i > a

(preverb)

+ [ga ]

kâshu

“s/he hides”

kiâshut

[kiyæ ut ]

“hiding”

[iyæ ]

210


kâssipiteu

[gæ:s b t w]

“s/he scratches

him/her/it (anim)

once”

kâshkâssipiteu

[gæ: gæ:s b t w]

“s/he scratches

him/her/it (anim)

repeatedly”

nikâshkâssipitâu

[n gæ sgæ s b daw]

“I scratch him/her/it

(anim) repeatedly”

[gæ: ]

[gæ s]

kiâshkiâssipitât

[giyæ sgiyæ s b ]

“(who) scratches

him/her/it repeatedly”

kiâshkâssipitishk

[giyæ ga s b d k ]

“(who) is scratching

someone?”

[giyæ s]

[giyæ ]

kâssipitsheu

[ga s p w]

“s/he rakes (not

repeated,

scratches once)”

kâshkâssipitsheu

[ga sga s p w]

“s/he is raking”

nikâshkâssipitshin

[n ga sga s n]

[n ga sga s p n]

[ga s]kiâshkâssipitshit

[giyæ ga s t ]

[kiyæsga s p t ]

“(who) is raking?”

e kâshkâssipitshit

[e: kæ:sga:s b t ]

“while s/he is raking”

[giyæ ]

[kiyæs]

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

211


kâtâu

[kæ d

[gæ taw]

“s/he hides it”

kakâtâu

[g gæ taw]

“s/he hides things here

and there”

uî kakâtâu

[wi g ga d w]

“s/he will hide things

here & there”

[g kiâtut

[kiyæ:d t ]

“(who) hides it?”

e kâtât

[e ka d t ]

“(she's good at) hiding

things”

[iyæ:]

[e:]-

(e-

conjunct)

kekâtât

[ge:gæ:d t ]

“(who) hides things here

& there?”

uâ kakâtât

[wa k ka dat ]

“(who) will hide things

here & there?”

[ge:]

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [k

kâtipâu

[ga d b w]

“it has one step”

kâkâtipâu

[ga ga d b w]

“it is in steps, terraced”

[ga ]

212

IV. C/a:/ <shâ-> / a:/


shashkaim

[ keym ]

“s/he lights it (e.g.

a fire, lantern)”

shashashkaim

[ keym]

“s/he's lighting a fire one

after another”

[ ]shiâshkaik

[ iyæ kek ]

“(who) is lighting it?”

(n.b. Although the base

has a short initial vowel,

the word is included in

this category because of

the IC patterning typical

of a phonemically long

vowel.)

shassikuâtam (?)shâshassikuâtam

[ æ:hæ:sigw d m]

“s/he fries things on the

pan, on the stove”

nishâshâssikuâtin

[n æ æ sigw d n]

“I am frying something”

[ æ:]shiâshassikuâtâk

[ iy hæ:si:gw d k ]

“(what) is she frying?”

e shâshassikuâtâk

[e æ hæ sigw d k ]

“while she is frying it”

[ iy

[e]-

(e-

conjunct)

+ [ æ ]

213


shâtshikatshiu(?) shâshâtshikatshiu

[ æ æ g u ]

“s/he rocks back & forth”

[ æ

shâtshikatshipanîu

[ æ g b ]

“s/he is sitting on

floor & falls back

(e.g.baby,

toddler)”

shâshâtshikatshipanîu

[ æ æ g b ]

“s/he is sitting on floor &

falls back (repeatedly)”

nishâshâtshikatshipanîu

[n æ hæ g b ]

“I am sitting and falling

back over & over”

[ æ ]shiâtshikatshipanit

[ iyæ: g bnt

“(I know) s/he is falling

back”

[iyæ:]

shâtshipanitau

[ a b nd w]

“sticks tongue out;

put arm in sleeve;

pokes out”

shâshâtshipanitau

[ a a b nd w]

“sticks tongue out. over

and over”

nishâshâtshipanitan

[n a ha b ndæn]

“I’m sticking my tongue

out”

[ a ]shiâtshipanitât

[ iyæ b ndat ]

“(who) is sticking his

tongue out?”

[iyæ]

214


shâtshishkuêpanu

[ a kweb nyu ]

“it pops its head

up once”

shâshâtshishkuêpanu

[ a: a: gwe:b nu ]

“it is popping its head up

& down”

nishâshâtshishkuêpanutin

[n a a sgwe b nyutn]

“I am popping my head

up & down”

[ a:]shiâshâtshishkuêpanut

[ iyæ: æ: sgwe:b nyut ]

“(what) is popping its

head up & down?”

[iyæ:]

uâ shâshâtshishkuêpanut

[w : æ: æ: sgwe:b nyut ]

“(who) wants to pop its

head up & down?”

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [ æ:]

V. C/a:/ < mâ-> / ma /


mâkâpû(?) mâmâkâpû

[mæ:mæ:gæbu]

“s/he has big eyes”

[mæ:] miâmâkâpit

[miyæ:mæ:gæ:b t ]

“(who) has big eyes?”

[miyæ:]

215


mâkuâshkue

[mæ gw gwih]

“hold it in place”

mamâkuâshkue

[m mæ gw gwih]

“holding in different

places to keep in place

(e.g pinning clothes on

clothesline)”

[m miâkuâshkuaik

[miyæ gw gweyk ]

“(what) is holding it

in place?”

[iyæ ]

mâkuâtam

[mæ:kwæ:d m]

[mæ:gwæ:d m]

“s/he bites it”

mâkuâtsheu

[mæ:gwæ: w]

“s/he is chewing

(a child, dog is

biting)”

mâmâkuâtam

[ma ma gwa d m]

[mæ:mæ:gwæ:d m]

“s/he chews, bites over

and over”

nimâmâkuâtin

[n ma ma gwa d n]

“I am chewing”

[ma

[mæ:]

miâkuâtâk

[miyakwa:dæk ]

“(who) is biting it?”

miâkuâtshit

[miyægwæ: t ]

“(who) is biting?”

e mâkuâtâk

[e ma gwa tæk]

“while s/he is biting

it”

[iya]

[iyæ]

[e]-

(e-

conjunct)

miâmâkuâtâk

[miyæmæ:gwædæk ]

“(who) is chewing”

e mâmâkuâtshit

[e mæ mæ gwa t ]

“(while) s/he is

chewing”

[miyæ]

[e]-

((e-

conjunct)

+ [mæ

mâkuaueu(?) mâmâkuaueu

[mæ mæ gw wu]

“s/he taps down s.t.(e.g.

snow, mud) using a

shovel”

[mæ ]

216


mâkumissueu(?) mâmâkumissueu

[mæ:mæ:g m sw w]

“s/he chews gum”

nimâmâkussuen

[n mæ mæ g suw n]

“I’m chewing gum”

[mæ:] miâmâkumissuit

[miyæ mæ g m sw t ]

“(who) is chewing

gum?”

[miyæ ]

mâkuneu

[mæ g new]

“press once”

mâmâkuneu

[mæ mæ g new]

“s/he kneads, moulds it

(anim); e.g.bread”

[mæ

mâkûnitsheu

[mæ g n w]

“press, rub once”

mâmâkûnitsheu

[mæ mæ g n w]

“s/he kneads; giving a

back rub, massage”

[mæ ]miâmakuntshit

[miyæ mæg n t ]

“(who) is kneading?”

[miyæ ]

mâkushkueu(?) mâmâkushkueu

[mæ mæ g gwew]

“s/he taps down

s.t.(e.g. snow, mud)

using feet”

[mæ ]

217


mâmîshkut

[mæ mi g t]

“me & you in

turns” (reduplicated

form acting as a

reduplicative base)

mâmâmîshkut

[mæ mæ mi g t]

“in turns, alternating;

'three, four, five of us in

turns'”

[mæ ]

mâmishkutshipanu

[mæ mi k b ]

“turn”

mâmâmishkutshipanu

[mæ mæ mi k p b ]

“it will change from

season to season; it will

change back & forth”

[mæ ]

mânâtshinam (?) mâmanâtshinam

[mæm næ dn m]

“s/he manages, handles it

carefully (e.g. makes food

last)”

nimâmanâtshinin

[n mæ:m næ dn n]

“I make sure the food is

not wasted”

[mæ]

[mæ:]

miâmanâtshinâk

[miyæ m næ dnak ]

“(who) makes sure the

food is not wasted?”

[iyæ ]

218


mânâtueu

[mæ næ dwew]

[mæ:næ:dw w]

“s/he is swearing”

mânamânâtueu

[mæ n æ næ dw w]

“s/he keeps swearing”

mâmanâtueu

[mæ:mænæ:dwew]

“s/he talks carefully,

chooses his/her words”

(This form is unfamiliar to

these speakers.)

[mæ ]miânâtuit

[miyæ næ d(u)w t ]

“(who) is

swearing?”

[iyæ ]miânamânâtuit

[miyæ n mæ næ d(u)w t ]

“(who) keeps swearing?”

[miyæ n ]

mâshieu(?) mâmâshieu

[mæ mæ w]

“s/he disturbs him/her”

[mæ ]miâmâshiat

[miyæ mæ iât ]

“(who) is disturbing

him/her?”

[miyæ

mâshiku(?) mâmâshiku

[ma ma igu]

“s/he is doubled over in

pain”

[ma ]miâmiâshikut

[miyamiya ig t ]

“(who) is doubled over in

pain?”

[miya]

(Note that

the base

also

changes.)

mâshîkueu

[ma igw w]

“s/he fights,

wrestles him/her”

miâshîtshit

[miyæ: i t ]

“(I know) s/he is

fighting with

him/her”

[iyæ:]

219


mâssipanû (?) mâssimâssipanû

[mæ:s mæ:s b nu ]

“s/he, it (anim) is limping

a lot (rapidly) seriously”

nimâssimâssipitin

[n mæ s mæ s b n]

“I am limping”

[mæ:s ]

[mæ s ]

miâssimâssipinit

[miyæ s mæ s bnt ]

“(who) is limping?”

[miyæ s ]

mâtamashtâu

[mæ:d æ: t w ]

“the pain is starting

again”

mâtamâtamashtâu

[mæ dimæ d æ staw]

[mæ:d mæ:d æ t w]

“s/he has throbbing pains;

s/he has contractions,

intermittent pains”

[mæ di]

[mæ:d ]

miâtamâtamashtât

[miyæd mæ d æ tat ]

“(who) is having

throbbing pains?”

[miyæd ]

220

Base Reduplicated Form RED. Initial Change Form Reduplication/IC RED/IC.

mâtisham

[ma t m]

“s/he cuts it”

mamâtisham

[mæmæ t m]

“cut over & over in

different places, e.g. using

scissors cutting paper”

nimamatishin

[n m ma d n]

“I am cutting it in

different places”

[mæ]

[m ]

miâtishâk

[miyæ t æk ]

“(who) cuts it”

[iyæ ]

mâtueu (?) mamâtueu

[mæmæ t(u)w w]

“s/he moans”

nimamâtueu

[n mæmæ:duw w]

“I am mourning”

[mæ] mematuit

[me mæ duw t ]

“(who) is moaning?”

[me

221


mâu

[ma:w]

“s/he cries”

mamâu

[mæm w]

“crying and crying”

nimamân

[n m mæn]

“I am crying an d

crying”

[mæ]

[m ]

miât

[miyæ t]

“(who) is crying?”

[iyæ ]

mâushu

[m w u ]

“s/he is picking

berries”

mamâushu

[mamaw u]

[m maw u]

“s/he picks berries in

different places, from

different patches”

nimamâushun

[n m maw n]

“I pick berries in

different places, from


[ma]

[m ]

miâushut

[miy w ut ]

“(who) is picking

berries?”

e mâushut

[e m w ut]

“(while) s/he is

picking berries”

[iy ]

[e:]-

(e-

conjunct)

memâushut

[me maw t]

“picking berries from


[me ]

222

VI. C/a:/ <nâ-> /na:/


nâshikuâpu(?) nânâshikuâpu

[næ næ bu]

“there are tears

flowing from his/her

eyes”

[næ ]niânâshikuâpit

[niyæ næ b t ]

“(who) has tears in her

eyes?”

mishta nânâshikuâpâtshi

[me st n æ næ gw b i]

“when her eyes are full

of tears”

[iyæ ]

[e:]

(change

to

preverb)

nântu-pushu

[næntu pu u ]

“s/he looks for a

ride”

nanântu pûshu

[n na ntu pu u ]

“s/he is looking

everywhere for a ride”

[n ] niântu pûshit

[niyæ ntu bu t ]

“(who) is looking for

a ride?”

[iyæ ]nenântu pûshit

[ne næntu pu h t ]

“(who) keeps looking

for a ride?”

[ne ]

nâshikupanu

[næ: g b nu:]

“it falls down

(slowly, dropping

coming down e.g.

elevator; also: s.t.

on sale i.e. prices

going down)”

nânâshikupanu

[næ næ k p nu]

“it keeps falling,

dropping down”

ninânâshikupitin

[n næ næ k p dn]

“I'm slowly coming

down (e.g.in elevator)”

[næ ]niâshikupanit

[niyæ g b nt ]

“(what) is going

down”

e nâshikupanit

[e næ g b nt ]

“while it is going

down”

[iyæ

[e:]-

(e-

conjunct)

http://(e.g.in

223


nâshueu

[næ wew]

“s/he follows

him/her”

nanâshueu

nænæ wew

“s/he keeps following

him/her”

[næ] niâshuakut

[niyæ æ g t ]

“(who) follows

him/her?”

[iyænenâshakut

[ne na hag t ]

niânâshakut

[niya na hag t ]

“(who) keeps following

him/her?”

tshe nâshnâshuât

[ e næ næ uw t ]

“(who) will keep

following him/her?”

uâ nanâshuât

[wa nana uw t ]

“(who) wants to keep

following him/her”

[ne ]

[iya ]

[ e]

(changed

form of

future

preverb

ka)+

[næ ]

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [na]

nâtam

[næ:d m]

“s/he goes to get

it”

tshe nâtâk

[ e næ tæk ]

“(who) is going to get

it?”

[ e]

(changed

form of

future

preverb

ka)

224


nâtuâkan

[næ duwe g ]

“break in two”

nânâtuâkan

[næ næ nd(u)wa gn]

“break in two

repeatedly”

[næ ]niâtuaik

[niyæ d(u)weyk ]

“(who) is breaking it

in two?”

[iyæ ]niânatuaik

[niyæ næd(u)weyk ]

“(who) keeps breaking it

in two?”

[iyæ ]

nâtuâpanu

[næ d(u)wa b ]

“break in two”

nanâtuâpanu

[n næ d(u)wa b ]

“break in two

repeatedly”

[n

nâuetinin

[na we dn n]

“fold once”

nanâuetinin

[n na we dn n]

“folding (e.g. sheets)”

[n ] niâuetinât

niya we dnat

“(who) is folding (the

sheets)?”

e nâuetinât

[e na we dnat]

“(while) s/he is

folding the sheets”

[iya ]

[e:]-

(e-

conjunct)

225

VII. Cu/a:/ <kuâ->


kuânitshineu

[kw n d

“s/he tickles

him/her (in one

place)”

kukuânitshineu

[k kw n d

“s/he tickles him/her;

tickle all over”

nikukuânitinau

[n g gwa:n dn w]

“I'm tickling him/her”

[k ]

[g ]

e kuânitshinakinit

[e kwa n d æ g nt ]

“(while) s/he is

tickling him/her”

[e]-

(e-

conjunct)

kuekuânitshinikut

[kwekwa n d t ]

“(who) is tickling him?”

e kukuânitshinakinit

[e kukwa n d næ g nt ]

“(while) s/he is tickling

him/her”

[kwe]

[e:]-

(e-

conjunct)

+[ku]

kuâpishkau(?) kuâkuâpishkau

[gwa gwa p k w]

“it is rusted (e.g.

cooking pot )”

kuâkuâpissiu

[gwa gwa p syu ]

“it (animate, stone,

metal) is rusted (small

thing rusted, e.g.

spoon)”

[gwakuiâkuâpishkât

[gwiya gwa:b :kæt ]

“(what) is rusted?”

[gwiya ]

226


kuâshkuetu

[gw : gwe:du:]

“s/he jumps up”

kuâshkuetin

[gw gwet n]

“I jump”

kuâshkuâshkuetu

[gwa gwa gwe du]

“s/he is jumping here

and there”

nikuâshkuâshkuetin

[n gwa gwa gwedn]

“I am jumping here &

there”

[n gw gw gwe dn]

“I jump over and over”

uî kuâshkuâshkuetu

[wi

gw gw gwe du]

“s/he wants to keep

jumping”

[gwa ]

[gw ]

kuiâshkuetit

[kwiya kwet t ]

“(who) is jumping?”

e kuâshkuetit

[e kwa kwet t ]

“(while) s/he is

bouncing”

[kwiya

[e]

(e-

conjunct)

kuiâshkuiâshkuetit

[gwiya gwiya gwed t ]

“(I know) s/he is

jumping over & over”

uâ kuâshkuâshkuetit

[wa gw gw gwed t ]

“(who) wants to keep

jumping?”

[gwiya ]

(n.b. also

change to

base)

[e:]-

(e-

conjunct)

+ [gw ]

227

VIII. u/a:/ <uâ->


uâkapissipanu

[wa ga b b nu ]

“bending”

uâuâkapissipanu

[wa wa ga b b nu ]

“keeps bending,

curving”

[wa ]

uâkâshinâteu

[wa gæ inæ dew]

“it has curving

lines (curving

once)”

uâuâkashinateu

[wa wa gæ inædew]

“it has curving lines

(e.g. lines on road; s.t.

has been drawn in

curving lines)”

[wa ]

uâpameu

[wa p

“s/he sees

him/her”

uâuâpameu

[wa wa bmew]

“s/he is checking on it

(anim); e.g. choosing

fish; also checking out

girls”

[wauiâpamât

[wiyæ b ]

uiâpamakut

[wiyæ bm t ]

“(who) does s/he see?”

[iyæ

228


uâpâtam

[wa pa d m]

“s/he sees it”

uâuâpâtam

[wa wa pa d m]

“s/he is checking on it”

uî uâuâpâtam

[wi wa wa pa d m]

“s/he tries to check on

something”

[wa:][iyæ

uiauâpâtâk

[wiyawa pa dak ]

“(who) is checking on

something?”

uâ uâuâpâtâk

[wa wa wa pa dak ]

“(who) is trying to check

on something?”

[wiya]

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [wa:]

uâshtepanu

[wast b nu ]

“it flashes once”

uâshtuâshtepanu

[wastwasteb nu ]

[wa tuwasteb nu ]

“there is repeated

lightning(lights

flashing; fireworks;

truck lights blinking;

lights on Christmas tree

blinking)”

[wast]

[wa tu]

uiâshtauâshtepinit

[wiyæ t æ tebnt ]

[wiyæ twiyæ steb nt ]

“(I know) there is

repeated lightning”

[wiyæ ]

[wiyæ ]

(n.b. also

change to

base)

uâtshishkupan(?) uâuâtshishkupan

[wæ wæ i gub n n]

“run in a zigzag”

[wæ

229

IX. C/e/ <pe> /pe/


peikuteshu

[pe g de u ]

“s/he is walking

alone”

pâpeikuteshu

[pa pe g de u ]

“s/he's walking alone,

going to/ around

different places”

[pa ]-peikutisht

[pe g d st ]

“(who) is walking

alone?”

pepâpeikutisht

[pe pa pe g d st ]

[pe:]-

peik

[peyk ]

“one”

pâpeik

[pæ beyk ]

“one each”

pâpâpeik

[ba ba beyk ]

“one at a time”

[pæ ]-

[ba ba ]-

peikuau

[beygw w]

“once”

pâpeikuau

[pa peykw w]

“one after another; one

at a time”

[pa ]-

230


peikuiau(?) pâpâpeikuiau

[ba ba beygwiaw]

“buy things one at a

time”

[ba ba ]

(Double

Redup?)

peiku(?)itanu

[be g ndændn ]

“one hundred”

pâpeiku(?)itanu

[pa pe g ndændn ]

“one hundred each”

[pa ]

pekâtâushu (?) pepekâtâushu

[pe pe gæ daw u ]

“s/he is singing a

lullaby to the baby”

nipepekâtâushun

[n pe pe gæ daw n]

“I am singing a lullaby

to the baby”

[pe ]pepekâtâushut

[pe pe gæ daw ut]

“(who) is singing a

lullaby to the baby?”

[pe

231


pekutâtam

[pey dæ d m]

“s/he bites a hole

in s.t.; makes a

hole by rubbing

with teeth”

papekutâtam

[p peyg dæ d m]

“s/he is biting holes in

something”

pepekutâtamin

[pepegw tat n]

“bite holes in them

(canoes)”

[p ]

[pe]

pepekutâtâk

pe pe g dæ dæk

“(who) makes holes by

rubbing with teeth”

[pe ]

peshku- (?) papeshkupu

[bæbe g p ]

“it is rough, bumpy

(shortened form of

papeshkushikuâu)”

[bæ]

peshku- (?) papeshkushikuâu

[b be g ug w]

“the ice is bumpy”

[b ]

232


peshku-(?) papeshkutshâu

[b be g aw]

“it is bumpy, in the

woods walking over

rough, uneven ground

[b ]

pessish

[pe s ]

“close”

papessish

[p pe s ]

“closer and closer”

[p ]

petam

[pe d m]

“s/he hears

him/her”

papetam

[p p e d m]

“hearing over & over,

e.g. a noise, ringing in

ears, tinnitus”

nipapetin

[n b b e:d n]

“I’m hearing a noise

repeated”

[p ]

[b ]

pietâk

[piy tak ]

“(who) hears it?”

e petâk

[e petæk ]

“(when) s/he hears it”

[iy ]

[e:]

(e-

conjunct)

233

Base Reduplicated Form RED. Initial Change IC Reduplication/IC RED/IC.

petam , cont’d. tshika papetam

[ g b b e:d ]

tshika petapetam

[ g be:d b e:d

“can hear it over and

over”

[be:d

X. C/e/ <te> /te/


tepueu

[te bwew ]

“s/he is yelling”

teputepueu

[deb de bwew]

“s/he is yelling over

and over”

niteputepuen

[nde b debw n]

“I am yelling over and

over”

[deb ]

[de b ]

tiepuet

[tiyebw t ]

“(who) is yelling?”

e tepuit

[e: te:bw t]

“while s/he is yelling”

[iye]

[e:]

(e-

conjunct)

tieputepuit

[tiyeb t ]

“(who) is yelling?”

e teputepuit

[e: te:b te:bw t]

“while he is yelling

(over and over)”

[iye]

[e:]

(e-

conjunct)

+ [te:b ]

234


teuetsheu

[de:wi w]

“s/he is playing

a drum, knocks

on it”

tateuetsheu

[dæde:we: w]

“knock over and over”

tateuekaitshu

[t t ewege u ]

“knock over & over”

nitateuekaitshin

[nt t ewege n]

“I knock over and

over”

[dæ]

[t

teteuekaitshit

[de duwege t ]

“(who) is knocking on a

wall?”

[de ]

XI. C/e/ <she> / e/


shepanu

[ eb ]

“it opens by

itself”

sheshepanu

[ e eb ]

“it keeps opening by

itself”

[ e]shiepanit

[ iyeb ]

“(what) is opening by

itself?”

[iye]

235


shepanu

[ eb ]

“it opens by

itself”

shepishepanu

[ eb eb ]

“it keeps opening by

itself”

shepishepanua

[ eb eb nua ]

“they keep opening by

themselves”

tshika shepishepanu

[ g e b e b ]

“it will keep opening”

[ eb]

[ eb ]

[ e b ]

XII. C/e/ <me> /me/


metueu

[m d w (w)]

“s/he plays”

mietuit

[miy duw t ]

“(who) is playing?”

e metuit

[e med w t ]

“(while) s/he is

playing”

[iy

[e]

(e-

conjunct)

236

XIII. C/e/ <ne> /ne/


nekâtshu

[ne ga u ]

“abusing

animals,

children”

nenekâtshu

[ne n ga u ]

“s/he suffers (more

emotional than

physical suffering)”

[ne ]nienekâtshut

[niyene gæ ut ]

“(who) is suffering?”

e nenekâtshut

[e n n ga ut ]

“(while) s/he suffers”

[niye]

[e:]

(e-

conjunct)

+ [n ]

neneu

[nenew]

“she breathes”

nienet

[niye:n t]

“(who) is breathing?”

e mishta nenet

[e m s t t ]

“when he's breathing

hard”

meshta nenetshi

[m s t i]

“when he's breathing

hard”

[iye:]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

[

(change

to

preverb)

237


neshtu

[n tu]

“s/he is tired”

nieshtut

[niy t t ]

“(who) is tired?”

e neshtut

[e n t t ]

“(because) he is tired”

[iy ]

[e]

(e-

conjunct)

neu

[ne w]

“four”

nâneu

[næ:ne:w]

“four each”

nâneuau

[næ:ne:w w]

“four at a time”

nâneuntanitanu (?)

[næ ni(w) ndændn t]

“four hundred each”

[næ:]

[næ:]

[næ ]

238

XIV. C/e/ <kue> /kue/


kueshkushu

[gw gw u ]

“s/he whistles

(once)”

kukueshkushu

[gugw g u ]

“s/he whistles over and

over”

nikukueshkushun

[n gugw gu n]

“I'm whistling over and

over”

[gu]

[gu]

kuieshkushut

[gwiy guh t]

“(who) is whistling”

[iy ]kuieshkuieshkushut

[gwiy gwiye guh t ]

“(who) is whistling over

and over?”

uâ kuekueshkushut

[wa: gwe:gw guh t ]

“(who) is trying to

whistle?”

[gwiy ]

(n.b. the

base also

changes.)

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [gwe:]

kuessipanu

[kw s p nu ]

“turn things

over (things

turning over by

themselves)”

kukuessipanu

[gu gwe s ]

“it keeps turning over”

kuekuessipanu

[gwe:gw s p

“it keeps turning over”

nikuesskuessipatin

[n gw sgw s b d n]

“I keep turning over”

[gu ]

[gwe:]

[gw s]

kuiessipanit

[kwiy s p n t ]

“(what) is turning

over?”

e kuetipanit

[e kwed nt ]

“(while) it is turning

over (e.g. vehicle)”

[iy ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

239


kuessishinu

[gw s nu ]

“turn over once

(e.g. in bed)”

kuessikuessishinu

[gw s gw s nu ]

“turning over & over;

tossing & turning in

bed”

nikuessikuessishin

[n gw s gw s n]

“I am tossing & turning”

[gw s ]

[gw s ]

kuiessishinit

[gwiy s t ]

“(who) is turning

(once)?”

[iy ]kuiessikuessishinit

[gwiy s s nt ]

“(who) is tossing &

turning?”

[gwiy ]

kuetshimeu

[gwe m w]

“s/he asks

him/her”

kuekuetshimeu

[gwe:gwe: mew]

“s/he is questioning

him/her”

nikuekuetshimun

[n gwe gwe m n]

“I'm questioning

him/her”

uî kuekuetshimeu

[wi gwe gwe mew]

“s/he wants to question

him/her”

[gwe:]

[gwe ]

uâ kuetshimât

[wa gwe mat ]

“(who) wants to ask

him/her?”

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [gwe:]

kuiekuetshimât

[kwiy kwe mat ]

“(I know) s/he's

questioning him/her”

kuiekuietshimât

[gwiy gwiy mat ]

“(I know) s/he's

questioning him/her”

uâ kukuetshimât

[wa gugwe mat ]

“(who) wants to

question him/her?”

[kwiy ]

[gwiy ]

(n.b. also

change to

base)

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [gu]

240


kuetshimu (?) kukuetshimu

[k kwe mu ]

“s/he asks a question”

[k ]kuetshimikut

[kwe m g t ]

“(who) asks a

question?”

e kuetshimut

[e kwe: m t ]

“(while) s/he is

asking a question”

[e:]

(no

change?)

[e] (e-

conjunct)

kuekuetshimikut

[kwe kwe m g t ]

“(who) asks a

question?”

e kukuetshimut

[e: k kwe: m t ]

“(while) s/he is asking a

question”

[e:]

(no

change?)

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

+ [k ]

XV. u/e/ <ue>


uepâshtan

[we pæ t ]

“it is blown

away”

ueuepâshtan

[we we pæ st n]

“it is blowing away;

e.g. a flag waving,

blowing in the breeze”

[we ]

241


uepinam

[we p n m]

“s/he throws it

away”

ueuepinam

[we we p n m]

“throwing stuff away”

nueuepimitin

[n we we bm n]

“I’m throwing confetti”

[we

[we ]

uiepinâk

[wiy p nak ]

“(what) is s/he

throwing away?”

[iy

ueshîu

[we u ]

“dressed up”

nueueshiun

[n we we iyun]

“I’m fixing myself up”

ueshîu ueueshîu

[we we iyu]

“s/he fixes

herself/himself up, gets

ready, dressed (formal,

going to a wedding)”

[we ]ueueshîut

[we we iyut ]

“(I know) s/he's fixing

her/him up”

uieuieshiut

[wiye wiye iyut ]

“(I know) s/he's fixing

her/himself up”

e ueueshîut

[e wewe iyut ]

“(while) s/he is fixing

herself/himself up”

[we ]

[iye ]

(note

change to

base)

[e] (e-

conjunct)

+ [we]

242


uetapû (?) ueuetapû

[wewetapu:]

“s/he is about to sit

down”

[we]

XVI. C/i:/ /pi:/


pîkuenishtu (?) pâpîkuenishtu

[pæ bi gw n tu ]

“smile”

[pæ ]

pîkupanu

[pi g b nu ]

“breaks down”

pâpîkupanu

[ba bi g b nu ]

“each one breaks

down; it’s breaking in

different parts”

nipâpîkupatin

[n bæ:bi:g b d n]

“I break it in many

pieces”

[ba ]

[bæ:]

piâkupanit

[biy gubnt ]

“(what) is breaking

down?”

[iy ] piâpikupanit

[biy bi gubnt ]

“(what) is breaking

down in different parts?”

[biy ]

243


pîminam

[bi m n m]

“s/he wrings it

(by hand); turn

s.t., doorknob,

taps (once)”

papîminam

[pabi m n m]

“s/he turns s.t.,

doorknob, taps (many

times, over & over)”

[pa] pepîminak

[pe:pi m ]

“(who) is turning s.t.,

doorknob, taps (many

times, over & over)?”

[pe:]

pîminamnipapîminen

[n p pi m n]

“I turn s.t., doorknob,

taps (many times, over

& over)”

[p ]

pîtuâu

[pi tuw w]

“s/he smokes”

papîtuâu

[babi tw w]

“s/he smokes one after

another”

pîtapîtuâu

[pi d pi dw w]

“s/he's sitting there

smoking over & over”

nipîtapîtuan

[n pi d pi d n]

“I smoke over & over”

[ba]

[pi d ]

[pi d ]

piâtuât

[piy twat ]

“(who) is smoking?”

[iy ] piâtapîtuât

[piyæd b :duwat ]

“(who) is smoking over

& over?”

e pîtapîtuât

[e pi:d biduwat ]

“(while) s/he is smoking

over & over”

[piyæd ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

+ [pi d ]

244


pîtûkunîu

[pi t g nyu]

“s/he covers up

with a layer,

blanket”

pâpîtukuniu

[pa pi t g nyu ]

“s/he covers up with

another layer, blanket”

nipapîtûkunin

[n pa pi t g nin]

“I cover up with

another layer, blanket”

[pa ]

[pa ]

piâpîtukunit

[piyapit k n t ]

“(who) covers up with

another blanket?”

[piya]

XVII. C/i:/ <tî> /ti:/


tîpaitshepanu

[ti pey eb nu ]

“wrap in blanket

(once)”

tîtîpaitshepanu

[ti ti pey eb nu ]

“wrapping in a

blanket”

[ti ]

245


tîtipinîu

[ti t ]

“s/he it rolls up

once (in a

blanket)”

tîtîtipinîu

[ti ti t ]

“s/he it is rolling up (in

a blanket)”

[ti ]

XVIII. C/i:/ <mî> /mi:/


mîneu

[mi n w]

“s/he gives s.t to

him/her”

mînamîneu

[mi n mi n w]

“s/he keeps giving s.t.

to him/her”

nimînamînau

[n mi n mi naw]

“I keep giving s.t to

her/him”

uî mînamîneu

[wi mi:n mi:n ]


giving things to s.o.”

[mi n ]miânât

[miyænat ]

“(who) is giving s.t to

him/her?”

[iyæ] miânamînât

[miyæn mi nat ]

“(who) keeps giving s.t

to him/her?”

uâ mînamînât

[wa: mi:n mi:nat ]

“(I know) s/he wants to

keep giving things to

s.o.”

[miyæn ]

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [mi:n

246


mînueu

[mi nuwew]

“s/he gives

things away”

tshipâ mînueu

[ ba mi nuwew]

“s/he should give

things away”

mamînueu

[mami:nuwew]

“s/he gives things to

different people (e.g.

candy, trick-or-

treating)”

nimamînuen

[n m mi nuw n]

“I give things to

different people”

tshipâ mâmînueu

[ ba ma mi nuwew]

“s/he should give

things away to

different people”

[ma]

[m ]

[ma ]

miânuet

[miy nuw t ]

“(who) gives things

away?”

e mînuet

[e mi nuw t ]

“(when) s/he gives

things away”

[iy ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

menaminuet

[me:n mi:nuw t ]

“(who) is giving things

to different people?”

[e]

mîshaim

[mi eym]

“extend

something, add a

piece”

mâmîshaim

[ma mi im]

“s/he patches it; adds

on pieces to lengthen it

(put more & more

pieces on)”

[ma

247


uî mâmishin

[wi ma mi n]

“s/he's trying to patch

it”

[mamiâmishaik

[miya mi eyk ]

“(who) is patching it?”

uâ mâmishaik

[wa ma mi eyk ]

“(who's) trying to patch

it?”

[miya

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [ma ]

mîshîu

[mi yu ]

mâmîshîu

[ma m u ]

[ma mi yu ]

“s/he has diarrhoea”

nimâmîshin

[n ma mi n]

“I have diarrhoea”

[ma ]miâmîshit

[miyæ mi t ]

“(who) has

diarrhoea?”

[iyæ ]

mîshkunam (?) mâmîshkunam

[mæ mi gun m]

“feeling around

searching for

something”

[mæ ]

248


mîtâteu

[mi:dæ:d w]

“s/he misses

him/her”

mîtamîtâteu

[mi d mi dæ dew]

“s/he keeps missing

her/him”

[mi d ]miâtâtât

[miya:dæ:dat ]

“(who) is missing

him/her?”

[iya:] miâtâmîtâtât

[miya:d mi:dæ:dat ]

“(who) keeps missing

him/her”

[miya:d ]

nimîtshetûtan (?) nimâmîtshetûtan

[n mæ mi edu dan]

“I am making many

things”

[mæ ]

mîtshishu

[mi u ]

“s/he eats”

mamîtshishen

[mæmi n]

“eating everywhere”

mîtshimîtshituau

[mi: mi: ]

[mæ]

[mi: ]

miâtshishit

[miyæ t ]

“(who) is eating?”

e mîtshishut

[e mit t ]

“(when) he is eating”

[iyæ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

249

XIX. C/i:/ <nî> /ni:/


nîmu

[ni:mu:]

“s/he dances”

nanîmu

[n n i mu ]

“s/he dances all the

time”

[n ]

nîpâteu (?) nânîpâteu

[næ ni bæ dew]

“s/he walks around at

night”

ninânîpâtin

[ninæ ni bæ d n]

“I walk around at

night"

[næ ]niânîpâtit

[niyæ ni pæ d t]

“(who) is walking

around at night?”

[niyæ ]

nîsh

[ni ]

“two”

nânîsh

[næ:ni: ]

“two each”

nânîshuau

[næ ni w w]

“two at a time”

[næ:]

[næ ]

250


nîtâutshin

[ni taw n]

“it grows”

nanîtâutshin

[næni:tawdn]

“it keeps growing &

growing”

[næ] niâtâutshik

[niyataw k ]

“(what) is growing?”

e nîtâutshik

[e ntaw k ]

“while it is growing”

[iya]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

XX. C/i:/ <shî> / i:/


shîpashiu

[ i bæ: u ]

“going under s.t

(e.g. log in the

woods)”

shîpashîpashiu

[ i b i bæ u]

“s/he keeps going

under something”

[ i b ]shiâpashut

[ iy ba ut ]

“I know s/he is going

under something”

[iy ] shiâpashepashut

[ iy eba t ]

“I know s/he keeps

going under something”

[ iy ]

(n.b.

change to

base:

i:>e)

251


shîpîu

[ i b w]

“s/he is

stretching

(once)”

nishîpin

[n i b n]

“I am stretching

(once)”

shâshîpîu

[ a i b w]

“s/he is stretching

(many times)”

nishâshîpin

[ni a i b n]

“I am stretching (many

times)”

nishîpishîpitin

[n i b s b d n]

“I am stretching s.t. ( a

fabric)”

shîpishîpanu

[ i b s b ]

“s/he is stretching

quickly”

[ a ]

[ a ]

[ i b ]

[ i b ]

shîkuan(?) shîshîkuan

[ i i g n]

“rattle”

[ i ]

252


shîuenu

[ i w nu ]

“s/he is hungry”

shiâuenit

[ iy w nt ]

“(who) is hungry?”

[iy ]

XXI. C/i:/ <tshî> / /


tshînikuânitshimeu

[ i n gw n m w]

“s/he went round

once”

tshînitshînikuânitshimeu

[ i:n i n gw :n m w]

[ i n i n n m t ]

“s/he is going around (on a

boat)”

[ i:n]

[ i n ]

tshânitshînikuânitshimit

[ a n i nugw n im t ]

“(who) went round and

round?”

tshentshînikuânissimit

[ e n i n n m t ]

“(who) is going around

on a boat?”

[ a n]

[ e n]

tshînikuânuteu (?) tshînitshînikuânuteu

[ i:n in gw :nu:d w]

“walk round & round”

[ i:n]

253


tshîkâtueu

[ ika dw w]

“cut branches with

an axe”

tshîtshîkâtueu

[ i ika dw w]

“cut many branches with

an axe”

nitshîtshîkâtuau

[n i ika dw w]

“I cut many branches”

[ i]

[ i]

tshetshîkâtetshit

[ e ika de t ]

“(I know) s/he's cutting

branches”

e tshitshîkâtetshit

[e i ika de t ]

“(when) s/he's cutting

branches”

[ e]

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

+ [ i]

tshîkâueu

[ i ka w w]

“s/he speaks

loudly”

meshta-tshîkâuetshi

[m t i ka we i]

“when s/he speaks

loudly”

[ ]

(change

to

preverb)

tshîshipitam (?) tshîtshîshipitam

[ i b d m]

“rub together to soften”

[ ]

tshîssam

[ i:s m]

“s/he cooks it

(cook until done)”

tshîassâk

[ iy sæk ]

“(what) is he

cooking?”

[iy ]

254


tshîtâpâtam

[ i da bad m]

“s/he looks at it,

reads it”

tshîtshîtâpâtam

[ i idæ bæ d m]

“s/he looks at it, reads it

(keeps looking at it)”

kakatshîtâpâtam

[k k idæ bæ d m]

“s/he reads one thing

after another”

nikakatshîtâpâtin

[n k k idæ bæ d n]

“I read one thing after

another”

[ i]

[k ]

tshiâtatâk (?)

[ iy da dæk ]

“(what) is he

reading?”

tshiâtâpâtâk

[ iyædæ bæ dak ]

“that she always

looks at”

e tshîtapâtâk

[e i:dæ:bæ:dæk ]

“while s/he is

reading”

[iy ]

[iyæ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

tshîtûteu

[ idu d w]

“s/he leaves (by

foot)”

tshiâtûtit

[ iyæ:du:d t ]

“(who) leaves (by

foot)”

[iyæ:]

tshîueshkuenu

[ i we gwe nu ]

“s/he turns her/his

head once”

katshîueshkuenu

[gæ: iwe: gwenu ]

“s/he moves his/her head

from side to side”

[gæ:]

255


tshîueshkuepanu

[ i we gwe b ]

“s/he turns her/his

head”

kakatshîueshkuepanu

[g i we gwe b

“s/he turns her/his head

again & again”

nikâtshiueshkuepiniu

[n ga i we gweb

“I turn my head from

side to side”

[g ]

[ga ]

tshiaueshkuepiniut

[ iy w gwe b ]

“(who) turns his/her

head?”

[iy ] [kekâtshîueshkuepiniut]

[ge ga i w gweb ]

“(who) turns his/her

head from side to

side?”

[ge g i we gwe b t ]

“(who) turns her/his

head again & again?”

[ge ]

[ge ]

XXII. u/i:/ <uî> / ui /


uîneu

[wi n w]

“s/he names

someone’

uâuîneu

[wa wi n w]

“s/he talks about

him/her”

niuâuînau

[n wa wi naw]

“I talk about him/her”

[a ]

[a ]

uiâuînât

[wiyæ:wi:nat ]

“(who) talks about

him?”

e uauinât

[e wa winat ]

“while s/he is talking

about her/him”

[wiyæ:]

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

+ [wa ]

256


uîtamueu

[wi t

“s/he says (in

conversation)”

uîtauîtamueu

[wi t wi t

“s/he tells him/her over

& over again”

niuîtauîtamueu

[n wi t wi t w]

“I keep telling him/her”

[wi t ]

[wi t ]

uiâtamuât

[wiyæ:d mwat ]

“(who) tells

him/her?”

[iyæ:] uiâtauîtamakut

[wi d wi d g t ]

no vowel

change

+ [wi d ]

uîtshiu

[wi: iw]

“help”

uâuîtshiu

[wæ:wi: w]

“help a lot of people”

niuâuîtshiau

[n wæ wi aw]

“I help a lot of people”

[wæ:]

[wæ ]

uetshikut

[w i g t ]

“(who) is helping?”

uiâtshikut

[wiya iy t ]

“(who) is helping?”

e uitshikut

[e wi i g t ]

“while s/he is

helping”

[ ]

[iya]

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

uîtsheueshu

[wi ewe u ]

“s/he went with

her”

uâuîtsheueshu

[wa wi ewe u ]

“s/he usually went with

him/her”

[wa ]

257


uîushu

[wi:yu: u:]

“s/he carries s.t.,

on side, back; e.g.

child carrying a

backback”

uiâushut

[wiya ush t]

“(who) is carrying

her purse?”

[iya ]

uîûtamueu

[wi:yu:d w]

“s/he carries s.t. on

his/her back”

uîûtamât

[wi yu d mat ]

“(who) carries s.t.

on his/her back?”

[i ]

(no

change)

XXIII. C/u:/ <pû> /pu /


pûshu

[pu u ]

“s/he leaves by

vehicle”

pûshut

[pu ]

“(who) is leaving?”

e pûshit

[e pu t ] “(while)

he was going inside

the vehicle”

[u ]

(no

change)

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

258


putâtam

[pu tæ t m]

“s/he blows on it”

paputâtam

[p pu tæ t m]

“s/he blows on it

repeatedly”

puputâtam

[pu pu tæ t m]

“s/he blows on it

repeatedly”

nipûpûtaten

[n pu pu dæ d n]

“I am blowing

repeatedly”

nipûtapûtaten

[n pu d pu dæ d n]

“I am blowing

repeatedly”

uî puputâtam

[wi pu pu dæ d m]

“s/he wants to blow

repeatedly”

[p ]

[pu ]

[pu ]

[pu d ]

[pu ]

pûtâtâk

[pu:tæ:tæ k ]

“(who) blows on

it?”

uâ pûtâtâk

[wa pu dæ dak ]

“(who) wants to

blow?”

[u:]

(no

change)

[a ]

pûpûtâtâk

[pu pu æ ]

“(who) is blowing

repeatedly?”

[u ]

(no

change)

259

XXIV. C/u:/ <tû> /tu /


tutam

[du d m]

“s/he does it”

e tûtâk

[e tudak ]

“(who) is doing it?”

tiûtâk

[tiu:dak ]

“(who) is doing it?”

[e:] (e-

conjunct?

or is base

actually

itûtam

and

changed

form

etûtâk?)

[iu:]

tûuau

[du:w w ]

“s/he is playing

ball”

e tûuât

[e duwat ]

“when he plays

ball”

[e:] (e-

conjunct

260

XXV. C/u:/ <kû> /ku /


kûtâu

[gu:d w]

kûtaim

[gu deym ]

“s/he knocks

down (with

object)”

nikûtakûtain

[n gu d gu deyn]

“I keep knocking things

over, here & there (e.g.

driving an obstacle

course, knocking down

some pylons, not all)

[gu d kûtaik

[gu deyk ]

“(who) knocks s.t.

over?”

no

change

kûtakûtaik

[gu d gu deyk ]

“(who) keeps

knocking things

over?”

no

change

+ [gu d

XXVI. C/u:/ <mû> /mu /


mûpu

[mu pu]

“s/he visits” (s/he

is visiting - there,

at the place)

mamûpu

[m mu:bu ]

“s/he keeps visiting;

visits over & over”

nimamûpin

[n m mu b n]

“I keep visiting”

[m

[m ]

mûpit

[mu p t ]

“(who) is visiting?”

e mûpit

[e mu p t ]

“(while) s/he is

visiting”

no

change

[e] (e-

conjunct

261


mûpishtueu

[mu p twew]

“s/he visits

him/her”

mamûpishtueu

[mamu:p tuwew]

“s/he visits many people,

going from one place to

another

nimamûpishtuaut

[n m mu:p tuw wt ]

“I visit many people”

[ma]

[m ]

mûpishtuât

[mu p tuwat ]

“(who) is s/he

visiting?”

e mûpishtuât

[e mu p twat ]

“when she is

visiting” (speaker

not comfortable

with this form)

no

change

[e] (e-

conjunct

mûshkûkâteu (?) mâmûshkûkâteu

[mæmu gugæ d w]

“s/he has pains in the

legs”

[mæ]

mûssineu

[mu s new]

“showing off s.t.”

mâmûssineu

[ma mu s

“s/he gathers them,

things together”

nimâmûssiniaut

[n ma mu s niyawt ]

“I'm gathering things

together”

[ma ]

[ma ]

miâmûssinitât

[miyæ mu s ndat ]

“(who) is gathering

things?”

[miyæ ]

262


mûssipiteu

[mu s b d w]

“s/he has s.t. in

pocket & takes out

to show to s.o.”

mûssimûssipiteu

[mu s mu s b d w]

“showing off many

things; e.g. have

chocolate bars in bag;

keeps taking out one at a

time & giving to friends”

[mu s ]

mûtshitshu

[mo u ]

[mu u ]

mûtshitshipanîu

[mu b ]

“s/he bends over”

mûtshimûtshitshipanîu

[mu mu b

“s/he keeps bending

over (many times)”

[mu

263

XXVII. C/u:/ <nû> /nu /


nûkushu

[nu:g u:]

“it appears (also -

t.v.is on; show is

on now)”

nanûkushu

[n nu g u ]

“s/he appears here &

there”

tshinanûkushin

[ n nu g n]

“you appear here &

there”

[n ]

[n ]

nûkuâk

[nu:gwak ]

niûkuâk

[niyu:gak]

“what is

appearing?”

no

change

[iyu:]

nûtin

[nu tn]

“it is windy”

nanûtin

[nænu dn]

“it keeps being windy”

[næ] nûtik

[nu t k ]

“when is it windy?”

e nûtik

[e nu t k ]

“while it is windy”

no

change

[e] (e-

conjunct)

http://t.v.is

264


nûtshieu

[nu: w]

“s/he bothers

him/her”

nanûtshieu

[nænu: w]

“s/he keeps bothering

him/her”

ninânûtshikuâu

[n næ no igw w]

“I keep bothering

him/her”

[næ]

[næ ]

nûtshiât

[nu iyat ]

“(who) is bothering

him/her?”

no

change

XXVIII. C/a/ <pa> /pI/


pakâu (?) papakâu

[b b ]

“it’s flat”

[b ] pepakat

[be b ]

“(I know) it's flat”

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

265

XXIX. C/a/ <ka> /kI/


kaishipashipenta (?) kaishkaishkaishipashipenta

[ga ga ga ips

“slingshot”

[ga ]

double

redup.

kashkâtashteu

[g g st w]

“drawing a square”

kashkashkâtashteu

[g g w]

“it is placed, drawn in

squares; it has a checked

pattern”

[g ]e kashkâtashtentshi

[e g g d st n i]

“that has lots of

squares”

[e] (e-

conjunct)

kasseuet

[k s e w t ]

“using a shortcut

to go from one

point to another;

following the

shoreline”

kesseuet

[k s e w t ]

“(who) is using a

shortcut?”

[

266

XXX. C/a/ <ma> /mI/


manipitam

[man m]

“s/he pulls out,

tears out, tears off

s.t. (e.g. a page)”

mamanipitam

[maman m]

“s/he tears up things”

[ma] menipitâk

[men æk]

“(who) tears out a

page?”

[e]

mashinaimueu

[m ne mwew]

“write (can also

mean 's/he owes

money')

mamashinaimueu

[mam neimwew]

“s/he writes to

everybody; s/he owes

money to everybody”

[ma] meshinaitshit

[me t ]

“(who) is writing?”

[e:] memashinaimuat

[me:m ]

“(who) is writing to

everyone/ owes

money to everyone?”

[me:]

matshitûtam

[m du:d

“s/he does

something wrong”

mamatshitûtam

[m m du:d

“s/he does something

really wrong”

[m ] memâtshitutâk

[me m tak ]

miâmatshitutak

[miyæ m tu tak ]

“(I know) s/he's really

doing something

wrong”

[me ]

[miyæ ]

267


matshaîtû (?) mamatshaîtû

[m m eytu:]

“s/he acts badly”

[m

matshenimeu

[m en m w]

“s/he hates

him/her”

metshenimikut

[me en m g t ]

“(who) hates

him/her?”

[e]

matuekâteu

[m tuwe:gæ:d w]

“a fire is starting,

crackling once”

mamatuekâteu

[mæmad æ d w]

“the fire is going well”

matamatauekâteu

“the fire is going well,

lots of crackling”

[ma]

[mata]

268

XXXI. C/a/ <na> /nI/


namatshu (?) nanamatshu

[nanam u]

“s/he is shivering with

cold”

ninanamatshin

[n n n]

“I'm shivering with

cold”

[na]

[n ]

nenamatshit

[ne n t ]

“(who) is shivering

with cold?”

e nanamatshit

[e: n n m t ]

“while she is

shivering with cold”

[ne ]

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

+ [n ]

namutâmu (?) nanamutâmu

[nænæm ta mu ]

“s/he has a shaky voice”

ninanamutâmun

[n n dæ:m n]

“I have a shaky voice”

[næ]

[n ]

nenamutâmut

[n n tæ m t ]

“(who) has a shaky

voice?”

e nanamutâmut

[e n n m tæ m t ]

“when s/he has a

shaky voice”

[n ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

+ [n ]

269


nashkumeu

[n k m w]

“s/he thanks

him/her”

nanashkumeu

[n n k mew]

“s/he thanks one after

another”

ninanashkumau

[n n n k w]

“I am thanking one after

another”

uî nanashkumeuina

[wi: n n g w nah]

“s/he wants to thank

different people”

[n

[n ]

[n

neshkumât

[n kumat ]

“(who) is s/he

thanking?”

e nashkumât

[e n kumat ]

“while s/he is

thanking her/him”

[ ]

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

nenashkumatuina

[ne:n g nah]

“(who) is thanking

different people?”

uâ nanashkumatuina

[wa nan g ædw nah]

“(who) wants to thank

different people?”

[ne:]

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [na]

natau

[næ ntaw]

[næntu ]

“s/he hunts”

nentuit

[n ntuw ]

“(who) is hunting?”

e natuit

[ ntuw t ]

“while s/he is

hunting”

[

[ (e-

conjunct)

270

XXXII. C/a/ <sha> / I/


shashkaim

[ keym ]

“s/he lights it (e.g.

a fire, lantern)”

shashashkaim

[ keym]

“s/he's lighting a fire one

after another”

[ ]shiâshkaik

[ iyæ kek ]

“(who) is lighting

it?”

[iyæ ]

XXXIII. C/I/ <pi> /pI/


pimâshu

[pimæ u ]

“sail”

pimâshtin

[pmæ sn]

[pmæ tn]

“anything that can

blow away, e.g.

paper, plastic”

papamâshu

[papamæ: u]

“s/he floats around;

person blowing in wind;

tree branches blowing in

wind”

papâmauku

[p pa mawgu ]

“sailing around”

[pa]

[p

pemashut

[pemæ t ]

“(who) is sailing?”

[e]

271


piminashueu (?) papaminashueu

[p pæ:m næ uwew]

[p p a m na uwew]

“s/he follows him/her

around; she runs and

follows him”

[p ]

[p ]

piminueu

[p m nuw w]

“s/he is cooking”

(e.g. cook supper)

peminuit

[bem nuw t ]

“(who) is

cooking?”

[e]

pimintâkunam (?) papâmintâkunam

[b bæ:m ndæ:g n m]

“s/he carries s.t. around”

nipapâmintâkunin

[n b bæ:m ndæ:g n n]

“I'm carrying s.t. around”

[b ]

[b ]

pepâmitâkunâk

[be ba mdæ g nak ]

“(who) is carrying it

around?”

[be ]

pimipanu(?) papâmipanu

[p pa mp nu]

“(it) was flying around”

papâmipananu

[b ba mb nænu]

“it goes around”

[p ]

[b ]

pepâmipinit

[peba mp nt ]

[pe(m)pa mp nt ]

“(what) is flying

around?”

[pe]

272


pimishinu

[pm nu ]

“s/he is lying

down”

papâmishinu

[p pa m nu ]

“lying down, moving

here & there in bed (not

tossing & turning)”

[p ] pemishinit

[be:m nt ]

“(who) is lying

down?”

[e:] pepâmishinit

[be:bæ:m nt ]

“(who) is moving here

& there in bed?”

[be:]

pimishkâu

[b m sg w]

“s/he paddles”

papâmishkâu

[b ba m g w]

“s/he paddles around,

going around in a canoe”

[b ] piâmishkât

[b y m g t ]

“(who) is

paddling?”

[ y ]pepamishkât

[pe pam gat ]

[pe ]

pimuât(?) papâmuât

[b ba mwa t ]

“carry on one's back”

[b ]

pimushinâtâu

[pim næ d w]

“throw at”

papâmushinâtaim

[p pa m næ deym]

“throws s.t. over & over”

nipapâmushinâtain

[n p pa m næ deyn]

“I throw s.t. over & over”

[p ]

[p ]

piamushinataik

[piy m næ deyk

]

“(who) is throwing

s.t.?”

[iy ] pepâmushinataik

[pe pa m næ deyk ]

“(who) is throwing s.t.

over & over?”

[pe ]

273


pimûteu

[p mu t w]

[pmu tew]

“s/he walks”

papâmûteu

[p pamu t w]

[p pa mu dew]

“s/he walks around ( a

long distance, walking

everyday)”

pipimûteu

[pipimu tew]

“s/he's walking around,

not straight” (not familiar

to some speakers)

uî papâmûteu

[wi b ba mud w]

“s/he wants to go

walking around”

[p ]

[pi]

[b ]

pemûtet

[be mu d t ]

“(who) is

walking?”

[e ]pepâmûtet

[be ba mu d t ]

“(who) is walking

around?”

uâ papâmûtit

[w b ba mud t ]

“(who) wants to walk

around?”

[be ]

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [b ]

pishikuâpanîu

[p gw :b nyu]

“s/he blinks once”

pishipishikuâpanîu

[b b b nyu]

“s/he blinks his/her own

eyes (blinking

repeatedly)”

[b ]

274


pishikuâpu

[b bu ]

“s/he closes eyes”

papishikuâpu

[b b bu ]

“s/he closes eyes

suddenly (all of a sudden

you blink)”

[b ] pepishikuâpit

[be:b t ]

“(who) blinks

suddenly?”

[be:] peshipeshikuâpaniut

[be be b nyut ]

“(who) is blinking?”

[be ]

Note the

change in

the base as

well as in

reduplicant

pishkushtinu

[b g d ]

“have a nosebleed”

peshkushtinit

[be g dnt ]

“(who) is having a

nosebleed?”

[e ]

pishtaim

[p s:teym ]

“s/he strikes it (by

accident)”

papishtaim

[p p teym]

“s/he strikes it (by

accident); striking off

one thing then another”

ninipapishtain

[ni n p p

“I am striking off one

thing then another”

[p

[p

Note that

<ni> is

also

doubled.

peshtaik

[pesteyk ]

“(who) strikes it?”

[e]

275


pishtishu

[b st u ]

“cut accidentally”

papishtishu

[b b st u ]

“cut here and there”

nipapishtishun

[n b b st n]

“I cut here & there”

[b ]

[b ]

peshtishut

[p st t]

“(what) is s/he

cutting?”

[ ]pepishtâk

[be:b stahæk ]

“(what) is s/he

cutting?”

[be:]

XXXIV. C/I/ <ti> /tI/


tipanashteu

[t ba n t w]

“he separates it;

(things already

separated)”

tâtipânashteua

[tæ:t ba:n stewa ]

“a pile of things are

already separated”

[tæ:]

276


tipânam

[t bæ n ]

“separate one or

two things”

tâtipânam

[tæ t bæ n ]

“s/he separates, sorts it”

nitâtipânin

[ntæ t bæ n n]

“I separate, sort things”

uî tâtipânam

[wi dæ d bæ n m]

“s/he is trying to separate

it”

[tæ ]

[tæ ]

[dæ ]

tiâtipânâk

[diyæ d ba nak ]

“(who) is separating

it?”

uâ tâtipânâk

[wa da d ba nak ]

“(who) is trying to

separate it?”

[diyæ ]

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [da

tipâpitam

[di ba b m]

“rolls a cord, a line

around once”

titipâpitam

[ti:t æ:b d m]

“s/he rolls a cord, line

around it”

[ti:] tiatipâpitâk

[tiyad b k]

“(who) rolls a cord

around it?”

e titipâpitâk

[e ti t b k]

“(when) he rolls a

cord around it”

[tiya]

[e ] (e-

conjunct)

+ [ti ]

277


ti(ta)pâpitamueu

[ti t b d m(w w)]

“wrap once”

titi(ta)pâpitamueu

[ti ti t b d m(w w)]

“s/he wraps them (anim)

around and around”

[ti ]

tipâtshimu

[ti pa mu ]

“s/he tells a story”

titipâtam

[d d ba d m]

“s/he tells a story about it

over& over”

nititipâten

[nt t d n]

“I'm telling a story over

& over”

[d ]

[t ]

tiâpâtshimut

[tiyæba m t ]

“(who) tells a

story?”

e tipâtshimut

[e t pa m t ]

“when s/he tells a

story”

[iyæ]

[e ] (e-

conjunct)

tetipâtâk

[de:d dæk ]

“(who) is telling a

story over & over?”

[de:]

278

XXXV. C/I/ <mi> /mI/


minâtam

[m næ d m]

“s/he smells it”

mâminâtam

[mæ m næ d m]

“s/he keeps smelling s.t.”

[mæmenâtâk

[me næ dak ]

“(who) smells it?”

[e:] miâminâtâk

[miyæ m æ dak ]

“(who) keeps smelling

it?”

[miyæ ]

minu

[m nu:]

“s/he is drinking”

maminu

[m m nu ]

“s/he keeps drinking”

miniminu

[m n m nu ]

“s/he is drinking a couple

of sips now & then”

niminimintin

[n m n: m (n)dn]

“I am drinking a couple

of sips now & then”

[m ]

[m n ]

[m n: ]

menit

[m n t ]

“(who) is

drinking?”

mentshi

[m n i ]

“(when) she

drinks”

[ ]

[ ]

menimint

[me n nt ]

“(who) is drinking a

couple of sips now &

then?”

[me n ]

279


minuâshu

[m nuw u ]

“s/he sneezes”

maminuâshu

[m m nuwa u ]

“s/he keeps sneezing”

nimaminuâshun

[n m m nuwa n]

“I keep sneezing”

[m ]

[m ]

menuashu

[m nuw hu]

“(who) is

sneezing?”

[ ]

minuâteu

[minuwæ:d w ]

“s/he likes

him/her”

menuâtât

[menuwa dat ]

“(who) likes

him/her?”

[e]

minukushu

[m nu g u]

“s/he is drunk”

menukushut

[m nuw t ]

“(who) is drunk?”

[ ]

minu-tshishikâu

[m n i: g w]

“it is a fine day;

the weather is

fine”

menu-tshishikâtshi

[m n i h gæ i]

“when the weather

is fine”

[ ]

280


mishkam

[m k m]

“s/he finds it”

mamishkam

[mam sk m]

“s/he finds something

everywhere, finds things

(e.g. bullets, candy)

scattered around

nimamishkumatishun

[n m: m k mæ di n]

“I am finding things

scattered around”

[ma]

[m: ]

meshkâk

[m gak ]

“(who) finds it?”

[ ]

mishpun

[m p n]

“it is snowing”

mamenishpun

[m me n p n]

“it's snowing - occasional

snow flurries”

[m ] meshpuak

[m p ak ]

“(where) is it

snowing?”

e mishpunit

[e m p n t ]

“when it is

snowing”

[ ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

281


mitunenimeu(?)

“s/he thinks about

someone”

mâmitunenimeu

[ma m dne n mew]

“s/he is thinking about

someone”

mâmitunenitam

[ma m dne nd m]

“s/he thinks about

something”

[ma ]

[ma ]

miâmitunenimât

[miya m tne n

“(I know) s/he is

thinking about

someone”

[miya ]

282

XXXVI. C/I/ <ni> /nI/


nikamu

[n k ]

[n k mu ]

“s/he sings”

nanikamu

[n n k ]

“s/he keeps singing”

nanikamutin

[n n k d n]

“I keep singing”

nuî nanikamun

[n n n n]

“I'm trying to keep

singing”

ninikamuteu

[n n k dew]

“s/he’s walking along

singing”

[n ]

[n ]

[n ]

[n ]

nekamut

[nek t ]

niâkamut

[niy k m t ]

“(who) is

singing?”

[e]

[iy

(two types

of

outcomes

for IC)

nenikamut

[ne n k t ]

“(who) keeps

singing?”

[ne ]

283


nipaieu

[nipew]

[nip w]

“s/he kills

him/her”

ninipaieu

[ninip w]

[n n p w]

“s/he kills one, then

another; s/he kills one

after another”

nininipauit

[n n n p wt ]

“I am killing one after

the other”

[ni]

[n

[n

nepât

[ne:pæt ]

“(who) is killing

him/her?”

[e:]

nipâu

[n p w ]

“s/he is sleeping”

nanipâu

[n n p w]

“s/he sleeps now & then

(morning, afternoon,

night)”

[n ] niâpât

[n y pæt ]

“(who) is

sleeping?”

e nipât

[e n pat ]

“while s/he is

sleeping”

[ y ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

284


nisht

[n t ]

“three”

nânisht

[na n st ]

“three each”

nânishtuau

[na n tw w]

“three at a time”

[na ]

[na ]

XXXVII. C/I/ <shi> / I/


shiniku

[ n gu:]

“s/he is blowing

his/her nose”

shishiniku

[ n ]

“s/he keeps blowing

his/her nose”

[ ]shenikunikut

[ enagun g t ]

“(who) is blowing

his/her nose?”

e shinikut

[e n g t ]

“while s/he is

blowing his/her

nose”

[e]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

285


shishtikut

[ t gu ]

“s/he spits once”

shishishtikut

[ t gu:]

“s/he spits over & over”

nishishishtikun

[n t g n]

“I spit repeatedly”

[ ]

[ ]

shieshtikut

[ iy st g t ]

“(who) is

spitting?”

[iy ]

XXXVIII. C/I/ <tshi> / I/


tshikatshinâssimau

[ g æ sim w]

“s/he lies to

her/him (once)”

tshikatshikatshinâssimau

[ g d g æ sim w]

“s/he lies to her/him over

& over; lies many times”

katshinâssimeu

[ga inas m w]

“s/he lies to him/her

many times”

[ g ]

+ [d]

[ga]

ketshinâssimat

[ge dnæ simat ]

“(who) is lying to

her/him?”

[e ] (note

alteration

to base;

IC is still

consistent

in

applying

to initial

vowel)

286


tshimikaitsheu

[ m w]

“s/he is cutting

wood(with an

axe)”

kakatshimikaitsheu

[k k m w]

[g g m w]

“s/he keeps cutting (with

an axe)”

nikatshimikaitshin

[n k m n]

“I keep cutting it”

[k ]

[g ]

[k ]

tshemikaitshit

[ em s t ]

“(who) is cutting

wood?”

tshiamikaik

[ iy m ]

“(what) is s/he

cutting with an

axe?”

e tshimikaitshit

[e m t ]

“while s/he's

cutting wood”

[e]

[iy ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

tshimuan

[ m n]

“it’s raining”

tshemuâk

[ emwak ]

“(I know) it's raining”

[e]

287


tshipaitshepanu

[ bey eb nu:]

“close by itself; go

off by itself e.g.

computer”

tshitshipaitshepanu

[ be eb ]

“it keeps closing, going

off by itself”

[ ]tshepaitshepanit

[ epe ab nt ]

[ e be e bnt ]

“(what) is closing

by itself?”

[e]

[e ]

tshepatshipaitshepanit

[ e b e b nt ]

“(what) keeps

closing?”

[ e b ]

tshishtâpautâu

[ sta b taw]

“s/he washes it”

kakashtâpautau

[g g budaw]

“s/he washes one after

another”

nikakashtâpautan

[n g g æ:bud

“I wash one after

another”

[g ]

[g ]

tsheshtâpautâk

[ sta bu dæk ]

[ ]

288

XXXIX. C/u/ <ku> /ku/


kushpin (?) kukushpin

[ku( )ku p n]

“I'm going to the

country”

[ku( )]

kusseu

[k s w]

“s/he is fishing”

kuesset

[kw s t]

“(where) s/he is

fishing”

e kusset

[e g ss t ]

“(s/he is good at)

fishing”

[w ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

289


kussikuâshu

[g s u ]

“s/he is sewing”

kussikussikuâshu

[g s g s hu ]

“s/he sews many times”

kukussikuâtam

[g g s gwa d m]

“s/he sews it many times,

in different places”

kussikussikuâtam

[g s g s d m]

“s/he sews it many

times”

nikussikussikuatin

[n g s g s gwa d n]

[n g s g s gw d n]

“I sew it many times”

[g s ]

[g ]

[g s ]

[g s ]

[g s ]

e kussikuâshut

[e k s gwa t ]

“(while) s/he is

sewing”

kuessikuâtâk

[gw s gwa tæk ]

“(what) is she

sewing?”

[e] (e-

conjunct)

[ ]

290


kutueu

[k tuwew]

“s/he builds,

makes a fire”

kutukutueu

[g t g t uwew]

“s/he adds logs to the

fire”

nikutukutuin

[n g t g t uw n]

“I'm adding logs to the

fire”

[g t

[g t ]

kuetuet

[kwe tuw t ]

“(who) is building,

making a fire?”

e kutuet

[e k tuw t ]

“(while) s/he's

making a fire;

(s/he is good at)

making a fire”

[we ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

kutukunepinu (?) kutukutukunepinu

[g tg t ne b nu]

“s/he breaks, dislocates a

joint, e.g. arm, leg”

[g t]

291

XL. Cu + V <puâ-> /pua:/


puâmu

[pua mo]

“s/he dreams”

puiâmut

[pwiyæm t ]

“(who) is dreaming?”

[iyæ]

XLI. Cu + V <pue-> /pue/


puetshitu

[bwe: du:]

“s/he farts

(once)”

puepuetshitu

[bwe:bwe: du:]

“s/he farts several

times”

nipuepuetshitun

[n bwe bwe d n]

“I keep farting”

[bwe:]

[bwe ]

puietshitut

[pwiye it t ]

“(who) is farting?”

[iye] puiepuetshitut

[b iy bwe t t ]

“(who) keeps farting?”

[iy ]

292

XLII. Cu + V <mue->


mueu

[mwew]

“s/he eats it”

mamueu

[m mwew]

“s/he keeps eating it”

nimamuau

[n m mw w]

“I keep eating it”

[m

[m

muât

[mwa t]

“(who) eats it”

e muât

[e mwa t ]

“while s/he is eating

it”

[a ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

XLIII. Cu + V <tue->


tuepanu (?) tetuepanu

[t tue p ]

“clock ticking”

[t ]

293

XLIV. Vowel Initial < â> /a:/

Base Reduplicated Form RED. Initial Change

Form

IC Reduplication/IC RED/IC.

âkuetuneu (?) âiâkuetuneu

[æ:yæ:gw :d n yu]

“s/he carries them

(anim.) piled up one on

top of the other”

âiâkuetunam

[æ:yæ:gwe:dun m]

“s/he carries it”

âiâkuetushta

[æ:yæ:gwe:du ta ]

“tell s.o. to carry s.t. (e.g.

logs) piled up”

nitâiâkuetushtan

[nda ya gwe du tan]

[ndæyæwedu tan]

“I carry them piled up

one on top of the other

(e.g. wood)”

[æ:(y)]

[æ:(y)]

[æ:(y)]

[a (y)]

[æ(y)]

294


Form


âkushu

[a g u ]

“s/he is sick”

niâkushunan

[niyæ:g nan]

“we're getting

sick”

aiâkushu

[æyæ:g u:]

“s/he keeps getting sick”

iâiâkushut

[eye ya g ut ]

“they’re all getting sick”

[æ(y)]

[e(y)e (y)]

iâkushit

[iya:g t ]

“(who) is sick?”

e âkushit

[e yæ g t ]

“while s/he is

sick”

[iya:]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

âpashtâu

[æ:p staw]

“s/he uses it”

iâpashtât

[iyæ b stat ]

iâpashtain

[iya b sta n]

“(what) is s/he

using?”

e âpashtât

[e yæ b tat ]

“while s/he is

using it”

uâ âpashtât

[wayæ b stat ]

“(who) needs it?”

(also, “he ‘wants’

you”)

[iyæ ]

[iya ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

i: > [a]

(preverb)

295


Form


âpinam

[a:b n m]

“s/he unscrews it”

iâpinâk

[iyæ b nak ]

“(who) is

unscrewing it?”

[iyæ ]

âshikuâteu

[a igw d w]

“s/he scolds

him/her (once)”

âiâshikuâteu

[æ yæ igw d w]

“s/he scolds him/her; she

complains & complains,

over & over”

nitâiâshikuâtau

[ndæ yæ igwa d w]

“I am scolding him/her”

[æ (y)]

[æ (y)]

iâiâshikuâtât

[iyæyæ igwa dat]

“(who) is scolding

him/her?”

[iyæ]

âshîkueu

[æ i(g)w w]

“s/he complains,

screams out, yells”

âiâshîkueu

[æ:yæ: i:gw w]

[ayæ i(g)w w]

“s/he complains, makes a

noise, cries out in pain”

nitâiâshîkuin

[ndæ:yæ: i:gw n]

“I am complaining”

[æ:(y)]

[a(y)]

[æ:(y)]

iâiâshikuit

[iyæyæ igw t ]

[ yæ yæ igw t ]

“(who) is

complaining?”

[iyæ(y)]

[ yæ (y)]

296


Form


âshkuâpîtsheu (?) âiâshkuâpîtsheu

[æ yæ gw bi ew]

“s/he attaches things one

after the other”

nitâiâshkuâpîtshenin

[ndæ yæ gw bi en n]

“I am attaching things

one after the other”

[æ (y)]

[æ (y)]

iâiâshkuâpîtshenâk

[iyæ yæ gw bi enak ]

“(who) is attaching

things one after the

other?”

[iyæ (y)]

âshkûmeu (?) âiâshkûmeu

[æyæ k m w]

“s/he eats it (e.g. bread,

cookies) one after

another”

[æ(y)]

âshtemeu(?) âiâshtemeu

[æyæ te mew]

“s/he argues, answers

him/her back”

âiâshteueu

[æyæ te wew]

“s/he keeps answering

back (arguing with many

people)”

[æ(y)]

[æ(y)]

iâiâshtemut

[iyæyæ te m t ]

“(who) is arguing

with him/her?”

[iyæ(y)]

297


Form


âshûteu(?) âiâshûteu

[æ yæ u t w]

“s/he walks from one

place to the next”

[æ (y)]

âtshipanu

[a: b nu:]

“shake (moving;

s.t., e.g. vehicle,

moves)

âiâtshipanu

[yæ:yæ: b nu]

“shake; move repeatedly;

back & forth, e.g. trees

moving back & forth”

nitâiâtshipitin

[ndæyæ: b tn]

“I'm shaking”

[yæ:(y)]

[æ(y)]

iâtshipanut

[(i)yæ b nyut ]

“(who) is

moving?”

e âtshipanut

[e yæ: b nyut ]

“while he is

moving”

[(i)yæ ]

[e] (e-

conjunct)

iâiâtshipinit

[iyæ:yæ b nt ]

“(who) is shaking?”

e âiâtshipanut

[i yæ yæ b nyut ]

“while he is moving

back and forth,

rocking”

[iyæ:(y)]

[i]

(e-

conjunct)

+ [yæ y]

âtshiu

[yæ w]

“s/he moves’

âiâtshiu

[a ya u ]

“s/he moves around”

nitâiâtshin

[ndæ:yæ: n]

“I am moving”

[a (y)]

[æ:(y)]

iâiâtshit

[yæyæ t]

[iyæ yæ t ]

“(who) is moving?”

[yæ]

[iyæ ]

298


Form


âtutsheu

[æ t w]

“s/he moves

house”

âiâtutsheu

[iyæ t w]

“s/he changes house,

moves camp often”

[i(y)]

âmissaim (?) âiâmissaim

[y yæ m

“stirring tea”

[y (y)]

âtâkamaim (?) âiâtâkamaim

[yæyæ tag

“s/he stirs the liquid with

an instrument

(e.g.spoon)”

[yæ(y)]

âtassin (?) iâiâtassin

[yæ yæ dæs n]

“moving back and forth

(e.g. s.t. floating, moving

back & forth in water”

[yæ (y)]

âusseim

[aws ym]

[yæws ym]

“s/he stirs (once)”

âussiâusseim

[awsiaws ym]

“s/he keeps stirring”

[awsi]

299

XLV. Vowel Initial < û> /u:/


Form


ûnipanu

[u n

“s/he wakes up at

night (once)”

ûnûnipanu

[u nu n

“s/he keeps waking up”

[u n]ûnûnipinit

[u nu n nt]

“(who) keeps

waking up?”

[u n]

(no

change)

ûnu

[u:nu:]

“it howls”

ûnut

[u n t ]

“(what) is

howling?”

[u ]

(no

change)

upinam

[u p n

“s/he lifts it up”

upupinam

[u pu p n

“s/he lifts many things

one after another”

nûpûpinin

[nu pu p n]

“I am lifting many things

one after another”

[u p]

[nu p]

300


Form


upitam

[u:b d m]

“s/he lifts it”

upupitam

[u:bu:b m]

“s/he lifts the same thing

again and again (e.g.

weights)”

[u:b]upupitâk

[u pu p ]

“(who) is lifting it

up, again & again?”

[u p]

XLVI. Vowel Initial < a> /I/


Form


akûtin

[aku tn]

“it floats (on water,

e.g. boat)

akûtshinu

[aku nu]

“it floats; e.g.

clouds up in sky”

aiakûtina (?)

[iye gu dna ]

“a lot of s.t. (e.g. boats)

are floating”

[i(y)] ekutik

[ek d k ]

“(what) is

floating?”

[e]

301


Form


ashameu

[æ w]

“s/he feeds

him/her”

aiashameu

[iye mew]

“feeding more than one;

one at a time”

niaiashamâuat

[niyey m ]

“I am feeding more than

one, one at a time”

[i(y)]

[i(y)]

eshamât

[e mat ]

“(who) is feeding

him/her?”

[e]

atshimeu

[a m w]

“s/he counts them

(anim)”

aiatshimeu

[ye i mew]

“s/he counts them (anim)

over & over”

[ye ]etshimât

[ mat ]

“(who) is

counting them?”

e atshimât

[e mat ]

“while s/he is

counting them”

[

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

302


Form


atusseu

[at s w]

“s/he works”

aiatusseu

[iye d s w]

“s/he works here and

there”

niaiatussin

[niyeyt ss n]

“I am working here &

there”

[i(y)]

[i(y)]

etussen

[ t sen]

“(where) is s/he

working?”

[ ]

aimu

[eymu ]

“s/he talks”

iaimit

[iyey m t ]

“(who) is

talking?”

e aimit

[e: i:m t ]

“while s/he is

talking”

[iye(y)]

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

303

XLVII. Vowel Initial /I/


Form


ikutuâshu

[i k dwa u ]

“s/he’s hanging out

clothes”

ekutuâshut

[e k d h t ]

“(who) is hanging

out clothes?”

[e ]

ishinam

[i n m]

“s/he sees it in a

dream (also, sees

s.t. not really there,

e.g. a ghost)

iaishinam

[ ye n

“s/he sees it in a dream ,

bits here & there”

[ ye ]eshinâk

[e nak ]

“(what) does s/he

see in a dream?”

[e ]

ishkuâteu

[ kwa:dew]

“it is burning”

eshkuâtit

[ kwa:d t ]

“(what) is

burning?”

[ ]

304


Form


ishpanu

[i p

“it keeps going”

ishpishpanu

[i pi p

“it keeps going (here &

there)”

uî ishpishpanu

[wi pi b


going”

[i p]

[(i ) p]

eshpishpanit

[ pi b ]

“(what) keeps

going?”

uâ ishpishpanit

[wa i pi b nt ]

“(who) wants to

keep going?”

[ p]

i: > a:

(preverb)

+ [i p]

itâshkuaim

[idæ gweym]

“s/he's pushing it

with a stick

(once)”

ititâshkuaim

[i di dæ gweym]

“s/he's pushing it with a

stick”

nitititâshkuaim

[ndi di dæ gweym]

“I'm pushing it with a

stick”

[i d]

[(d)i d]

etâshkuaik

[e dæ gw k ]

“(who) pushes it

with a stick

(once)?”

[e ]etitâshkuaik

[e di dæ gw k ]

“(who) keeps

moving it with a

stick?”

[e d]

305


Form


itenitam

[ t n d m]

“s/he thinks”

etenitâk

[eten:dak ]

“(what) does s/he

think?”

[e]

itûteu

[i:tu:tew]

“s/he goes

(somewhere, by

foot)”

ititûteu

[i ti tu d w]

“s/he's going somewhere

by foot; describing how

s/he's walking”

[i t] etutit

[etu d t ]

“(I know where)

he is going (by

foot)”

[e]

XLVIII. Vowel Initial < î> /i:/


Form


îteu

[ t w]

[i:tew]

“s/he tells it to

him/her”

etât

[e ta t ]

“(what) does she

tell him?”

[e ]

306

XLIX. Vowel Initial /u/


Form


ushinu

[u: nu:]

“smile, laugh at”

ushinueu

[u nuw w]

“s/he laughs”

uaushinueu

[wa u nw w]

“s/he makes fun of,

mocks him/her”

niuâushinuau

[n wawu nw w]

“I am making fun of

him/her”

[wa ]

[wa]

ueshinâk

[we nak ]

“(what) is she

smiling at?”

[we] ueushinât

[weo nat ]

“(who) is s/he

making fun of?”

e uaushinuât

[e w w nwat ]

“while s/he is

making fun”

[we]

[e:] (e-

conjunct)

+ [w ]

ushtam (?) ushtushtam

[u t t m]

“s/he coughs”

nushtushtin

[nu t t n]

[nu t t n]

“I am coughing”

[u t]

[u t]

ueshtushtâk

[we st stak ]

ueushtushtâk

[weyu t tak ]

“(who) is

coughing?”

[we st]

[we(y)]

(IC

outside

redup.

<usht>)

307


Form


utâmueu

[utæ mwew]

[utamwew]

“s/he hits him/her”

ututâmueu

[ut ]

“s/he hits repeatedly”

ututâmishimeu

[ t ta m m w]

“s/he hits”

nututâmuau

[nu tu tæ mw w]

[nu t mw w]

“I am hitting him/her

(repeatedly)”

[ut]

[ t]

[u t]

[u t]

uetâmuat

[we:tæ mwat ]

“(who) is hitting

him?”

[we:]ueututâmuât

[w od mw t ]

“(who) is hitting

him/her

(repeatedly)?”

[w ]

(Note IC

outside

redup.

<ut>.)

unîu

[u nyu ]

“s/he gets up from

bed”

uenît

[w n t ]

“(when) does s/he

get up from bed?”

[w ]

308


Form


utshipanu

[u p

“hauls; for speaker

word sounds like

'shrink', e.g. a

moccasin is wet &

shrinks & you try

to straighten it out”

utshipateu

[u b

“s/he grabs &

hauls someone

(e.g. falling &

grabbing s.o.)”

nutshitâtshimâu

[nu dæ m w]

“I'm dragging

someone”

nâniutshitâtshimâu

[næ niw dæ m w]

(subject prefix

reduplicated?)

nutshutshitatshimâu

[nu u dæ m w]

“I keep dragging

someone”

[næ

[u ]

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