Appendix I Principal Officers of the Second Polish Republic, 1918-39

A. PRESIDENTS

J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935), Head of State Gabriel Narutowicz (1865-1922) Stanislaw Wojciechowski (1869-1953) Ignacy Moscicki ( 1867-1946)

B. PRIME MINISTERS

1918-22 1922 1922-6 1926-39

lgnacy Daszynski 1918 (of a Provisional Government in Lublin, 7-14 November)

Jt<drzej Moraczewski Ignacy Paderewski Leopold Skulski Wladyslaw Grabski Wincenty Witos Antoni Ponikowski Artur Sliwinski Julian Nowak Wladyslaw Sikorski Wincenty Witos Wladyslaw Grabski Aleksander Skrzynski Wincenty Witos Kazimierz Bartel J6zef Pilsudski Kazimierz Bartel Kazimierz Switalski Kazimierz Bartel Walery Slawek J6zef Pilsudski Walery Slawek Aleksander Prystor Janusz Jt<drzejewicz Leon Kozlowski

1918-19 1919 1919-20 1920 1920-21 1921-2 1922 1922 1922-3 1923 1923-5 1925-6 1926 1926 1926-8 1928-9 1929 1929-30 1930 1930 1930-31 1931-3 1933-4 1934-5

137

138 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939

Walery Slawek Marian Zyndram-Koscialkowski Felicjan Slawoj-Skladkowski

C. FOREIGN MINISTERS

Stanislaw Ghtbinski Wladyslaw Wroblewski Leon Wasilewski Ignacy Paderewski Wladyslaw Wroblewski Stanislaw Patek Eutachy Sapieha Jan D<!bski Konstanty Skirmunt Gabriel Narutowicz Aleksander Skrzynski Marian Seyda Roman Dmowski Karol Bertoni Maurycy Zarnoyski Aleksander Skrzyilski Kajetan Dzierzykraj-Morawski August Zalewski JozefBeck

1935 1935-6 1936-9

1918 1918 1918-19 1919 1919 1919-20 1920-21 1921 1921-2 1922 1922-3 1923 1923 1923-4 1924 1924-6 1926 1926-32 1932-9

Appendix II Chronology: Poland, 1914-39

1914 8 August

14 August

16 August 25 November

1915 5 August

1916

Declaration of loyalty to the Tsar by the Polish Circle in the Russian Duma Proclamation by the Russian Commander-in-Chief, the Grand Duke Nicholas, with vague promises of limited autonomy for the Poles under Tsarist tutelage Formation of the Polish Legions by J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935) The Polish National Committee established in Warsaw by Roman Dmowski (1864-1939) to promote the Polish Cause with Russia

German forces expel the Russians from Warsaw

5 November The Central Powers restore the Kingdom of Poland m close union with them

1917 6 January

22 January

30 March

4 June 22 July

15 August

15 October

1918 8 January

3 June

The Central Powers set up in Warsaw a Council of State with limited authority President Wilson publicly intimates his support for an indepen­dent Poland Manifesto of the Provisional Government in Russia promising an independent Poland, linked militarily to Russia France allows the creation of a Polish army on its soil Pilsudski imprisoned by the Germans in Magdeburg for refusing to help set up a Polish army (Polnische Wehrmacht) to aid the Central Powers The Polish National Committee re-established in Lausanne, then Paris Regency Council created in Warsaw by the Central Powers, com­prising Prince Zdzislaw Lubomirski, Archbishop Aleksander Krakowski and Count J6zef Ostrowski, Mayor of Warsaw

President Wilson's 14 Points include a commitment to an inde­pendent Poland with access to the sea (Point 13) The Allies recognize Poland as 'an Allied belligerent nation' and affirm their support for an independent Poland

139

140

I November

7 November

8 November 9 November

10 November II November

14 November

18 November

22 November 23 November 16 December 26 December

1919 5 January

16 January 18 January 23 January

26 January 30 January 10 February

20 February

26 February 7 March

15 April 19 April 28 June

20 July

I August

16 August 13 December

18 December

Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939

Beginning of Polish-Ukrainian struggle for Lw6w and Eastern Galicia 'Provisional People's Republic of Poland' set up in Lublin under the Galician socialist, lgnacy Daszyilski (1866-1936) Pilsudski released from German captivity Revolution in Germany Pilsudski arrives in Warsaw Pilsudski appointed C-in-C of Polish forces by the Regency Council; official Polish Day of Independence Pilsudski appointed Provisional Head of State; Regency Council dissolved Government formed under the socialist, J<tdrzej Moraczewski (1870-1944) Poland declared a Republic Social reforms introduced, including the 8-hour day Establishment of the Communist Workers' Party of Poland Arrival of lgnacy Paderewski (1860-1941) in Poznan leads to Polish rising on 27th December to expel German forces from western Poland

Abortive right-wing coup against the Moraczewski government; Polish and Soviet Bolshevik military units clash in Wilno, mark­ing the start of the Polish-Soviet War (1919-20) Paderewski appointed Prime Minister (and Foreign Minister) Opening of Paris Peace Conference Czechoslovakia reneges on agreement with Poland and seizes Cieszyn Elections for a Constituent Sejm Poland formally recognised by the USA First session of Constituent Sejm; decree on compulsory primary education Provisional (Small) Constitution passed; Pilsudski confirmed as Head of State Polish Army officially established Conscription introduced Dissolution of Polish National Committee in Paris Polish forces liberate Wilno from Soviet Bolsheviks Treaty of Versailles, signed for Poland by Paderewski and Dmowski Polish forces finally crush the Ukrainian nationalists to secure Eastern Galicia Sejm re-establishes the Virtuti Militari as Poland's foremost mili­tary decoration First Polish Rising in Upper Silesia Leopold Skulski (1878-1940) new Premier, Paderewski having resigned 27 November Sunday Rest Law introduced as an important social reform

1920 15 January 19 March

21 April

7 May 9 June

I 0 July

11 July

II July 15 July 24 July

13-19 August

19 August 22 September

9 October

1921 21 February

3 March 17 March 18 March

20 March 2 May

13 September

25 September

30 September

1922 6 June

31 July

13 September 5-12 November

Appendices 141

The Polish Mark standardized as the national currency Pilsudski awarded title of 'First Marshal of Poland' (conferred in November) Polish alliance with the Ukrainians under Semen Petliura against Soviet Russia Polish forces occupy Kiev Skulski cabinet resigns; replaced (23 June) by Wladyslaw Grabski (1874-1938) Spa Conference; Allies refuse support to Poland against the Soviet Bolsheviks Plebiscites in Allenstein and Marienwerder (East Prussia) favour Germany 'Curzon Note' on Poland's eastern border (the 'Curzon Line') Agrarian Reform Act Grabski resigns; cabinet of national unity under Wincenty Witos (1874-1945) Battle of Warsaw ('Miracle on the Vistula'); momentous Polish victory over the Red Army; hereafter 'Polish Soldiers' Day', celebrated annually on 15 August Second Polish Rising in Upper Silesia Polish victory at the Niemen completes defeat of the Red Army Polish forces under General Lucjan Zeligorski (1865-194 7) retake Wilno

Franco-Polish alliance Polish-Romanian alliance New Constitution passed by Sejm Treaty of Riga ends Polish-Soviet War and fixes the eastern border as it was more or less after the Second Partition of 1793 Plebiscite in Upper Silesia Third Polish Rising in Upper Silesia, led by Wojciech Korfanty (1873-1939) Antoni Ponikowski, Rector of Warsaw Polytechnic, replaces Witos as Premier Assassination attempt on Pilsudski in Lw6w by Stefan Fedak, a Ukrainian terrorist First National Census records Polish population of27.2 million

Poniakowski cabinet resigns over Treaty of Rapallo; Artur Sliwinski takes over Sliwinski replaced as Premier by Julian Nowak, Rector of Jagiellonian University Sejm approves building of new port of Gdynia (opened 1927) First parliamentary elections under the new electoral law

142

9 December

16 December

16 December

20 December

1923 15 March

28 May 30May 2 July

3 November 6 November

19 December

1924 14 April 18 April 31 July

1925 10 February 15 June 7 July

16 October 13 November 28 December

1926 24 April

5 May 12-14 May 14May 15 May

1 June 2 August

27 August

30 September

25 October

Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939

Gabriel Narutowicz ( 1865-1922) elected first President of Poland ( 5 candidates) President Narutowicz assassinated by ultra-Nationalist Eligiusz Niewiadomski General Wladyslaw Sikorski (1881-1943) replaces Nowak as Premier Stanislaw Wojciechowski (1869-1953) elected President of Poland

Ambassadors' Conference recognises Poland's eastern border (inc! Wilno, Lw6w) Witos heads new cabinet Pilsudski resigns as Chief of General Staff Pilsudski resigns as Head of the Inner War Cabinet and goes into retirement General strike in response to hyperinflation crisis Serious rioting in Krakow leaves 32 dead New government under Wladyslaw Grabski

Bank of Poland created; the zloty to be the new currency Unemployment Insurance Act Statute on Schools

Polish-Vatican Concordat Polish-German Tariff War begins (until 7 March 1934) Agreement (Ugoda) between Polish Government and Jewish Club in Sejm Locarno Pact, but no guarantee of Polish-German border Grabski gives way as Premier to Aleksander Skrzynski Second Agrarian Reform Act

Treaty of Berlin between Germany and Soviet Union alarms Poland Skrzynski resigns as Premier; replaced by Witos (I 0 May) Pilsudski coup President Wojciechowski resigns Kazimierz Bartel ( 1882-1941) heads new cabinet; Pilsudski Minister of War Ignacy Moscicki (1867-1946) elected President of Poland Consitutional amendments strengthen the Executive at expense of Sejm Pilsudski appointed Inspector General of the Polish Armed Forces Bartel resigns as Premier; replaced by Pilsudski (until 25 June 1928) Pilsudski courts the aristocracy at meeting at Nieswiez, the Radziwill estate

4 December

1927 8 June

14 October

1928 20 January

4-11 March

25 June

1929 20 March

14 April 16 May

6 December

1930 January 17 March

29 June

23 August 1 0 September

16 September

16-23 November

4 December

1931 13 March 15 March 27 May 29 August

9 December

1932 Spring

25 July

Appendices 143

Formation of the right-wing Camp of Great Poland under Dmowski

Russian ambassador, Piotr Woykov, assassinated in Warsaw by Russian emigre 'Stabilization Loan' of 62 million US dollars to Poland

Creation of Non-Party Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) Parliamentary elections; BBWR 130 (444) seats in Sejm and 46 ( 111) in Senate Pilsudski resigns as Premier; Bartel takes over

Treasury Minister Gabriel Czechowicz resigns over financial scandal Bartel resigns as Premier; Kazimierz Switalski takes over Exhibition (to 30 September) in Poznan of Polish achieve­ments since 1918 New cabinet under Bartel

The Depression era begins in Poland Bartel resigns as Premier; Walery Slawek (1879-1939) takes over Congress of opposition parties ('Centrolew') in Krakow denounces Pilsudski Slawek resigns and is replaced as Premier by Pilsudski Arrest and internment in Brzesc of opposition leaders, includ­ing Witos and Korfanty 'Pacification' of Eastern Galicia by Polish forces in response to Ukrainian terrorism Parliamentary elections produce 247 Sejm and 76 Senate seats for BBWR Pilsudski resigns as Premier; replaced by Slawek

Abolition of anti-Jewish legislation dating from the Tsarist era A united Peasant Party (SL) formed Slawek resigns; Aleksander Prystor is new Premier Tadeusz Hol6wko, BBWR vice-president, assassinated by Ukrainian terrorists Second National Census; Polish population now 31.9 million

Government dismisses over 50 university professors who are political opponents Polish-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

144 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939

2 November J6zefBeck (1894-1944) replaces August Zalewski (1883-1972) as Foreign Minister

1933 March

22 March

8 May

6 October

1934 26 January 14 April

14May 15 June

2 July 13 September

1935 28 March 23 April 12 May 8 September

12 October 30 October

1936 21 February

29 February

15 May I July

1937 21 February

16 August 19 October

1938 10 January

Pilsudski advocates a 'preventive war' against Germany because of the Hitler regime The right-wing political organization, Camp of Great Poland, banned Moscicki re-elected President of Poland; Janusz J~drzejewicz is new Premier Military parade in Krakow to commemorate 250th anniversary of King Jan Sobieski III's victory over the Turks at Vienna (12 September 1683)

Polish-German Non-Aggression Pact The far-right National Radical Camp (ONR) set up, but soon banned Leon Kozlowski new Premier Bronislaw Pieracki, Minister of the Interior, assassinated by Ukrainian terrorist Internment camp for subversives opened at Bereza Kartuska Poland repudiates the Minorities Treaty

Slawek Premier once again Introduction of new Constitution Death of Marshal Pilsudski Parliamentary elections boycotted by most opposition parties (turnout 46.5 per cent) Premier Slawek replaced by Marian Zyndram-Koscialkowski Dissolution of BBWR

'Front Morges' founded as oppositional group by Paderewski, Witos, Sikorski and General J6zefHaller (1873-1961) Pastoral Letter on the 'Jewish Question' from Cardinal August Hlond ( 1881-1948), Primate of Poland New cabinet under Felicjan Slaw6j-Skladkowski (1885-1962) Launch of government industrial strategy around the new Central Industrial Region

Camp of National Unity (OZON) set up by government to rally all patriotic forces 42 killed during strike organised by the Peasant Party (SL) Introduction of' Aryan Paragraph' and 'ghetto benches' in Polish universities

General Stanislaw Skwarczynski replaces Adam Koc as leader of OZON

August 2 October 6-13 November

1939 2 January

31 March 23 August 25 August

1 September 3 September

1 7 September 28 September

5 October

Appendices

Communist Party of Poland dissolved on Stalin's orders Poland recovers Cieszyn

145

Parliamentary elections bring major success for the government

Death of Roman Dmowski British guarantee to Poland Nazi-Soviet Pact Anglo-Polish Treaty Germany invades Poland France and Britain declare war on Germany, but do not aid Poland Soviet Union invades Poland Fall of Warsaw to German forces Surrender of the last regular Polish army units following the Battle ofKock, bringing the Polish-German campaign to an end

Select Bibliography

This list is restricted to books published in English, and is designed to provide an introduction to the most important aspects of the history of the Second Republic.

Abramsky, C. eta!. (eds), The Jews in Poland (Oxford, 1986) Bromke, A., The Meaning and Uses of Polish History (Boulder, Col., 1987) Cienciala, A. M. and Komamicki, T., From Versailles to Locarno. Keys to Polish

Foreign Policy, 1919-1925 (Lawrence, Kan., 1984) Davies, N., White Eagle, Red Star. The Polish-Soviet War, 1919-20 (London,

1972) Davies, N., God's Playground. A History of Poland. Volume II. 1795 to the Present

(Oxford, 1981) Davies, N., Heart of Europe. A Short History of Poland (Oxford, 1984) Dziewanowski, M. K., Josef Pilsudski. A European Federalist. 1918-1922

(Stanford, 1969) Dziewanowski, M. K., The Communist Party of Poland. An Outline of History

(Cambridge, Mass., 1976) Gromada, T. V. (ed.), Essays on Poland's Foreign Policy, 1918-1939 (New York,

1970) Gutman, Y. et al. (eds), The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars (Hanover,

New England, 1989) J~drzejewicz, W., Pilsudski. A Life for Poland (New York, 1982) Karski, J., The Great Powers and Poland, 1919-1945. From Versailles to Yalta

(New York, 1985) Komamicki, T., The Rebirth of the Polish Republic. A Study in the Diplomatic

History of Europe, 1914-1920 (London, 1957) Korbel, J., Poland Between East and West. Soviet and German Diplomacy Towards

Poland, 1919-1933 (Princeton, 1963) Landau, Z., and Tomaszewski, J., The Polish Economy in the Twentieth Century

(London, 1985) Latawski, P. (ed.), The Reconstruction of Poland, 1914-1923 (London, 1992) Leslie, R. F. ( ed.), The History of Poland since 1863 (Cambridge, 1983) Lundgreen-Nielsen, K., The Polish Problem at the Paris Peace Conference.

A Study of the Policies of the Great Powers and the Poles, 1918-1919 (Odense, 1979)

Marcus, J., Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939 (New York, 1983)

Milosz, C., A History of Polish Literature (London, 1969) Modras, R., The Catholic Church and Anti-Semitism: Poland, 1933-1939

(New York, 1994) Narkiewicz, 0. A., The Green Flag. Polish Populist Politics, 1867-1970 (London,

1976) Pease, N., Poland, the United States, and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919-1933

(New York, 1986) Polonsky, A., Politics in Independent Poland. The Crisis of Constitutional

Government (Oxford, 1972)

146

Select Bibliography 147

Prazmowska, A., Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 1939 (Cambridge, 1987) Riekhoff, H. von, German-Polish Relations, 1918-1933 (Baltimore, 1971) Roos, H., A History of Modern Poland (London, 1966) Roszkowski, W., Landowners in Poland, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, 1991) Rothschild, J., Pilsudski's Coup d'Etat (New York, 1966) Stachura, P. D. (ed.), Themes of Modern Polish History (Glasgow, 1992) Taylor, J. J., The Economic Development of Poland, 1919-1950 (New York, 1952) Wandycz, P. S., Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969) Wandycz, P. S., The United States and Poland (Cambridge, Mass., 1980) Wandycz, P. S., Polish Diplomacy 1914-1945. Aims and Achievements (London,

1988) Watt, R. M., Bitter Glory. Poland and its Fate, 1918 to 1939 (New York, 1979) Wiles, T. (ed.), Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 (Bloomington, 1989) Wynot, E. D., Polish Politics in Transition. The Camp of National Unity and the

Struggle for Power, 1935-1939 (Athens, Georgia, 1974) Wynot, E. D., Warsaw Between the World Wars. Profile of the Capital City in a

Developing Land, 1918-1939 (Boulder, Col., 1983) Zamoyski, A., The Battle for the Marshlands (Boulder, Col., 1981)

Index

Abramsky, Chimen, 7 Agudat Israel, 53 Ajnenkiel, Andrzej, 6 Allies, 14, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 31, 33, 67,

118, 126, 131, 132 Alsace Lorraine, 36 nl Ambassadors' Conference, 50 Anglo-Polish Agreement, Ill, 122 Anglo-Polish Alliance, Ill Anti -Comintern Pact, II 0 Anti-Polonism, 7, 53, 77 Anti-Semitism, 7, 53, 60ff, 68, 75, 76, 77 Appeasement, 49, Ill Armistice, 13, 14, 22, 36 nl Army 'Karpaty', 128ff, 135 n29 Army 'Krakow', 118, 119, 123ff, 128,

130f, 135 n29 Army 'L6dz', 117, 123ff, 127, 129f,

135 n29 Army 'Modlin', 118,123,127 Army 'Pomorze', 117,121,123,135 n29 Army 'Poznan', 117, l23ff, 127,135 n28

&29 Army 'Prusy', 124, 125, 128, 131, 135 n28

& 29 Assembly in Defence of the Freedom of

Speech, 107 nl2 Association of Railway Bookshops,

see Ruch Ausgleich, 63 Austria, 15, 49 Austria-Hungary, I, 43, 63, 88

Balicki, Zygmunt, 65 Bank of Poland, 5 Bartel, Kazimierz, 96, 107 nl2 Bartel, Paul, 2 Bates, John, 8 Battle of Warsaw, 8, 43-55, 75 BBWR, 6, 103 Beck, J6zef, 110, lll, 114, 115, 116 Belgium, 28, 34 Bismarck, Otto von, 15, 16, 36 nl3 'Blank Pages', 4 Blitzkrieg, 55, 131 Bloc of National Minorities, 75, 85 n96 Bojowska-Polska squads, 30 Bolsheviks, I, 44, 45ff, 49ff, 53ff, 67, 69,

71, 72, 75, 90

Bonnet, Georges, Ill, 112 Border (Frontier) Patrol Corps, 49, 127 Bortnowski, Wladyslaw, 122, 123 Breda (battle), 47 Britain, 2, 6, 17, 25, 28, 30ff, 34, 43, 45,

46, 51, 67, Iliff, 119, 127 British Military Mission, ll2f 'Brzesc affair', I 06 n 7 Budyonny, Semyon, 45 Buell, R. L., 2 Bund, 74, 85 n96 Byelorussia, 49, 52, 6lff, 66, 70, 73f, 79 Byelorussian National Council, 81 n39

Carr, E. H., 26, 39 n56, 68 Catholicism, 4, 15, 16, 19, 36 nl4, 49, 53,

65,66, 72, 74,78 Central Industrial Region, 5, 113, 119, 128 Centre Party, 16, 50 Chamberlain, Joseph, 114 Cheka, 45 Chojnowski, Andrzej, 6 Cienciala, A. M., 4 Cieszyn (Teschen), 14, 15, 17, 27, 44, 50 Civil War (Russia), 45, 50, 76 Clayton, J. B., 112, 113 Clemenceau, Georges, 19 Cohen, Israel, 69, 82 n53 'Cologne Post', 20 Committee for the East, 67f Committee of Jewish Delegations, 68 Communism, 4, 61 Communist Party (Germany), 45 Communist Party (Poland), 3, 6, 49, 61, 77,

92,93 Communist regime (Poland), 3, 4, 61 Communist Workers' Party (Poland), 74 Congress Kingdom, 88 Constitution (1921), 51, 52, 75, 78, 89, 90,

9lf, 93, 94, 97 Constitution ( 1935), 96 Council for Defence of the State, 47 Court of Appeal, 93, 104 Crowe, Sir Eyre, 32, 40 n82 Curzon, Lord, 29, 31, 32, 39 n64, 45 Czechoslovakia, 44, 49, 110, ll7, 122 Czechowicz, Gabriel, 107 n23 Czechs, 17, 46, 50, 52, 62

148

D'Abernon, Lord, 57 nl4 D~b-Biernacki, Stefan, 124, 125, 130 'Daily Herald', 21 Daladier, Georges, 112 Danzig, !!Off, 114, 118, 120fT, 135 n26 Davies, Norman, 6, 7 Depression, the, 5, 53, 78 Deutsche Stiftung, 70 Deutschtumbund, 71 'Digest of Laws', 95 Dmowski, Roman, 1, 2, 4, 6, 52, 64, 65,

66, 68 'Doctrine of Two Enemies', 50 Donnersmarck dynasty, 15 Duma, 65 Dzierzyitski, F eliks, 45 Dziewanowski, M. K., 6

East Prussia, 15, 29, 47, 71, 116, 118, 121, 123

Eastern Galicia, 44, 50, 62, 70, 72, 73, 77 Ebert, Friedrich, 31 Ehrlich, Henryk, 74 Endecja, 3, 6, 48, 49, 51fT, 65, 66, 68, 71,

75, 76, 88, 94ff Engel, David, 75 'Enigma', 126 Entente Powers, 24, 25, 28, 43, 44 'Epoka', 101

Fabrycy, Kazimierz, 128, 130, 136 n34 Falaise (battle), 47 Ferdinand, 1., 14 First World War, I, 4, 8, 14, 43, 44, 48, 52,

54, 63,66, 67,88 Fishman, J. A., 7 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 27, 37 nl7 Folkists, 85 n96 Foreign Office (British), 14, 25, 26, 29,

36 n2, 3 7 n30, 68, 111, 113, 116 Fountain, A. M., 6 Fourteen Points, 14, 67 France, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 34, 43, 51,

67, 71, 111fT, 119, 127, 132 Franco-Polish alliance, 50, 71, 111, 112 Frederick the Great, 15, 36 n8 'Freiheit' (newspaper), 21 Freikorps, 20, 33, 34, 39 n55, 46

Galicia, 16, 63 Gamelin, Maurice, 112, 114, 134 nl2 Garlicki, Andrzej, 6 'Gazeta Zachodnia', 107 n24

Index 149

Germany, 1, 4, 8, 13fT, 17fT, 26, 28~35, 43, 45,46,50,60, 63, 65, 70, 71,90, 104, 106 n8, 109~16, 118~22, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 135 n26

Gibson, Hugh, 82 n55 Gierowski, J6zef, 79 nl4 'Glos Prawdy', 101 Gombrowicz, Witold, 3 Gomulka, W., 3 Goodyear, A. C., 22, 23, 38 n37 'Gospodarz Polski', 101 Grabski, Wladyslaw, 71, 77, 94 Gratier, Jules, 29 Grenzschutz, 20, 21, 24, 39 n55 'Grenzzeitung', 33 Groener, Wilhelm, 56 n13 Gruenbaum, Yitshak, 75, 76, 77, 85 n94 Gutman, Yisrael, 7

Habsburg Empire, 14, 15, 63, see also Austria~ Hungary

Halifax, Lord, 134 nl7 'Hands off-Russia' campaign, 46 Hardinge, Lord, 29 Hasbach, Erwin, 75 Headlam-Morley, Sir James, 36 n4, 37 n24,

69 Heads of Delegations, 25 Heller, C. S., 7 Hitler, Adolf, 43, 46, 60, 71, 110, 118, 119,

126, 129 Hitler-Stalin pact, see Nazi-Soviet pact H-K-T Movement, 36 nl2 Hlond, Cardinal August, 49 Hoeffer, General, 33, 39 n55 Hohenlohe, Prince of, 15 Holocaust, 78 Hoover, Herbert, 22 Horak, Stephen, 60 Horsing, Otto, 21 House of Commons, 32, 114 Hromada movement, 73 Humphrey, Grace, 2 Hungary, 46, 128, 132

Independent Operational Group 'Polesie', 109

Independent Operational Group 'Narew', 118, 123, 127

Industrial Law (192 7), 1 00 Inspector General of Armed Forces, 110,

111, 117, 118, 121, 125, 130, 134 n22 Institute for Science of Judaism, 76

150

Inter-Allied Commission, 13, 14, 18ff, 22-6,28-35

Inter-Allied Mission, 46, 48, 57 nl4 Interior Ministry, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97-104,

106n8, 107nl9&23, 108n28 & 33

Ironside, General Sir Edmund, 113f, 134 nl7

Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 77 Jagiellonian University, 51 Jaklicz, J6zef, 112, 128, 134 n22, 135 n26 Jan Kazimierz University, 85 nl02 J~drzejewicz, Waclaw, 6 Jewish Club, 77 Jewish Congress, 69 'Jewish lobby', 53, 68, 69 Jewish National Council, 69

Index

Leslie, R. F., 6 Lesniewski, Peter, 8 Liddell-Hart, Basil, 109, 122 Lieberman, Herman, 4, 93 Lipinski, Waclaw, 2 Lipski, J6zef, II 0, 122 Lithuania, 44, 52, 62, 66, 127 Litvaks, 64 Lityftski, Stanislaw, 117 Lloyd George, David, 19, 28, 32, 34,

37 n24, 40 n72, 41 n95 & 96, 46, 56nl\,68

Luftwaffe, 110, 113

Machray, Robert, 2 Majchrowski, Jacek M., 6 Marinis, General de, 25, 32 Marchlewski, Julian, 45

Jews,3,6, 7,49,52,53,60-5, 67-70,74-7 Maria Theresa, 36 n8 Marxist-Leninism, 3, 4, 61, 77

Karski, Jan, 4 Kasprzycki, Tadeusz, 112, 114, 134 n12 Kennard, Sir Howard, 115 Kerr, Philip, 3 7 n24 Keynes, John Maynard, 68 Kieniewicz. Stefan, 79 n 14 Kirchmayer, CoL, 135 n29 Kleeberg, Franciszek, I 09 Koc, Adam, 114 Kock (battle), I 09 Kofman, Jan, 5 Komar6w (battle), 47 Korfanty, Wojciech, 4, 18, 20, 27, 28, 30,

32ff, 40 n72, 107 n24 Kornamiya, 45, 47 Korzec, Pawel, 7, 60 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 54 KPP, see Communist Party (Poland) Kronstadt revolt, 50 Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski, Emil, 123, 130 Kulturkamp(, 16, 36 nl2 'Kurier Poranny', 101 Kustrzeba, Tadeusz, 123, 130, 136 n33

Labour Party, 46, 69 Landau, Zbigniew, 5 Lansbury, George, 69 'La Question Polannaise', 65 League for Union of Upper Silesia with

Poland, 23 League of Nations, 34, 35, 60 Lenin, VI, 45-50, 55, 77 Le Rond, Henri, 25, 28, 29, 33

May coup (1926), 2, 5, 48, 52-5, 70, 88, 90, 94, 100, 102, 104, 105, see also Pilsudski, J6zef

Mendelsohn, Ezra, 7, 60, 74 Micewski, Andrzej, 3 Minorities (Polish), 3, 6, 8, 49, 52, 60-78 Minorities' Treaty ( 1919), 35, 53, 69f, 74,

78 'Miracle on the Vistula' (1920), 48 'Mloda Wid', 101 'Mlot-Fijalkowski, Czeslaw, 123, 127 Monte Cassino (battle), 47 Moraczewski, J~drzej, 89 Morgenthau, Henry, 69 'Morning Post', 24 Moscicki, Ignacy, 129 Mossor, S., 125 Munich agreement, 110

Namier, Lewis, 68, 82 n51 Napoleonic Code, 89 Narutowicz, Gabriel, 52, 75 'Nasz Przeglqd', 59 n34 National Census (1921, 1931), 61-2, 73 'National Egoism and Ethics', 65 National Democratic Party, I, 17, 18, 48,

64, 65, 88, 94-5, \03, 106 n8 National League, 64 Nazi-Soviet pact, 4, 46, 115-16 Nazis, 2, 71, 78 New Economic Policy (NEP), 50 Niemen (battle), 47 Non-aggression pact (Polish-German),

108 n30, 122

Index 151

Non-agression pact (Polish-Soviet), 49, 115, 116

Norton, Clifford, 134 n 17 'Nowiny', 101 Non-Party Bloc for Cooperation with the

Government, see BBWR Oder (river), 15, 18, 19, 31,33 Olszyna-Wilczynski, J., 127 'Organic Work', I, 63, 64

Paderewski, Ignacy, 4, 19, 23, 24, 31, 38 n47, 44, 68, 90

Partitions, I, 2, 4, 13ff, 43, 46, 63-7, 70, 73, 78, 87, 89, 92ff, 106 n4, 116

Peace Conference (1919), 13, 14, 17-20, 22, 24-6, 29, 30, 33, 36 n2, 4 & 5, 37 n21 & 29, 43, 53, 68, 69

Peace treaty, see Versailles (treaty) Peasant parties, 70, 73, 94 'People's Poland', 3, 6, 54,61 Percival, Harold, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34,

39 n53 & 64, 40 n72, 41 n93 Petliura, Semon, 72 Pi<ttkowski, Henryk, 118 Pilsudski, J6zef, 1, 2, 5, 6, 10 n22, 18, 44ff

47ff, 50-3, 55, 65ff, 70, 72, 74-5, 77, 81 n39, 89, 94, 95, 107 n23, 116, see also May coup

Pilsudski Legions, 54, 66 Plebiscite (Upper Silesia), 13, !8ff, 23-35 Pless, Prince of, 15 Poland, passim Polish Army, 26, 31, 43-55, 78, 101,

109-36 Polish Campaign (September 1939), 55,

109-32 'Polish Corridor', 110,118,120-2,129,

130 Polish-German Press Agreement, 104f,

107 n26, 108 n30 & 33 Polish Government-in-Exile, 2, 126 Polish Institute & Sikorski Museum, 133 nl Polish insurrections (19th century), I, 48,

63,64 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 44, 66 Polish Military Organisation (POW), 18, 21,

23, 30 Polish National Committee (KNP), 67 Polish Question, 1, 63, 66, 67 Polish Risings (Upper Silesia), 13-35 Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 6, 17, 65, 66,

73, 104 Polish Soldiers' Day, 54

Polish-Soviet War (1919-20), 4, 7, 8, 27, 43-55, 71, 74, 75, 89

Polish Telecommunications Agency, 100, 102

'Polonia', 1 07 n24 Polonsky, Antony, 6 Poniakowski, Antoni, 94 Pope John Paul II, 4, 61 Positivism, I, 2, 63, 65 Potemkin, Vladimir, 115 presidential election (1922), 75 press (Polish), 8, 87-105 Protestantism, 66, 72 Provisional Revolutionary Committee

(1920), 45 Prussia, 14, 15, 88, 92 'Przedswit', 101 'Przelom', 101

RAF, 113 Rastikis, S., 127 Red Army, 8, 14, 26, 27,45-7,49, 54-5,

74, 115 Reddaway, W. E., 2 Reich, Leon, 68 Reichenau, General von, 125 Reichswehr, 20, 26, 34, 46, 50 Reichszentrale for Heimatdienst, 70 reparations, 14, 28, 31, 40 n 68 Revisionist Zionists, 77, see also Zionists Revolution (1905), 65 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 110, 122 Riga (treaty), 49, 51, 75 Romania, 27, 71, Ill, 118, 120, 132 Rommel, Juliusz, 123, 125, 130, 135 n28 Rose, William, 2 Roszkowski, Wojciech, 5 Rothschild, Joseph, 6 Royal Castle, 7 Royal Navy, I 13 Rozwadowski, Tadeusz, 47 'Ruch', lOlf Russia, 1, 4, 5, 15, 43ff, 47ff, 50ff, 62-3,

65-6, 68, 74-5, 77, 88, 90, 116 Ryzewski, Waclaw, 38 n39

'Saisonstaat', 51, 72 Samuel, Sir Herbert, 69 Sanacja regime, 2, 3, 6, 51, 77, 91, 94, 95,

99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106 n2, 107 nl2, 16 & 24

Saphieha, Adam, 49 Sarolea, Charles, 2

152

Schatz, Jaff, 6 School of Slavonic and East European

Studies, 2 Schutzbund, 31 Second Polish Republic, 1-4, 6-8, 13, 16,

26,43,44,48,49, 51,54, 60-79, 87-105, 109-32

Second World War, 2, 5, 47, 48, 78, 109, 114,116,131,132

Seeckt, Hans von, 46, 50, 56 nl3 Sejm, 24, 51, 70, 72, 75, 77, 90-6, 106 n7

& 11, 107 nl2 Selbstschutz, 33, 34 Sforza, Count, 33 Sharanov (Soviet official), 115 Sicherheitspolizei, 26, 27, 28 Siegfried Line, 114 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 64 Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 2, 47, 49, 55, 71, 76 Silesia, 13-16, 19, 20, 23, 33, 119, 120,

see also Upper Silesia Slawoj Skladkowski, Felicjan, 107 n23 Slovakia, Ill, 127, 128, 129 'Slovo Polskie', 103 Smigly-Rydz, Edward, Ill, 112, 114,

116-22, 125-31, 135 n26 & 28 Sobieski, King Jan, 47, 54 Sobieski, Waclaw, 51 Sokol, 30 Solidarnosc, 4, 61 Sosnkowski, Kazimierz, 47 Soviet Union, 3ff, 49, 50, 71, 79, 89, 110,

115, 119, see also Russia Spartacists, 20, 21 Stachiewicz, Waclaw, 118, 121, 122, 125,

128,129, 134n22 Stachura, Peter, 8 Stalin, Josef, 3, 46, 47, 50, 78 Stalinist era, 3, 61 Starszewski, Jan, 2 'State of the Union Address', 67 'Straznica', I 0 I Stuart, Sir Harold, 34 Suchcitz, Andrzej, 8 Sudetenland crisis, 50, 116 Sunday Rest Law, 76 Supreme Council, 20, 25 Supreme Economic Council, 22 Supreme People's Council, 17 Switalski, Kazimierz, 103, 104 Sword, Edward, 113, 134 nl7, 135 n26 Szafer, Tadeusz, 6 Szlachta, 54, 64

Index

Szychowski, General, 136 n34 Szylling, Antoni, 123-5, 130

Tartars, 52, 62 Taylor, Jack J., 5 'The Times', 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 69 Third French Republic, 75 Third Reich, 43, 78 'Thoughts of a Modern Pole', 65 Thugutt, Stanislaw, 87, 90 Timms, Richard, 17 Tomaszewski, Jerzy, 5, 61 Tomicki, J., 7 Topolski, Jerzy, 7 Trencin (treaty), 36 n6 Trotsky, Leon, 46, 47 Tsar, 63, 65, 67, 89, 106 n5 Tukhachevsky, M. N., 45ff Turnbull, Elizabeth, 134 n 14

Ugoda, 77 Ukraine, 26, 45, 52, 60ff, 66, 70, 72-3, 77,

79,86 n!IO, 94, 105 Ukrainian Military Organisation (UVO), 72 Ukrainian Nationalists, 72 Ukrainian People's Republic, 72 United States, I, 6, 17, 22, 43, 51, 67,68 Upper Silesia, 8, 13-35, 44, 50, 71, 72 Urbanek, Dr, 28 USSR, see Soviet Union

Vatican, 4, 65 Verein for das Deutsch tum im A us land, 70 Versailles (treaty), 2, 20, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30,

32, 43, 48, 71, 110 Vienna (battle), 4 7 voievode, 90,99-102, 107 nl7 Vuilleman, Josephe, 134 n!O

Wambaugh, Sarah, 31 Wandycz, P. S., 4 Wapiitski, Roman, 6, 79 nl4 Warsaw City Council, 74 Watt, Richard, M., 7 Wehrmacht, 54, 121, 126 Weimar Republic, 5, 50, 51, 70 Weizsiicker, Rudiger von, 122 Weydenthal, Jan de, 6 Weygand, Maxime, 46, 48, 51, 57 nl8 Wiatr, Colonel, 128 Wiles, Timothy, 7

Wilson, Henry, 25 Wilson, Woodrow, 14, 19, 67, 69 Wirth, Josef, 50 Witkiewicz, Stanislaw, 3 Witos, Wincenty, 4, 47, 70, 94 Wolf, Lucien, 68 World Zionist Organisation, 68, 69,

see also Zionists Wynot, Edward, 6

Index

WyspiaiJ.ski, Stefan, 64 Wojtyla, Karol, see under Pope

YIVO, 76

Zaj~tc, General, 130 Zielib.ski, Henryk, 7 zloty, 5 Zionists, 17, 53, 64, 67, 68, 74-7

153