APPENDIX I: NATIVE AMERICAN SITE VISIT TO YUCCA …and taken as a tea are good for arthritis. A wash...

APPENDIX I: NATIVE AMERICAN

SITE VISIT TO YUCCA MOUNTAIN,

OCTOBER 16 - 17, 1987

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NATIVE AMERICAN SITE VISIT TO YUCCA MOUNTAIN, OCTOBER 16 - 17, 1987

Introduction

This report presents the substantive results of a two-day site visit with 10 Native American consultants to Yucca Mountain and the immediate vicnity. The visit took place October 16 - 17, 1987, and was designed as part of an ongoing assessment of Native American concerns regarding the possible siting of a high level nuclear waste repository within their aboriginal territories. The site visit was part of an overall assessment strategy that involves interviews on site-specific issues as well as on larger ones that might fall under the protections afforded by the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (P.L. 95-341), section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (80 stat. 915; ammended 1980), and the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-425, 96 stat. 2202).

All of the Native American participants were either Southern Paiute or Western Shoshone people, representing the two large ethnic groups in the immediate vicinity of Yucca Mountain. The site is in an area overlapping the aboriginal boundary between these two entities. The purpose of the site visit was not only to assess site specific concerns, but also to acquaint people with the features of the region and possible impacts upon it. Given that the area has been closed to the pUblic since roughly 1940, even those who had been there at some time in the past needed to reacquaint themselves with the region.

The participants for the site visit were chosen using the following criteria: 1) individuals who had direct experience with the area in question, either through residence or visits; 2) individuals who had a relative who had been to the site area and from whom they had heard of localities or activities; and 3) individuals who were acting as representatives of proximate tribal/residence entities previously determined to be most likely to undergo direct ot indirect impacts due to site characterization, construction and operation. Fifteen people were originally selected based on these criteria. They were from the following localities: Pahrump, 2, one being unable to attend; Las Vegas colony, 1, ultimately unable to attend; Death Valley, 3, all of whom attended; Beatty, 2, one of whom was unable to attend; Moapa, 2, both of whom attended; Duckwater, 2, one of whom was unable to attend; Moapa, 2, both of whom attended; Caliente, 1, Ultimately unable to attend • Although these individuals are currentlyresiding where stated, several had lived elsewhere within the project area, and had familiarity with the site over a long period. All of the 10 participants ultimately able to attend also met either criterion 1 or 2. All were at a minimum descendants of Southern Paiute or Western Shoshone people shown through previous

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genealogical work to be directly affiliated with the immediate project area.

In addition to the above, Dr. Lonnie Pippin and Cari Lockett of the Desert Research Institute accompanied the party. Pippin is the prime DOE Test site archaelogical contractor, and together with Lockett and other DRI staff members has been engaged in archaeological reconnaissance in the region for roughly 10 years. The DRI group was responsible for the preliminary archaeological assessments for Yucca Mountain (Pippin, Clerico and Reno, 1982; Pippin, 1984). Catherine Fowler, Mary Rusco and Maribeth Hamby acted as ethnographers for the site visit. All had visited the area in September to view potential sites for this trip.

Methods

Given that the project area is so large and difficult of access, especially for the elderly, a selection of 10 sites was made for viewing. Although this is a very small percentage of the total within the project area, Pippin and Lockett felt that they well represented the various types of archaeological resources resent. Had we had more time, others could have been visited. As it was, both days were quite full, given that we allowed ample time for discussion at each locality. All participants were given an orientation map and a very brief discription of the sites (Appendix A) prepared by the DRI archaeologists.

The procedure at each stopping point was roughly as follows: 1) the DR! archaeologists made a brief presentation about each locality (types of artifacts found, dates if known, etc.; 2) consultants were then asked specific or general questions about what they were seeing; and 3) consultants were encouraged to look at the surrounding area in more detail for anything they felt might be important. Each ethnographer attempted to interact with the same small group of people in order to record the data as accurately as possible (given that tape recorders were not allowed). Some people focussed on the same features at each site; others were more interested in others. Some seemed to be assessing the potential food and medicinal resources, taking the site features more or less as given. The ethnographers did not raise the issue of religious significance unless the consultants brought it up. The ethnographers also attempted to get as many Native place names as possible as these are a good indication of familiarity with a region. They also asked for Native food names (biotaxonomic names given below are tentative), feature names, etc.

People representing the different tribes and groups were interested in learning from each other, and they often compared their Native words for plants, animals, and places. Although we did not recognize it at first, there was great deference paid to age within each group: the oldest individual was considered the primary repository of knowledge. Younger people (even by a few

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years) spoke only after the elders had given an opinion or only after direct questioning. On the one hand, all benefitted fron the comments within the large group. On the other, some might have spoken more often had the group been smaller and had the difference in age not obtained. No one seemed compelled to stay only within his/her group. Several people explored the vicinity ofeach site on their own or with someone else, and then reported back anything of interest. All were sincerely interested and willing to share their knowledge. Some had understandable difficulty recalling situations and events 60 to 70 years previous. A few had had a chance to see some of the sites within the past month, and think about them, as they had accompanied the DOE ethnographic team (Richard Stoffle abd Michael Evans). The DOE team visited some of the same sites, but also some different ones given that they had access to four-wheel drive equipment.

Notes Recorded at Specific Sites

site 1. Fortymile Terrace, with a view looking south down Fortymile Wash toward Amargosa VAlley, and north toward Fortymile Canyon. This site is of considerable antiquity according to Pippin and Lockett. A Clovis point (ca. 11,000 B.P.) was recovered here as well as more recent materials. Chipping debris remains at present.

Consultant' s Comments • Accordin~ to a Western Shoshone consultant, Fortymile Wash is called tog ahunupi, 'snake wash,' in reference to a big snake who came this way long ago. This wash is his trail here. He continued up Fortymile Canyon and came back around Timber Mountain and Bare Mountain (near Beatty) where he stayed (see also Fowler, RUsco, and Hamby, 1987). When asked about the significance of this, the consultant indicated that he was uncertain, but suggested that from these actions the snake "opened up a home," perhaps thus making this country habitable for people. This same person recalled traveling up this way by auto probably in the late 'teens or early '20s, to gain access to the springs east of the head of Fortymile Canyon for deer hunting and camping. He came with John Bolland, son of Bill Boland of Death Valley and Ash Meadows, who hunted this area by car until at least the 1930s. Others stopped coming here in the 1940s with site Closure. The consultant came on his trip from Amargosa Valley.

Another Western Shoshone consultant remembered being in the Wash 40+ years ago, as a young boy. He thought that he had ridden across the top of Yucca Mountain on horseback, perhaps near here or perhaps farther north. He was enroute from Beatty to Ammonia Tanks. Another added that the way they went from Beatty (oldKimball Ranch) to White Rock Spring was higher (north of here), and crossed Timber Mountain. There was a spring in the canyon they came through. Pippin agreed that that would be a good access route.

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Although most of the consultants walked over the site area looking at the lithic scatter, most seemed more interested in the plant cover. Several people commented on the growth of creosote (Larrea tridentata), called in Southern Paiute and western Shoshone yatambi. All agreed that this is a good medicinal plant. A southern Paiute consultant stated that the leaves and stems boiled and taken as a tea are good for arthritis. A wash will cure athlete's foot. A Western Shoshone consultant described taking the crushed leaves in capsules to help cure his copper poisoning. This remedy (although not the mechanism) had been suggested by a person knowledgable in traditional medicine. He also noted that his father had used smoke from the burning dried plant to cure distemper in horses. The horse was "smoked" under a canvas tarp.

People noted as well the presence of Mormon tea (Ephedra viridis) or tutupi (Southern Paiute) or tutubi (Western Shoshone) . All suggested it would be better at higher elevations. When asked about knoowledge of desert bighorn sheep (Western Shoshone wasiPi) or pronghorn (Western Shoshone wansi) in this area, the Western Shoshone consultant who had hunted in the region said that he had not seen them here nor heard of their presence. He noted that winter fat (Ceratoides lanata) seen growing at this site was good food for bighorn, however. A mug full of a tea made from the leaves of this plant taken every morning is a good general tonic. No one could remember its Indain name, however.

In addition to the above, several others commented on the springs known to occur east of the head of this canyon; White Rock and Captain Jack. A descendant commented that Bill Kawich, leader of the Western Shoshone in Kawich Valley and the Kawich Range area [see also Steward 1932: 113], was present at White Rock spring (Western Shoshone: tosatimbimb~ 'white rock spring') in 1906, and that his (the person reporting's) mother (Kawich's daughter) was a small child there. They were also around the mines at Goldfield during some of this period. Another person spoke of Captain Jack, after whom the other spring is named. He was originally from the Lida area [same as Gold Mountain Jack? (Steward 1938:69,95)]. He lived at this spring most of the time and during the period Kawich was at White Rock. Access was by wagon and/or horse from eother the north or west. There are no descendants of captain Jack. Descendants of Bill Kawich live at Yomba and elsewhere.

site 2. The top of Yucca Mountain, which gives an excellent overview of the region: Crater Flat, Bare Mountain, Yucca Mountain in its entirety, Fortymile Canyon, Amargosa Desert, Shoshone Mountain, Calico Hills, the spring Mountains, and Paiute Mesa in the distance. According to Pippin and Lockett, there is a small rock shelter over the edge of the ridge in this locality. It features a rock alignment and a hearth.

Consultants' Comments. since we did not visit the

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archaeological site because of difficulty of access, we used this area as a vantage point to discuss the region observed. A Western Shoshone consultant agreed that the term elicited earlier from another Beatty consultant, eso ('dry place'), could be used for the region around here and to Beatty, but felt the term applied more particularly to Timber Mountain [see site 10 for correction], a favored pine nutting area in the district. Togokadidi,' snake sitting,' was the term for Bare Mountain, the snake's resting place. The Bullfrog Hills, near Beatty, are called a.daibi. The Spring Mountains and Mt. Charleston (Southern Paiute nibaganti), are sacred to the Southern Paiute of the region as their place as emergence. They are also of importance for the pinyon trees, mountain sheep and deer that they contain. No one knew of names for the cinder cones of Crater Flat, nor of their possible significance.

Small rockshelters such as Pippin and Lockett described were suggested by Southern Paiute and Western Shoshone consultants to be the types of places where things were stored for later use. Sometimes they were marked with rocks as a reminder or a notice to others.

The practice of marking areas with piles of rocks was discussed. One western Shoshone consultant said that it was the practice to travel along the ridge tops when possible, not in the canyon bottoms. A rock pile two to three rocks high marks the trail, but also possibly a point where the trail descends, or where one goes down for water. Another agreed, stating that taller rock piles, if Indian made, would not be trail markers but possible locations of caches. Other persons could then be told of such caches and what they contained. The description of the trail marking system and sizes of the rock piles seemed to confirm Pippin's suspicions about the functions of such features seen on the Nevada Test site.

A southern Paiute consultant commented on the presence of hu?upi, desert thorn (Lycium andersonii), a good food plant. Several discussed the Ephedra viridis growth at this location. A Southern Paiute consultant said theyt preferred the "grayer" one (E. nevadensis?). Death Valley consultants said that the stems of those we saw were still not the right length. All Agreed that a beverage can be made from the stems. It is a good stomach tonic.

site 3. Historic rock shelter (26NY3042) with two associated tinajas, potholes or tanks. The archaeologists say that this is a good representative of this site type in the area. Sherds of brownware pottery (Southern Paiute/Western Shoshone) were present here as well as hearths. The site had been tested.

Consultants' Comments. People inspected the site generally, but seemed more intereted in the water sources and other features. Down slope from the site wa an amorphous cluster of rocks that

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interested one Southern Paiute consultant. He suggested that this was where people may have slept in cold weather. They would have first heated the rocks in a fire, dug a slight hollow and rolled them in, covered them with sand, sagebrush and bedding, and then slept there. The rocks provide radiant heat during the night. A second Southern Paiute consultant visited the site after the explanation had been given and made the same observation. She stated that this was still the practice at pine nut harvest time-her son having made such a "hot bed" last fall. The Native name for such a feature was not recalled. A Western Shoshone consultant had heard of such a practice, but largely in connection with childbirth. The heated rocks were covered with creosote and bursage (Ambrosia dumosa?) and then bedding. The feature is called in Western Shoshone timbi soadi.ci or timbicidi.ci.

The tinajas or pot holes were of much interest to all. They appear to hold about three to five gallons each and are lidded, seemingly to aid against evaporation. They are called po?o in Western Shoshone and pikabo in Southern Paiute. According to a Western Shoshone consultant, the po?o in Death Valley have specific names, such as certain ones where people ordinarily stop, as opposed to ones used mainly by animals. Echo Canyon in Death Valley is named po?o because it contains these features.

People did not think offerings need to be made to these water features. But a Western Shoshone consultant added, upon entering an area such as this for the first time (any area), one should askk the area for general acceptance of one's p[resence. The place and the animals should be told what it is you intend to do there. All wildlife us superior to humans and one needs to speak to them. If one intends to eat in an area, then offerings of a small portion of food one has brought should be made to the east, west, south and north. Then the person will be welcomed. But one should always speak to the spirits so that only the good will remain--not the bad.

It is unlikely that water babies (Western Shoshone: pibiandi; Southern Paiute: pa?anabi) would inhabit pot holes. They are found more commonly in springs for more permanent water sources. Several consultants knew of places they had been seen or heard.

Some of the consultants were asked as to how many people they thought might have lived at a site this size. They suggested about 8 to 10--maybe as high as 12. People would go one or two days without water if the pot holes dried and would then have to move on. It was noted bya Western Shoshone consultant that when on the move or traveling people moved briskly--at a light jogging pace.People who move about slowly, including today, are accused of "acting like you are in your shelter"--the slower pace of movement appropriate to camp or home.

Plants recognized as useful in this area included Eriogonum

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inflatum (Southern Paiute papakudampi; Western Shoshone tusatimbokipi) noted as a source of salt by a Southern Paiute consultant and as an outer covering for tobacco by a Western Shoshone consultant. Also seen was (Krameria parviflora), the thorns of which are used to oierce ears--thus its name, nankaba tonanimpi

(Southern Paiute). An unidentified Haplopappus-like plant (Southern Paiute tibikadaibi) was noted as useful as an eye wash. Indian ricegrass (Qryzopsis hymenoides), a useful food plant at the site, is called wai in Western Shoshone and wa?ibi in Southern Paiute. Again, stands of desert thorn, which produces edible berries, were observed.

Site 4. Rock ring complex (26NY2960) on the edge of confluence of Dune Wash and Fortymile Wash. six rock rings four to six feet in diameter, some cleared of desert pavement were observed. The site contained milling stones and a possible cache feature (rock pile) according to the archaeologists.

Consultants' Comments. A Southern Paiute consultant suggested that the rings might be related to the processing of the desert thorn (huupi) common in the area. Two Shoshone consultants, speaking with another ethnographer at another part of the site had a similar explanation. The stems and branches of the desert thorn would be broken fron the plant before the berries were fully ripe, and piled in these circles which would have been slightly excavated or at least had the brush cleared. Rocks one course high would be added to the edges to keep the branches from blowing away. Such a circle would be called tindudu in Western Shoshone. Another Southern Paiute consultant agreed with the method of processing, but noted that her mother had nbot used rocks to keep the branches on place. The area underneath was hard packed earth in the ones she had seen in the Pahrump area. A Western Shoshone offered the observatuon that by this method, people "stayed ahead of their food;" i.e., were able to lengthen the harvest season for these berries. They could return to these sites and process the materials later--but at least they had been gathered together. Some might wait until the berries were fUlly dried; others not, depending on how heavy the harvest had been.

A large barrel cactus (Echinocactus polycephalus), Western Shoshone towipi) in the area was suggested as a source of basketry awls (winupi). The end of the awl was cushioned with a lump pf creosote lac (tincana). other barrels have edible fruit, inclUding one called nogWia.

site 6. Fran Dune Site, with a buried hearth feature. The site has been tested and part of the hearth is exposed. The area is also important as a potential food collecting area, as the archaeologists have noted several resources present today.

Consultants' Comments. A Southern Paiute consultant suggested

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that the buried hearth feature might instead have been an area used to fire pottery, and he asked if there were any such evidence. The archaeologists said that there was none that they discovered. The consultants' observations were based on the soil type, a fine sand, which he said was important in tghe firing process. Clay soil will cause the pottery to explode. The rock features hold the heat longer allowing the clay to fire properly. The temperature needn't be high, but it should be consistent--otherwise you will get fire clouding as he has observed on Shivwits and Kaibab pottery. He witnessed an attempted firing by a Mojave woman at Parker using a garbage can instead of rock lined kiln. The pottery all broke. No other consultant offered an explanation of the feature.

Several commented on the presence of indigo-bush (Psorothamnus fremontii) in the area, but there was some confusion as to its Native name. Terpentine broom (Thamnosma montana) is mugundu in Southern Paiute and is often mistaken for this. Both are valuable medicinal plants, teas being made for bladder and kidney troubles. The stems of terpentine broom are also chewed for colds. Several noticed Indian rice grass and other unidentified grasses and several also commented on the heavy concentration of jackrabbits in the area--based on the number of droppings.

site 7. Drill Hole Wash shelter complex, consisting of a series of southwest-facing rockshelters along the top of a ridge. Some contain milling stones, often without manos. One had a sandal. The only known water source is a tinaja on one of a pair of hills to the west in Cleavage Gulch. This site type is not uncommon on capped ridges or ones with some type of rimrock.

Consultants' Comments. A Western Shoshone consultant suggested that an area like this , with several small shelters facing south, would be a likely winter camp location. People would have harvested seed foods during the summer abnd stored them in the shelters. They would then return in winter and live off the accumulation while doing a laittle hunting. Likely plant foods here would be kuha or stick-leaf (Mentzelia albicaulis); wai, or Indian rice grass; poina or poiya (tansy mustard, Descurania spp.) , and pasida or chia (Salvia columbariae). All are storable. There may have been other things long ago. The archaeologists mentioned that doves and quail have been seen in the area.

The Western Shoshone consultant added that in wointer people would be less active. They would eat little and more or less "hole up." Another added that her mother even today follows these ideas and objects when people fill her plate with food. She says that the old people would have eaten maybe one little bowl of pinenuts during a whole day. That is how one should eat in the wintertime.

One person asked why people would have left an area such as this, to which the consultants replied that a death or lack of food might cause them to leave. If a death occurred and someone were

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buried here, others might not return for a year or more. If all thos e remaining were healthy, and there were no old people or sickly babies, they might move a considerable distance. This practice is ;not adhered to today because of the impracticality, but some people still feel strongly about it. The cap rock and talus in areas such as this might provide places to bury the dead. No one knew or had heard of someone being buried in this area, but it remained a possibility.

A general repository orientation discussion followed, as this was a good place to see shaft exploration of drilling. Maps showing the suggested limits of the repository and the related facilities were shown and all consultants were asked to carry this information back to their respective communities for discussion.

site 8. Top of the north end of Yucca Mountain, with a view of Yucca Wash and Pinyon Pass into Beatty Wash. There us a covered tinaja in the area, a milling slab and a cairn. Joshua trees are present as well.

Consultants' Comments. Several consultants gathered to look at the Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) in the area. They are called uumpi in Western Shoshone and soadami in Southern Paiute. The growth tip and emerging flower buds are twised out in the spring, pit roasted and eaten. Later the fruit (Western Shoshone: kuda?wi ? i) is gathered and eaten. Another Western Shoshone consultant noted that the roots make a good shampoo as well.

A rocky area such as this site would be called timbidigami in Western Shoshone. These flat rocks would be ideal for taking kiimbi, or ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.) or kangaroo rats (paiyo, Dipodomys spp.). Rock traps of the figure-4 type are called timbi huapi. A smaller one iof thge same type (?) is called macimbo huapi. These traps "flatten" small mammals, but since they are often pounded when prepared for food, inclUding heads and bones, this really does not matter. This site would be good for ground squirrels. Death Valley people take them still on occasion (along with kangaroo rats) but one consultant noted that their use has declined in her memory compared to the period before 1940.

The site would also be good for chuckwallas, (Western Shoshone cagWada) and a Western Shoshone consultant found evidence that it had been so used. He walked over a considerable area and found places where cracks in the rock--ideal chuckwalla locations--had been marked by Indian people by placing a small stone across the crack. This would let others know that chuckwalls were here. The chuckwallas would be extracted from these locations with a sharp stick that would penetrate and could be twisted to remove the prey. They are then roasted whole (eviscerated) in a pit in the sand with a flat rock added on top to weight the animal (otherwise its leg muscles will contract and it will rise out of the pit). Most of

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the meat is in the tail, although the entire chuckwalla could be ground up as well. Chuckwallas are used as medicine as well. The dried skin is ground and placed on sores as is the fresh blood (the latter stings because it is salty--but it prevents scarring). Fresh chuckwalla fat combined with pinyon pitch (sanapi) to make a salve is excellent for the skin and will remove old age marks. The fat near the organs of large game animals is used this way as well.

The discussion of chuckwalla processing occasioned talk of turtles or tortoises and their uses, especially as food. Two Southern Paiute consultants remembered eating turtle as soup and also roasted (skinned legs, liver and eyes common parts eaten). Turtles are called aya in Southern Paiute, and used to be common in Pahrump Valley, around Indian Springs and elsewhere. Now they are hardly seen. Chuckwallas, too, are scarce. A Western Shoshone consultant noted that her brother and taken only four this year. The eggs are leathery (as are turtle eggs) and are found in nests in the washes in sandy and gravelly areas.

other resources seen in the area were black brush (Coleogyne ramosissima), called tu.ciabi in Southern Paiute and containing edible seeds, and the dried stems of sego lily (Calochortus sp.) called sigo?o in Southern Paiute and siigo in Western Shoshone. The bulbs of the latter are dug in the spring and eaten raw. We also saw the right variety of Mormon tea, still apparently ephedra viridis, but witha different growth habit--Iong straight stems instead of mUlti-branching ones. The grass Stipa speciosa, called in Southern Paiute hugWibi and in Shoshone hugi, was also noted as producing an edible seed. A small barrel cactus with edible fruit, called wisibuiti in Southern Paiute and nogWiada in Western Shoshone [see notes fir site 4; possibly claret cup, Echinocerus triglochidiatus], was also seen. And we encountered a tarantula (Southern Paiute nibisopici; Western Shoshone nasuada) and a Jerusalem cricket (Western Shoshone aatogopi 'bald'). Neither has uses, although they figure in stories.

Site 9. An area along the same ridge as Site 8 from which a long-term habitation site (26NY1964) can be seen below. It is associated with a pink tuff knob and has two 80 gallon tinajas close by. It is in Yucca Wash and potentially on a trail to Pinyon Pass, and thence to Beatty Wash.

A Western Shoshone consultant attempted to orient himself from this point in reference to a trip he had taken up Fortymile Wash in a Star automobile in the 1920s. But due to failing eyesight he could not be certain of his path. He and John Bolland had made the trip for hunting deer. They may have gone up Yucca Wash, or perhaps they went up Fortymile Wash a greater distance. They were headed for a spring where there were lots of pine (pinyon?) trees. [The area he was viewing north of this point had been burned over

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and there may have been pinyon there at one time.] They did reach the spring and found many deer tracks-- but did not see any deer. All of this occurred before the Nevada Test site was established. They made the trip in one day.

The pink tuff and white outcropping in the site area was the sUbject of some interest. It reminded one Western Shoshone consultant of the white outcroppings on the way to White Rock Spring called "Cottontails flute" [apparently Landmark Rock, according to Pippin and Lockett; see also Steward 1938: 95 for mention of a "tavondowayo" , , standing rock' ; tabun- is 'cottontail']. Another western Shoshone consultant suggested that the white might be useful as paint (pisa). other points of discussion are the differences between Southern Paiute and western Shoshone names for pinyon tree (tibapi in Pahrump; waapi in Death Valley), pine nut (tiv in Pahrump; tiba in Death Valley; juniper tree (waapi in Pahrump, sawabi in Death Valley; sagebrush (sanwabi in Pahrump, poobi in Death Valley), etc.

A brief stop at a downed Joshua tree occasioned a discussion of the use if the nice red roots in basketry for decoration. A Southern Paiute consultant demonstrated splitting (in halves). This fiber is further thinned by removing the inner core by pUlling it against the thumbnail. It should be soaked in water before use to make it pliable. Some people wet it in their mouths again just before use. It is an important material to all who know of basketry (southern Nevada Southern Paiute, Death Valley Shoshone). The use of the roots for soap in noted again. Four-winged saltbush (Atriplex canescens) was also observed. It is called mudunapi in Western Shoshone.

site 10. Twin springs. The location of both prehistoric and historic occupations. Artifacts from both, including a small petroglyph rock are visible on the surface. The spring itself is located on the sidehill above and has been cleaned and augmented by the inhabitants of the site in the historic period.

Consultants' Comments. Most of the consultants hiked to the spring where various plants were observed, including sumac (Rhus trilobaba) called sihivimi in Southern Paiute, and chia (Southern Paiute pasida). Sumac stems are used extensively by Southern Paiute basket makers for warp and weft. The small prehistoric site located near there eliciated some comment. One Southern Paiute consultant observed the ground rock surfaces and the chia growing nearby and suggested a connection. Another noted that the site was probably far enough from the spring so that people would not scare the mountain sheep that would come there. (This same consultant seemed sure that the scat and tracks seen here were mountain sheep and not deer.) He said that there might be blinds above the spring for shooting sheep. They would be so located so that hunters could shoot down hill and not up--very difficult for arrow travel.

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In the wash below the site was sacred datura (Datura meteloides), called muipi in western Shoshone and momopi in Southern Paiute; also an unidentified composite that might be the Western Shoshone medicinal tea tUbisibungu.

A western Shoshone consultant again attempted to sort out routes of travel through ths area from his youth. He recalled coming by wagon from Beatty to White Rock Spring to bring supplies for an Annual Mourning Ceremony (nadiabinina) for Willy George's father. He came "straight" up the wash, over a summit to Tippipah Spring, and then on to White Rock Spring. He came from Kinball Ranch in oasis Valley (Beatty). Another time he came over Timber Mountain through a canyon, hit Forty Mile Wash and came down to a cross point to Tippipah Spring. From there he again went on to Capatin Jack Spring and White Rock spring. He and the DRI archaeologists discussed the possibility that he came across Timber Mountain via Cat Canyon, hit Fortymile Wash above this area and came down it to a cross point to Tippipah Spring. From there one could go north past Captain Jack Spring to White Rock Spring. Both agreed that that would be a good way to go. Timber Mountain was called in Western Shoshone nabungaici?i; Table Mountain [Buckboard Mesa?] is eso [note correction of earlier discussion, site 2]; and Pahute Mesa is nimigauki. Another trio was mentioned in which he may have initially gone farther north, possibly down Thirsty Canyon, and then headed southeast, possible to Ammonia Tanks. He recalled extensive petroglyphs in upper Fortymile Wash [north of where we were]. This was confirmed by Pippin. This was all a long time ago and it is difficult to be sure when your eyesight is no longer as good as it once was.

As people dispersed after the hike to the spring, only a couple saw and commented on the historic and possible prehistoric features below Twin Springs. One Southern Paiute consultant suggested that three grooved stones in the historic camp had been so grooved to "test" for their rock grain or fracturing potential prior to additional work. One was broken, an indication that it could not have been further worked in that direction. A Western Shoshone consultant felt that the grooved stones may have been part of a coyote trap--the weights would have been attached to the steel trap so that the coyote could not drag it away. He noted that several Indian people in the historic period hunted in the area and trapped coyotes and bobcats for their furs. Thus, sites with historic components need not always be attributed to non-Indians.

Exit Discussion

After visiting this, our last site, we sat for a few minutes to discuss as a group what the State should know about this area and people's feeling about the proposed repository. only a few spoke, but others seemed to agree. The first opinion was that the repository should be opposed because of the larger nuclear issue.

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Nuclear testing in known to have caused cancer among Indian people as well as non-Indians in the area. It has altered stream flow and polluted water. Plants such as pinyon are less abundant and the nuts are smaller. Some animals have become scarce or disappeared. Another added that if siting the repository here meant that the sites we had seen would be destroyed, that was a good reason for opposition. Another noted and strongly objected to the locking up of so much of Nevada (after all, Indian land) by the military and others. This basically denied Indian people the right to come to places like this and see the sites and utilize the plants and other resources. Opposition should be voiced on these grounds as well. The general feeling that all the destruction violates the earth and its resources as a whole was also stated (see discussion earlier about proper relationships between people, animals and places). Another asked whether the additional sites in the area that might be destroyed were like what we had seen in the past two days and how maby of them there were. The DRI archaeologists tried to answer this based on the indefinite proposal and plans of DOE at present. What would happen and which sites would be inivolved would be determined as more definite plans developed. The construction phase (vs. the site characterization phase) was felt to be the most destructive for sites, but undoubtedly site characterization would impact some. Plants and animals would also be effected during both phases. There are indeed more sites, but what we have seen is typical.

All consultants agreed to think about these matters further, and discuss them in their respective communities. The field workers would contact them later for more comments, and they would see a draft report of their visit for additional thoughts.

Postscript

Although some additional comments have been forthcoming, they have not been systematically gathered at present. We hope that this draft will elicit more responses. We are also planning an additional one-day site visit in April or May for some of those who were unable to attend the first, and also for the purpose pf additional ethnobiological work. Many of the plants observed last fall were no longer in leaf and were therefore difficult to identify.

References cited

Fowler Catherine S., Mary K. Rusco and Maribeth Hamby 1987 Native Americans and Yucca Mountain: Ethnographic,

13

Religious and Socioeconomic Perspectives. Contract Report, submitted to NWPO through Mountain west, Phoenix, AZ.

Pippin, Lonnie C. (ed.) 1984 Limited Test Excavations at Selected Archaeological Sites

in the NNWSI Yucca Mountain Project Area, Southern Nye County, Nevada. Social Sciences Center Publication No. 40. Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada, Reno.

Pippin, L. C., R. L. Clerico and R. L. Reno 1982 An Archaeological Reconaissance of the NNWSI Yucca

Mountain Project Area, Southern Nye County, Nevada Social Sciences Center Publication No. 28. Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada, Reno.

Steward, Julian H. 1938 Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups. Bureau

of American Ethnology Bulletin 120. Washington.

14

PROPOSED ROUTE FOR VIEWING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

IN THE NNWSI YUCCA MOUNTAIN AREA FOR ETHNOGRAPHIC ON-SITE VISITS •

All proposed route stops are to be considered optional and up to the discretion and needs of the ethnographers and their consultants. All sites, unless otherwise noted are directly off the road and have easy, short, walking access.

Route stops not accomplished in one day could be carried over to second day.

Route #1:

Stop #: Description:

1 40 Mile Terrace, view loaking north and south into 40 Mile Canyon; general project orientation. (Site of extensive lithic scatter of considerable antiquity. )

2 Top of Yucca Mountain; complete areal overview of Yucca Mountain within regional perspective. View of Crater Flat, Big Dune, Bare Mountain, Yucca Mt. proper, Yucca Yash. 40 Mile Canyon, Amargosa Desert, Shoshone Mt., Calico Hills, Pahute Mesa in distance. )

3 Small rock shelter on west side of Yucca Mt. on steep colluvial slope overlooking Crater Flat. Rock alignment and hearth features present; (dependent upon r~location; in same general area as stop #2).

4 Historic Rock Shelter and 2 covered tinaja/tanks. (26NY3042 and 3056) Representative of site type and patterning in the Yucca Mountain region. Sherds of bro~mware pottery on site.

5 Rock Ring complex on edge of Dune Yash and 40 Mile Yash confluence. 6 rock rings and 1 cache feature. Several millingstones recorded. (26NY2960)

Fran Fan Dune Site and buried hearth feature.6 Potentially important as resource gathering area.

Drill Hole Yash Rock Shelter Complex; series of7 southwest facing rock shelters along top of ridge. Visible from valley bottom; discussion of features from dis1;ance •.

........

:1:-15

Route #2:

Stop #:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Description

Road to top of north end of Yucca Mountain; view of Yucca Wash and Pinyon Pass into Beatty Wash. Covered tinaja, milling slab and cairn in vicinity. Vegetation change into Joshua trees.

View from along same ridge looking down into long term habitation site (26NYl964) associated with pink tuff knob (landmark) and two 80 gallon tinaj as/tanks. Potentially recognizable and significant site. Shows relationship between Yucca Wash and 40 Mile Canyon and potential route of travel.

Opalized chert opportunistic quarry. Scattered concentrations of knapping stations.

Terrace sites in 40 Mile Canyon. Artifacts visible. Potential discussion from truck without walking.

View of Cottonwood Spring from wash bottom within 40 Mile Canyon.

View from truck of small rock shelter, milling station locations within 40 Mile Canyon. Representative of occupation pattern and site types within lower 40 Mile Canyon.

Twin Springs site; location of prehistoric and historic occupations. Artifacts visible on surface. Single petroglyph boulder. (Subject to access through ~arricade.)

1-16

en Site Visits-Pmposed !bItes and Site Steps

--- ,. Route 11

= Route !2

APPENDIX II

YUCCA MOUNTAIN PROJECTI Socioeoonomio Data

APPENDIX II

YUCCA MOUNTAIN PROJECT:

SOCIOECONOMIC DATA

Table 1a. Resident Population of Western Shoshone Reservations: Duckwater, Yomba, Timbisha, by Age and Sex.

Table lb. Resident Population of Southern Paiute Reservations and Communities Studied: Moapa, Las Vegas Colony, Pahrump, by Age and Sex.

Table 1c. Enrolled Tribal Members by Age and Sex: Duckwater, Yomba, Timbisha.

Table 1d. Enrolled Tribal Members by Age and Sex: Moapa and Las Vegas Colony.

Table 1e. Population Change (1980-1990): Data for Duckwater, Yomba, Death Valley, Moapa and Las Vegas colony.

Table 1f. Indian Population of Clark, Lincoln, and Nye Counties, Showing Population Change between 1980 and 1990.

Table 2. Housing on Western Shoshone and Southern Paiute Reservations or Communities.

Table 3a. Western Shoshone and Nye County Income, Unemployment, 1980 (Hamby and RUsco, 1987; U.S. Census, 1980).

Table 3b. Southern Paiute and Clark County Income, Unemployment, 1980 (Hamby and RUsco, 1987).

Table 4a. Educational Levels, 1980, Western Shoshone Population in study Area (Hamby and RUsco, 1987; U.S. Census, 1980).

Table 4b. Educational Levels, 1980, Southern Paiute Population in Study Area (Hamby and Rusco 1987; U.S. Census, 1980).

Table 5. Employment Categories Represented in Western Shoshone and Southern Paiute Reservation or Community Workforce.

Table 6. Urban Las Vegas Native American PopUlation by Census District, 1980 (Hamby and RUsco, 1987; U.S. Census, 1980).

1

Table la. Resident Population of .estern Sbosbone Reservationsl Duckwater, Yomba, Timbisba, by Aqe (U.S. Census, 1990 Advance Estimates).

Age Duckwater Yomba Timbisha·

Indian Other Total Indian Other Total Indian Other Total

>/= 18 74 13 87 52 6 58 28

</= 17 41 7 48 36 1 37 18

Total 115 20 135 88 7 95 46

• Estimates for the 1990 census were not available for the Timbisha Village; the 1987-1988 figures were from a house-tohouse census reported by Hamby (1989: Table III.). The preponderating majority can be assumed to be Indian.

Table lb. Resident Population of Soutbern Paiute Reservations and Communities Studied: Moapa, Las Vegas Colony, Pabrump, by Age and Sex.

Age Moapa Las Vegas Col. Pahrump.·

Indian Other Total Indian Other Total Indian Other Total

>/= 18 125 98 223 44 7 51 22 1 23

</= 17 65 87 152 28 1 29 11 11

Total 190 185 375 72 8 80 33 1 34

• The Moapa Reservation has a large low-rental housing unit currently occupied by a relatively large number of non-Indians, largely of Hispanic origin.

•• Pahrump figures are from a house-to-house census of Indian households in Pahrump in 1988 (Rusco and Hamby 1988).

2

Table lc. Enrolled Tribal Members by Aqe and Sexl Duckwater, Yomba, Timbisha.

Age Class Duckwater Yomba

M F M F On-Reservation: >/- 65 4 6 1 2

16-64 27 28 16 19

<16 16 12 11 6

Total: 47 46 28 27

Off-Reservation: >/= 65 3 6 4 8

16-64 55 68 39 56

< 16 23 34 13 9

Total: 81 108 56 75

Total: >/= 65 7 12 5 10

16-64 82 96 55 75

< 16 39 46 24 15

Total: 128 154 84 100

3

Table ld. Bnrolled Tribal Members by Aqa and Sexl Moapa.

Age Class

Moapa

M F On-Reservation: >/- 65 1 3 4

16-64 53 59 112

< 16 21 25 46

Total: 75 87 162

Off-Reservation: >/= 65 1 2 3

16-64 44 34 78

< 16 11 6 17

Total: 56 42 98

Total: >/= 65 2 5 7

16-64 97 93 190

< 16 32 31 63

Total: 131 129 260

4

Table le. Population Chanqe (1980-1990)1 Data for Duokwater,Yomba, Death Valley, Moapa and Las Veqas Colony.

Tribe: 1980 1990 Pop. , ChangeChange

Duckwater 147 115 32 - 21. 8'

Yomba * 88 ? ?

Timbisha* 26 46 + 20 + 76.9'

Moapa 153 190 + 37 + 29.2%

Las Vegas Colony 89 72 - 17 - 19.1'

Table 1f. Indian popUlation of Clark, Lincoln and Nye counties, Showing popUlation Change between 1980 and 1990.

County: 1980 1990 Pop. , Change Change

Clark 3056 6416 + 3360 + 109,9'

Lincoln 65 58 7 - 10.85-

Nye 354 499 = 145 + 41. 0%

Sub-Tot. 3,475 6,973 + 3,498 + 100.7'

Statewide 13,322 19,637 + 6,315 + 47.4'

Sources: 1980 Population Data: 1988 County and City Data Book, u.S. Census Bureau; 1990 PopUlation Data: PL 94-171 Files, u.S. Census Bureau.

Note: If the Indian, Eskimo and Aleut population for a county was less than 100 in 1980, the percentage of change is shown on the table as a blank in order not to exaggerate the percentages in cases where the 1980 to 1990 increase in the Indian popUlation may have been relatively small.

5

Table 2. Bousinq on western Shoshone anc! Southern Paiute Reservations or communities.

Housing Type

Old/Remodeled

New, HUD-built

Mobile Homes

Totals

Percents

Count by Reservation of community:

western Shoshone: Southern Paiute: Duck Yomba water

Death Valley

Moapa Las Vegas

Pahrump

Total (')

0 2 3 0 0 2 7 ( 3.6)

47 22 0 53 10 0 132 (67.3)

3 3 12 5 22 12 57 (29.1)

50 27 15 58 32 14 196

25.5 23.8 7.7 29.6 16.3 7.1 100.0

6

Table 3a: WESTERN SHOSHONE AND NYE COUNTY INCOME, UNEMPLOYMENT, 1980 (Hamby and RUsco, 1987; U.s. Census).

# of persons % Unemp. Family % Below Income Poverty,

Family

Duckwater 103 *36.8% M $12,500 18.5%

Yomba 147 *74% M $11,295 15.3%

Indians in county 352 6.3% M $20,324 21.8%

County 9,048 4.8 M $21,148 11.8%

* worked less than 15 weeks during the year (not including traditional [ranching] employment.

M = median income/family.

Table 3b: SOUTHERN PAIUTE AND CLARK COUNTY INCOME, UNEMPLOYMENT, 1980 (Hamby and RUsco, 1987).

# of persons % Unemp. Family % Below Income Poverty,

Family

Moapa 141 *24% M $7,891 40%

Las Vegas Colony 83 *44% M $15,308 17%

Indians in County 2,519 9% M $17,060 14.2%

Clark County 463,087 6.4% M $21,029 9.1%

*worked less than 15 weeks during the year (not inclUding traditional [ranching] employment.

M = median income/family.

7

TABLE 4a: EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, 1980, WESTERN SHOSHONE POPULATIONIN STUDY AREA (Hamby and RUsco, 1987; U.S. Census)

Duckwater Yomba Death Native ~Cb. Valley Amer/Co. gen.

Yrs. school M F <25 M <25 total totalF total

1-4 5 2 1 1 * * * 5-8 5 6 5 2 5 70 647

9-11 6 4 8 2 3 37 1,021

12 9 10 2 3 14 134 2,371

13-15 5 3 0 1 3 8 915

16 0 0 0 0 0 0 519

* totals given as 1-8 years

TABLE 4b: EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, 1980, SOUTHERN PAIUTE POPULATION IN STUDY AREA (Hamby and Rusco, 1987; U.S. Census)

Moapa Las Vegas Native Amerl Clark Colony co. Co.

years school M F <25 M F <25 total total

1-4 4 3 3 1 43 * 5-8 8 11 5 6 120 26,758

9-11 11 10 1 21 377 43,966

12 12 8 6 3 718 112,427

13-15 4 6 2 0 453 54,964

16 0 5 0 1 190 34,330

* totals given as 1-8 years

Nye County Native American figures include Native Americans** in Pahrump (34 persons total)

8

Table 5. Employment Cateqories Represented in western Shoshone and southern paiute Reservation or Community Workforce.

Count by Reservation or Community:

Western Shoshone: Southern Paiute: Duck Yomba Death Moapa Las Pah- Total

Category: water Valley * Vegas rump (%)

Manager, Administrator 4 2 1 3 2 1 13

Technical 4 1 o 5 o o 10

Clerical, sales 5 2 o 8 11 1 27

Services 5 1 12 3 6 2 29

Laborer 12 7 1 3 11 o 34

Mechanic, Operator 13 1 o 10 o 1 25

Farm, mgt. labor 15 o 3 o 1 19**

Total 49 34 14 35 26 6 164

* Information from interviews at sample households and with Tribal employees.

** There are three Yomba families with herds of 150-250, and some others with smaller herds, but fewer than the original 20 allottees are engaged in farm (herd management) activities.

9

TABLE 6: URBAN LAS VEGAS NATIVE AMERICAN POPULATION BY CENSUS DISTRICT, 1980 (Hamby and RUsco, 1987; U.S. Census)

Native Americans

East Las Vegas

Nellis AFB

Boulder City

Winchester

Henderson

N. Las Vegas

Sunrise Manor

Paradise

Las Vegas

Total

Count

25

45

36

75

261

369

324

353

1,031

2,519

% of Total

0.39

0.60

0.38

0.38

1.08

0.86

0.73

0.42

0.63

0.62

10

APPENDIX III.

1988 MODIFIED RISK PERCEPTION QUESTIONNAIRE:

TABULATION OF DATA

ATTITUDES TOWARD WASTE REPOSITORY AT YUCCA MOUNTAIN

1. Politics and Government .••••••••.•••• · 111.1

2. Science and Technology · 111.5

3. Risks Perceived ......••.••••.•••• · 111.7

SOCIOECONOMIC DATA

1. Organization .••••••••.••••.••••• 111.17

2. satisfaction with Reservation/Community •.••••• 111.18

3. Expectations ••••.••••.•••••••••• 111.26

1. Politics and Government;

1. (Q21) How often do you think you can trust the federal government to do what is right (0 - never, 10 = always)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 6 2.6 9 Death Valley: o / 6 3.5 4 Duckwater: o / 6 2.6 15

W.Shoshone: o / 6 2.7 28

Moapa o / 10 4.1 17 Las Vegas: o / 10 2.7 10 Pahrump: o / 4 2.3 3

S. Paiute: o / 10 3.4 30

Combined: 0 / 10 3.1 58

2. (Q22) How often do you think you can trust the state government to do what is right (0 = never; 10 = always)?



Moapa: 0 / 10 3.2 17 Las Vegas: 0 / 10 3.5 10 Pahrump: 0 / 8 4.3 4

S. Paiute: 0 / 10 3.4 31

Combined: 0 / 10 3.4 59

3. (Q23) How often do you think you can trust the county government to do what is right (0 = never; 10 = always)?




S. Paiute: 0 / 10 4.2 31

Combined: 0 / 10 4.1 57

1

4. (Q24) How often do you think you can trust the city government to do what is right (0 = never: 10 = always)?

minImax mean count Yomba: N/ADeath Valley: N/ADuckwater: N/A

W.Shoshone: N/A

Moapa: N/ALas Vegas: o I 7 3.3 10 Pahrump: N/A

S. Paiute: N/A

Combined: N/A

5. (025) How often do you think you can trust the tribal council to do what is right (0 = never; 10 = always)?

minImax mean count Yomba: o I 8 2.5 9 Death Valley: o I 9 5.7 4 Duckwater: o I 9 5.6 15

W.Shoshone: o I 9 5.0 28

Moapa: Las Vegas: Pahrump:

S. Paiute:

o I 10 o I 10 N/A

o I 10

5.6 4.8

5.3

16 10

26

Combined: o I 10 5.1 54

6. (026a) In the last four years or so have you written or talked to your congressman, senator or any federal official to let them know what you would like them to do on a pUblic issue?

Yes No Under Age Yomba: 2 6 1 Death Valley: 2 2 0 Duckwater: 5 10 0

W.Shoshone: 9 18 1

Moapa: 6 11 0 Las Vegas: 3 7 0 Pahrump: 0 4 0

S. Paiute: 9 22 0

Combined: 18 40 1

2.

7. (Q26b) In the last four years or so have you written or talked to your state senator or assemblyman or any state official to let them know what you would like them to do on a pUblic issue?

Yes No Under AgeYomba: 2 6 1 Death Valley: 2 2 o Duckwater: 5 10 o

W.Shoshone: 9 18 1


S. Paiute:

4 2 o 6

13 8 4

25

Combined: 15 43

o o o o

1

8. (026c) In the last four years or so have you written or talked to your county or local officials to let them know what you would like them to do on a pUblic issue?

Yomba: Yes

2 No

6 Under Age

1 Death Valley: Duckwater:

2 5

2 10

0 0

W.Shoshone: 9 18 1


S. Paiute: 7 24 0

Combined: 16 42 1

9. (026d) In the last four years or so have you written or talked to your tribal cuncil members to let them know what you would like them to do on a public issue?

Yes No Under Age Yomba: 6 2 1 Death Valley: 4 0 0 Duckwater: 10 5 0

W.Shoshone: 20 7 1

Moapa: 13 4 0 Las Vegas: 10 0 0 Pahrump: N/A

S. Paiute: 23 4 0

combined: 43 11 1

1

10. (Q26e) In the last four years or so have you worked for the election of any congressman, senator or other political candidate?

Yes No Under Age Yomba: o 8 1 Death Valley: Duckwater:

1 1

3 14

o o

W.Shoshone: 2 25 1

Moapa:Las Vegas: Pahrump:

S. Paiute:

1 1 o 2

16 9 4

29

o o o o

Combined: 4 54 o

II. (Q26f) Did you vote in the 1986 general election?

Yomba: Death Valley: Duckwater:

Yes 4 3 8

No 4 1 7

Under Age 1 0 0

W.Shoshone: 15 12 1


S. Paiute:

7 6 0

13

10 4 4

18

0 0 0 0

Combined: 28 30 1

2. Science and Technology

12. (Q27) How strongly to you agree or disagree that scientists generally work for the well-being of the public (0 .. completely disagree: 10 = completely agree)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 10 6.8 9 Death valley: 4 / 8 5.2 4 Duckwater: o / 10 6.0 14



S. Paiute: 0 / 10 5.6 26

Combined: 0 / 10 5.9 53

13. (Q28) How strongly to you agree or disagree that scientists often make sensational announcements just to get pUblicity (0 = completely disagree; 10 = completely agree)?

min/max mean count Yomba: 3 / 10 6.8 9 Death Valley: 4 / 8 6.0 4 Duckwater: o / 10 5.2 14


Moapa: 0 / 10 7.6 12 Las Vegas: 0 / 10 4.9 8 Pahrump: 10 10.0 2

S. Paiute: 0 / 10 6.8 22

Combined: 0 / 10 6.2 49

14. (Q29) How strongly do you agree or disagree that science attempts to increase the knowledge we can apply to our everyday lives (0 = completely disagree; 10 = completely agree)?

min/max mean count Yomba: 1 / 10 6.6 9 Death Valley: 3 / 8 5.0 4 Duckwater: 5 / 10 7.2 14

W.Shoshone: 1 / 10 6.7 27

Moapa: 5 / 10 7.0 14 Las Vegas: o / 10 5.8 9 Pahrump: o / 10 7.5 4

S. Paiute: o / 10 6.7 27

Combined: o / 10 6.7 54


W.Shoshone:

mean 6.0 5.7 4.2 5.1

How strongly to you agreeproblems than it solves (0 agree)?

min/maxo / 10 5 / 8 o / 7 o / 10

15. (Q30) creates more = completely

count 9 4

14 27

or disagree that science = completely disagree: 10

Moapa:Las Vegas:Pahrump:

S. Paiute:

1 /o / 4 / o /

10 10 10 10

6.9 6.8 6.0 6.7

14 9 4

27

Combined: o / 10 5.9 54

16. (Q31) How strongly to you agree or disagree that scientists can almost always be trusted when they say something like a product or procedure is safe (0 = completely disagree: 10 = completely agree)?


W.Shoshone:

min/maxo / 8 2/4o / 9 0/9

mean 3.7 2.7 4.9 4.2

count 9 4

14 27

Moapa: Las Vegas: pahrump:

S. Paiute:

o / o / o / o /

10 10

3 10

4.1 4.0 0.8 3.6

15 9 4

28

Combined: o / 10 3.9 55

3. Risks Perceived

17. (Q38) How likely do you think it is that above ground nuclear weapons testing activities at the Nevada Test Site have in the ~ caused harmful health problems for people who live in your area (0 = extremely unlikely; 10 = extremely likely)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 10 6.8 9 Death Valley: o / 10 7. S 4 Duckwater: 8 / 10 9.5 15


Moapa: o / 10 7.4 16 Las Vegas: 6 / 10 9.4 10 Pahrump: o / 10 2.5 4

S. Paiute: o / 10 7.4 30

Combined: o / 10 7.8 58

18. (Q39) How likely do you think it is that underground nuclear weapons testing activities at the Nevada Test Site will in the future cause harmful health problems for people who live in your area (0 = extremely unlikely; 10 = extremely likely)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 10 7.6 9 Death Valley: 3 / 10 7.5 4 Duckwater: 8 / 10 9.7 15



S. Paiute: 0 / 10 9.0 31

Combined: 0 / 10 8.9 S9

1

19. (Q40) To what extent do you agree that the Nevada Test site has provided safe procedures for transporting and handling nuclear materials (0 = not safe at all; 10 = completely safe)?




S. Paiute: 0 / 10 3.1 26

Combined: 0 / 10 52

20. (Q41) Generally speaking would you say that the Nevada Test site has had entirely harmful effects (0-3), entirely beneficial effects (8-10), or that harmful and beneficial effects balance each other (4-7)?

(0 - 3) (4 - 7) (8 - 10) (Unsure) Yomba: 3 5 1 0 Death Valley: 1 2 0 1 Duckwater: 9 1 2 3

W.Shoshone: 13 8 3 4

Moapa: 2 5 1 4 Las Vegas: 4 3 0 3 Pahrump: 1 2 1 0

S. Paiute: 7 10 2 7

Combined: 20 18 5 11

21. (Q43) To what extent do you agree that accidents involving the transportation of hazardous materials are inevitable (0 = completely disagree, that is, accidents not inevitable; 10 = completely agree -- accidents are ineVitable)?


W.Shoshone: 1 / 10 7.9 27


S. Paiute: 3 / 10 9.0 31

Combined: 1 / 10 58

i

22. (Q44) To what extent do you agree that hazardous materials should not be transported through highly populated areas (0 completely disagree -- transportation is safe; 10 = completely agree -- transportation is unsafe)?




S. Paiute: 5 / 10 9.8 31

Combined: o / 10 59

23. (Q45) To what extent do you agree that transportation of hazardous materials is unsafe (0 = completely disagreetransportation is safe: 10 = completely agree -- transportation is safe)?



Moapa: 3 / 10 9.3 16 Las Vegas: o / 10 8.5 8 Pahrump: 10 10.0 4

S. Paiute: o / 10 9.1 28

Combined: o / 10 56

23a. (Q46) To what extent do you agree that current methods of transportation of hazardous materials through your community are safe (0 = completely disagree -- current methods unsafe: 10 = completely agree -- current methods safe)?



Moapa: 0 / 10 2.0 16Las Vegas: o / 5 0.9 8Pahrump: N.A.

S. Paiute: o / 10 1.5 24

Combined: o / 10 1.3 52

i

24. (Q47) Do you think that underground storage is the best means of disposing of nuclear waste ?

YES Yomba: 4 Death Valley: 1 Duckwater: 1

W.Shoshone: 6

Moapa: 5 Las Vegas: 2 Pahrump: 1

S. Paiute: 8

Combined: 14

NO UNSURE 4 1 3 0

12 2 19 3

8 4 3 5 1 2

12 11

31 14

25. (Q48) Do you think that a nuclear waste repository could be built at Yucca Mountain in such a way that would be acceptablysafe?


W.Shoshone: 4

Moapa: 2 Las Vegas: 1 pahrump: 0

S. Paiute: 3

Combined: 7

NO UNSURE 7 2 3 0

11 1 21 3

11 4 8 1 2 2

21 7

42 10

26. (Q49) Do you think that nuclear waste could be transported to the repository in a way that would be acceptably safe?


W.Shoshone: 4

Moapa: 3 Las Vegas: 0 Pahrump: 1

S. Paiute: 4

Combined: 8

NO UNSURE 4 3 3 0

12 2 19 5

14 0 9 1 3 0

23 1

42 6

27. (Q50) How confident are you that federal agencies have provided the pUblic with honest and accurate information about the safety of the government's nuclear program (0 • not confident at all; 10 - completely confident)?

min/max mean count Yomba: 0 / 10 4.1 9 Death Valley: o / 4 2.0 4 Duckwater: o / 5 1.4 15



S. Paiute: 0 / 10 2.0 28

Combined: 0 / 10 56

28. (Q51) Generally speaking would you say that the nuclear waste repository would have entirely harmful effects (1-3), entirely beneficial effects (8-10) on this reservation/village, or that harmful and beneficial effects would balance each other (4-7)?

0 - 3 4 - 7 9 - 10 unsure Yomba: 4 4 0 1 Death Valley: 4 0 0 0 Duckwater: 11 2 1 1

W.Shoshone: 19 6 1 2

Moapa: 12 8 2 0 Las Vegas: 5 1 2 0 Pahrump: 2 2 0 0

S. Paiute: 19 11 4 0

Combined: 38 17 5 2

29. (Q52) Generally speaking would you say that effects on you personally would be entirely harmful (0-3), entirely beneficial (8-10), or that harmful and beneficial effects would balance each other (4-7)?

0 - 3 4 - 7 8 - 10 unsure Yomba: 4 4 0 1Death Valley: 4 0 0 0Duckwater: 10 2 1 1

W.Shoshone: 18 16 2

Moapa: 14 7 2 0Las Vegas: 2 21 0Pahrump: 2 2 0 0S. Paiute: 18 10 4 0

Combined: 36 16 5 2

II

30. (Q54) Thinking about everything that has occurred over the past year or so how fair do you think the process of selecting Yucca Mountain as a possible site for a nuclear waste repository has been (0 = completely unfair; 10 = completely fair)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 5 2.8 9 Death valley: o / 3 0.8 4 Duckwater: o / 5 1.3 11



S. Paiute: 0 / 10 2.1 25

Combined: 0 / 10 49

31 - 40. (053) The following possible concerns about Yucca Mountain were ranked by respondents, many of whom assigned the same value to more than one of the items.

31. Accidents may occur during transportation across tribal land:


W.Shoshone: 2 / 10 6.7 23

Moapa: 1 / 10 7.7 16 Las Vegas: 2 / 10 8.2 9 Pahrump:

S. Paiute: 1 / 10 7.9 25

Combined: 1 / 10 48

1.2.

32 • A repos i tory on Yucca Mountain would violate traditional teachings about treatment of the earth:


W.Shoshone: 2 / 10 5.8 23


s. Paiute: 0 / 10 5.9 25

Combined: 0 / 10 5.9 48

33. A repository on Yucca Mountain would damage traditional lands:


W.Shoshone: 2 / 10 6.3 23


s. Paiute: 0 / 9 6.1 25

Combined: 0 / 10 6.2 48

34. A repository on Yucca Mountain would cause air polution:


W.Shoshone: 2 / 10 6.9 23

Moapa: 2 / 10 6.3 15 Las Vegas: 2 / 7 5.2 ·9Pahrump: s. Paiute: 2 / 10 5.9 24

Combined: 2 / 10 6.4 47

II

35. Economic well-being would be worsened by a repository on Yucca Mountain:


W.Shoshone: 1 / 10 4.0 23


S. Paiute: 0 / 9 4.2 25

Combined: 0 / 10 4.2 47

36. A repository on Yucca Mountain would cause water pollution:


W.Shoshone: 4 / 10 7.6 22


S. Paiute: 2 / 10 7.6 25

Combined: 2 / 10 7.6 47

37. Economic well-being would be improved by a repository on Yucca Mountain:


W.Shoshone: 1 / 10 1.6 23


S. Paiute: 0 / 10 2.6 24

Combined: 0/ 10 2.1 47

II

38. Radiation would not be contained within the Yucca Mountain area:


W.Shoshone: 1 / 10 5.6 23


S. Paiute: 0 / 10 6.0 25

Combined: 0 / 10 5.9 47

39. The Yucca Mountain repository would pose a public health/safety threat:


W.Shoshone: 3 / 10 7.5 23


S. Paiute: 3 / 10 7.6 25

Combined: 3 / 10 7.6 48

40. The Yucca Mountain repository would pose a personal or familyhealth/safety threat:


W.Shoshone: 2 / 10 7.8 23


S. Paiute: 1/ 10 7.8 25

Combined: 1 / 10 7.8 48

41. If you could make the final decision, would you build the repository at Yucca Mountain?

DefinitelyYes

ProbablyYes Uncertain

ProbablyNo No

Yomba: 0 1 2 1 5 Death Valley: Duckwater:

0 0

0 0

1 2

1 1

2 12

W.Shoshone: 0 1 5 3 19


S. Paiute:

1 0 1 2

1 0 0 1

5 1 0 6

2 2 0 4

7 6 3

16

Combined: 2 2 11 7 35

1988 MODIFIED RISK PERCEPTION QUESTIONNAIRE:

TABULATION OF DATA

SOCIOECONOMIC DATA

1, 2. (Q1) Number of adult relatives or in-laws on Reservation except in own household; reservations/colonies where relatives live.

min/max mean count Yomba: 3 / 70 22.5 8 Death Valley: 4 / 20 12.0 4 Duckwater: o /100 25.0 15


S. Paiute:

Other Paiute Reservations in Nevada: 35

Other Shoshone Reservations in Nevada: 16

Washoe Reservations: 3

Reservations in California: 11

Reservations in Utah: 8

Reservations in Arizona: 9

others: 3

17

3. (QS) Are you now or have you been a member of the tribal councilor a tribal committee?

Present Past Sample Yomba: 6 :1 9 Death valley: 1 3 4 Duckwater: 6 0 14

w. Shoshone: 13 4 28


S. Paiute: 8 12 31

Combined: 21 16 59

4. (Q9) Are you satisfied with your reservation or village as a place to live (0 = completely dissatisfied: 10 = completelysatisfied)?


w. Shoshone: o / 10 7.3 21

Moapa: 0 / 10 7.3 17 Las Vegas: 5 / 10 7.1 9 pahrump: 10 10.0 4

S. Paiute: 0 / 10 7.7 . 30

Combined: 0 / 10 7.5 51

5. (Q10a) Are you satisfied with your reservation or village as a place to raise children (0 = completely dissatisfied: 10 = completely satisfied)?

min/max mean countYomba: o / 10 7.7 9 Death Valley: 4 / 8 6.0 4 Duckwater: 1 / 10 7.4 14 w. Shoshone: o / 10 7.3 27

Moapa: 2 / 10 7.5 17Las Vegas: 0 / 10 5.0 9Pahrump: 5 / 10 8.8 4

S. Paiute: 0 / 10 6.9 30

Combined: 0 / 10 7.1 57

18

-----

6. (Q10b) Are you satisfied with the quality of medical and health services available (0 • completely dissatisfied; 10 = completely satisfied)?


w. Shoshone: o / 10 4.4 27


S. Paiute: 0 / 10 4.0 30

Combined: 0 / 10 4.2 5

7. (Q10c) Are you satisfied with the quality of schools available (0 = completely dissatisfied; 10 = completely satisfied)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 7 3.2 9 Death Valley: 4 / 5 4.8 4 Duckwater: o / .10 6.6 14

w. Shoshone: o / 10 5.2 27


S. Paiute: 0 / 10 6.6 29

Combined: 0 / 10 5.9 56

8. (Q10d) Are you satisfied with the friendliness of the people here (0 = completely dissatisfied; 10 = completely satisfied)?


w. Shoshone: o / 10 6.1 27


S. Paiute: 0 / 10 5.8 28

Combined: 0 / 10 5.9 55

19

9. (Q10e) Are you satisfied with the availability of good jobs here (0 = completely dissatisfied; 10 = completely satisfied)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 5 2.3 9 Death Valley: 3 / 7 4.5 4 Duckwater: o / 8 4.1 14

w. Shoshone: o / 8 3.6 27


S. Paiute: 0 / 10 2.9 30

Combined: 0 / 10 3.2 57

10. (Q10f) Are you satisfied with the opportunity to earn an adequate income here (0 = completely dissatisfied; 10 = completely satisfied)?


w. Shoshone: o / 8 3.3 27


S. Paiute: 0 / 10 3.2 30

Combined: 0 / 10 3.2 57

11. (Q10g) Are you satisfied with the availability of suitable housing here (0 = completely dissatisfied; 10 = completelysatisfied)?

min/max mean count Yomba: 2 / 10 6.5 9 Death Valley: 1 / 4 3.0 4 Duckwater: 4 / 10 7.6 14 w. Shoshone: 1 / 10 6.5 27

Moapa: 5 / 10 7.9 17 Las Vegas: o / 10 2.3 9 Pahrump: 2 / 4.05 3

S. Paiute: o / 10 5.8 29

Combined: 0 / 10 6.1 56

20

12. (Q10h) Are you satisfied with the adequacy of law enforcement here (0 - completely dissatisfied: 10 • completely satisfied)?


W. Shoshone:

min/maxo / 5 5 / 7 o / 10 o / 10

mean 1.2 5.7 6.5 4.6

count 9 4

14 27


S. Paiute:

2 / o / 8 / o /

10 8

10 10

6.5 3.7 9.5 6.1

17 9 4

30

Combined: o / 10 5.4 57

13. (QI0i) Are you satisfied with the physical condition of streets and roads here (0 = completely dissatisfied: 10 = completely satisfied)?

Yomba: Death Valley:

min/maxo / 5 5 / 10

mean 1.2 7.2

count 9 4

Duckwater: W. Shoshone:

1 /o /

6 10

4.5 3.8

14 27


S. Paiute:

o / o / 5 /o /

10 10

6 10

5.6 5.9 5.5 5.7

17 9 4

30

Combined: o / 10 4.8 57

14. (QI0j) Are you satisfied with the overall effectiveness of tribal government here (0 = completely dissatisfied: 10 = completely satisfied)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 5 3.3 9 Death Valley: o / 9 5.6 4 Duckwater: 1 / 9 6.4 13

W. Shoshone: o / 9 5.2 26

Moapa: o / 10 5.2 17 Las Vegas: o / 8 5.2 9 Pahrump: N/A

S. Paiute: o / 10 5.2 26

Combined: o / 10 5.2 52

21

15. (Q10k) Are you satisfied with the availability of senior programs here (0 = completely dissatisfied; 10 = completely satisfied)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 5 1.7 9 Death Valley: 3 / 10 607 4 Duckwater: 1 / 8 509 14

w. Shoshone: o / 10 4.6 27

Moapa: 0 / 10 4.2 17 Las Vegas: 0 / 5 303 8 Pahrump: 0 / 10 3.3 4

S. Paiute: 0 / 10 304 29

Combined: 0 / 10 4.0 56

16. (Q10l) Are you satisfied with the availability of youth programs here (0 = completely dissatisfied; 10 = completelysatisfied)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 8 400 9 Death Valley: o / 7 302 4 Duckwater: o / 8 5.0 14

wo Shoshone: o / 8 404 27

Moapa: 0 / 10 1.8 17 Las Vegas: 0 / 5 2.0 9 Pahrump: 0 / 10 500 4

S. Paiute: 0 / 10 2.3 30

Combined: 0 / 10 303 57

17. (Q10m) Are you satisfied with the adequacy of the nearest shopping facilities here (0 = completely dissatisfied; 10 = completely satisfied)?

min/max mean count Yomba: o / 10 5.5 9 Death Valley: 2 / 3 207 4 Duckwater: o / 10 3.5 14 w. Shoshone: o / 10 4.0 27

Moapa: 2 / 10 5.7 17Las Vegas: 0 / 10 6.2 9Pahrump: 2 / 5 4.0 4

S. Paiute: 0 / 10 508 30

Combined: 0 / 10 4 09 57

22

APPENDIX IV

YUCCA MOUNTAIN PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHIBS

THE SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL GREAT BASIN;

SOUTHERN PAIUTE AND EASTERN SHOSHONE

BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1969 - 1990

Compiled by Mary K. Rusco

for

The Nevada Nuclear waste project Office Carson City, Nevada 89710

TABLE 01' CONTENTS

PART I. INTRODUCTION Table of Contents Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Abbreviations Used in this Bibliography • • • • • • • • • 2 Index • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3

PART II. YUCCA MOUNTAIN PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHIES

I. GENERAL DOCUMENTS

A. Bibliographies and Guides • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1

B. The natural Environment (focusing on Southern Paiute and western Shoshone Area) ••••••••••••• 4

C. General Works • • . . . . . . • • · . . . . • • 19

D. Cultural Resource Management Studies . . 46

II. ARCHAEOLOGY (Major works, and CRN reports for southern and south Nevada)

A. Archaic Period . . . . . · . . . 67

B. Anasazi • . . . · . . . . · . . . . . . 74

C. Fremont . . . . . . • • • . . • • • • . . . · . 79

D. Late Prehistoric Period • . . . . · . . . . . . 82

E. Post-contact Period • . . . . . . . · . . . . . 87

F. Rock Art . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . 89

G. Pre-Archaic • · . . . . . . 94

III. ETHNOHISTORY (Southern Paiute and Western Shoshone)

A. Exploration and the Fur Trade • • · . . . . . . . • 115

B. Emigration (Journals, Diaries and Other Accounts) • 118

C. Settlement by Non-Indians • • · . • • 121

D. Tribal History (Proto-historic to Post-contact) • • 126

E. State and Federal Government Relations (focusing on Southern Paiute, Western Shoshone) •••••••• 135

TABLI OF CONTENTS (Continued)

IV. ANTHROPOLOGY

C. Southern Paiute (including Chemehuevi, Kawaissu • • 146

F. western Shoshoni (including Gosiute Shoshoni) . . . 157

V. FEDERAL, STATE AND TRIBAL DOCUMENTS AND REPORTS • • • • 165

INTRODUCTION

This bibliography contains all works published since 1969 that have been cited in any of the Yucca Mountain Native American study project reports. Earlier references cited can be found in a bibliography of Great Basin Anthropology and related studies and documents compiled by Catherine S. Fowler (1972). In addition to works cited, this document contains all relevant papers published by the major series and in major journals on the appended list between 1969 and 1990. section ID contains key cultural resource management studies for Southern Nevada, emphasizing the vicinityof Yucca Mountain. Many works appear in more than one of the bibliographies. In the Index to the Bibliographies, each entry is listed by author (in alphabetical order) and by publication date, with the code for each bibliography in which it occurs listed, followed by the page numbers on which it appears.

Although large, the bibliography is not complete, and the compiler would appreciate receiving addenda and corrections.

1

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY

AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Anthropology

AAnt · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Antiquity

ACOHP. • • • • • • • .Advisory council for Historic Preservation

AMNH-AP · . . . . . . . . . . American Museum of Natural HistoryAnthropological Papers

AmW · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American west

JCA . . . . . . . . . . . . Journal of California Anthropology

JCGBA . . . Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology

M • • · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Masterkey

NAS-R . . . . . . . • • • Nevada Archaeological Survey Reporter

NAS-RP · . . . . . Nevada Archeological Survey Research Papers

NHSQ . . Nevada State Historical Society Quarterly· . NSM-AP · . . . . Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers

SAA · . . . . . . . . Society for American Archaeology

TEB • · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tebiwa

UHQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • utah Historical Quarterly

UC-AR • • • • • University of California Anthropological Records

UC-ARF • . . . . • • • • • • University of California Archaeological Research Facility

UC-ARFC . . . . University of California Archaeological Research Facility Contributions

UC-ASR University of California Archaeological Survey Reports

UU-AP •• · . . . . . University of Utah Anthropological Papers

WAR • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Western Anasazi Reports

2

IBDBX

Acker, 1983

Evan P., lIB • • • • • • • 74

• Adams, Charles R., 1966-67IVC • • • • • • • • • • • • • 146

•

• •

• •

• • • •

M. ,

•

• • •

•

•

•

IIC IIA

Adovasio, James 1969 IC 1970 IIA 1971 IC 1975 IC 1980 IC 1986 IC •

•

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• • •

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• • •

19, 19,

• •

• •

19 67 19 79 67 19

Adovasio, James M., 1986 IIA lID • •

with R. • • • •

L. Andrews, • • • • • • • • • • • • 67, 82

Aikens, 1966 1971 1976 1978 1986

• •

•

•

••

C. Melvin, lIB IIC • IC IIA ••• IIF • • • IA IC •

•

•

•

•

• •

•

•

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•

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• •

•

• •

•

•

• •

•

•

• •

1,

74, • • • • • •

79 19 67 89 19

Aikens, 1986 •

C. Melvin, ID 118

ed. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46, 97

Aikens, 1986 •

and David B.C. Melvin, 118 • • • • • •

Madsen, • • • • • • 97

Aikens, 1986 •

and Y.T.C. Melvin, ID 118 • • •

Witherspoon, • • • • • 20

Albers, 1984 •••

and William R. •••

Patricia C., IC •

James, • • • • • • • 20

Alexander, Larry, 1973 lIB 118 • • • • • • 74, 97

Alley, 1982 1986

• John R., IlIA IA IC •

Jr. • •

• • •

• • • • • • • •

• • • • •

• • 1,

115 20

Ambler, 1977

J. Richard, lIB • • • • • • • • • 74

Ambler, 1989

J. Richard, lIB lID • •

and Mark Q. • •

Sutton, • • • • • • • • 74, 82

3

Ambler, Marjane, 1351990 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

••• Ancient Enterprises, 1980 10 IIJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46, 106 I

Arkush, 1987

Brooke s., lIE ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 87

•••••••••• Arrington, Leonard and Richard Jensen.,

IIIB1975 • • • • • • • • • 118

Bagley, 1980 •••

Donald G., IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4

•• Bailey, Vernon, 1971 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4

Bamforth, Douglas B., 1988 IIG.....

and Ronald Dorn, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94

Bard, 1979

James C., IIF. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 89

Bard, 1978

James C., IIF ••

F. Asaro, • •••

and R.F. Heizer, • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • 89

Barre, 1970

Susan, lIB 110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 74, 82

Barry, 1983

R.G. , IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4

Barsh, 1986

R. L., IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 135

• Bassett, Carol Ann, 1986 IIF. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 89

Bates, 1979 •••

Craig D., IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20

Bean, 1975 ••

Lowell J., IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20

Bean, 1976 • • • • • ••

Blackburn,Lowell J., IC

and Thomas C. • • • • • • • • • • • 20

Bean, 1976 •

Lowell J., IC

and Harry Lawton, • •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • 20

4

• • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • •

• • • •

Bean, Lowell J., and sylvia Brakke Vane, 11977 IA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1978 IO IVC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46, 146 1979 IO IVC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46, 146 1982 10 IVC • • • • • • 46, 146

• 46, 1461987 IO IVC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Beatley, Janice C. , 1976 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4

Beaty, Chester B., 1963 IB • • • • 4 1970 IB • • • • 4

Beck, Colleen M. , 1981 110 • • • • • 82

Becker, Alice M. , 1986 10 • • • • • • • • • 46

Beckwith, Frank A. , 1975 1110 • • • • 126

Benioh, Travis N., 1980 IVC • • • • • • 146

Bennion, OWen C., 1984 IlIA 115

Bennyhoff, James A., 1985 lIB IIC • • • 74, 79

Benson, Arlene, and Bob Edberg, 1982 IC 20

Bergin, Kathleen, et al., 1979 10 IIJ • • • • • 47, 106

Bergin, Kathleen, Eileen Green, J. P. King, and Richard Brooks, 1980 10 IIJ • • • • • • 47, 106

Bergin, Kathleen, and Ralph Roske, 1978 10 lIB • • 47, 97

Berkey, CUrtis, 1976 1110 • • • 126

Berkhofer, Robert F., 1978 IC IIIE • • • • • • • • • • 20, 135

Berman, Alan L. , 1980 1110 • • • 126•

5

Bernstein, Bruce, 1979 IVF... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 157

Berry, 1974 1982

Michael S., lIB ••• lIB •••

• • •

• • •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• • •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• • •

• •

• •

• •

74 74

Bettinger, Robert 1975 110 lIE • 1975a 118 ••• 1976 118... 1977 118... 1978 IIA... 1978a IIA ••• 1980 IIA 110 1982 118... 1982a 118 ••• 1986 110...

L., • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • •

• • • • • • • • • •

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• • • • • • • • • •

82, • • • • • • • • • • 67,

• • • • •

87 97 97 97 67 67 82 98 98 82

•

Bettinger, Robert 1982 IC 110 1983 IC 110

L., • • • •

and Martin A. • • •• • • • • • • • •

Baumhoff, • • • • • • •••

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

21, 21,

82 83

Bettinger, Robert L., 1985 110 lIE • • •

and Robert Oglesby, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 83, 87

••• Bettinger, Robert L., 1986 10 118 • • • • • • • • • • • •

and Christopher Raven, • • • • • 47, 98

Bettinger, Robert L., 1974 118.....

and R.E. Taylor, • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • 98

•• Billings, W.O., 1978 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4

••• Blackburn, Thomas C., 1985 IC IIG • • •

ed. , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21, 94

•• Blankennagel, R.R., 1973 IB 10 • • • • • • • • • •

and J.E. Weir, Jr., • • • • • • • • • • 5, 47

• Blitz, John 8. 1988 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21

•• Blomberg, Nancy J., 1987 IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 121

Bloom, 1971 •

Paul L., IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 135

6

Bock, Frank, and A.J. Bock, 891983 IIF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Bonoccorso, Frank J. , and James H. Brown 51976 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Borup, H.J., and D.G. Bagley, 1976 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5

Boyer, Florence, 1967 IIIC • 121

Brady Victoria, Sarah Crame, and Lyn Reese, 1984 IIIC IIID • 121, 126

Brennan, Lynda, and Eileen Green, 1982 ID IIJ • 47, 106

Breternitz, David A., 1982 lIB • 75

Bretting, P. K., and G.P. Nabhan, 1986 IB IC 5, 21

Brook, Richard A., 1980 IIA lIE 67, 87

Brooks, George R., ed. , 1977 IlIA 115• 1989 IlIA 115

Brooks, Juanita, 1980 IIIC 121

Brooks, Juanita, ed. , 1972 IIIE 135

Brooks, Richard H. , 1969 ID IIJ 47, 106 1976 ID IIJ 48, 106 1980 ID IIJ 48, 106· Brooks, Richard H. , Sheilagh T. Brooks, and J.P. King, 1977 ID 48, 98

Brooks, Richard H. , and Daniel o. Larson, 1975 ID IIJ 48, 107

Brooks, Richard H., Daniel o. Larson, M. Comptonand Kathryne Olson, 1977 ID IIJ • • • • • • • • • • • 48, 107

7

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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Brooks, Richard H., Daniel o. Larson, J. King, and Robert Leavitt, 1977 ID IIJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48, 107

Brooks, Richard H., Daniel o. Larson, J. King,and Kathryn Olson, 1976 ID IIJ •• • • • • • • • • • • 48, 107 1977 ID IIJ •• • • • • • 49, 107

Brooks, Richard H., J.P. King, E. Bussard, D. Ferraro, and M. McMackin, 1977 ID IIJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49, 107

Brooks, Richard H., Robert D. York, and William C. Massey, 1972 ID IIJ ••• • • •• •••••••••• 49, 107

Brooks, Sheilagh T., M. Galliher, and R.B. Brooks, 1977 IC •••••• •••••• ••••• • 21

Brooks, Thomas W., 1970 IIIC •• • 121

Browman, David L., ed., 1980 IC •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21

Brown, David E., ed., 1982 IB ••••• • • 5

Browning, Bruce M., and Gale Monson, 1981 IB •••• ••••••• • • 5

Brugge, David M., 1968 IIIC IVC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 121, 146

Bryan, Alan L., 1979 IIA IIG 68, 94 1980 IIG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94

Bucknam, R.C., and Paul C. Thenhaus, 1983 IB ••••••••• •• • • • • • • • • • 5

Bunte, Pamela, 1979 IVC. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 147

Bunte, Pamela, and Robert J. Franklin, 1983 IVC • • •• •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • 1471987 IIID IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 126, 135

Buoey, Paul D., 1979 IC •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21

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1986 98

Busby, Colin I., 68, 831978 IIA 110

10 11K ••

49,• 49, 981986& 10 lIB • • •

Busby, colin I., and Susan M. Seck, 68, 831977 IIA 110 • • ••• • • • ••• •

Butler, B. Robert, 1979 IIC ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 79

, 79, 831982 IIC 110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Bye, Robert A., Jr., 1972 IVC.... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 147

Callaghan, Catherine A., 1976 IC 21

Carlson, Helen S., 1974 IC ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21

Carlson, Leonard A., 1982 IIIE 135

Carson, Ruth, 1975 IIIE •

Casjens, Laurel, 1974 IIA. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68

Castleton, Kenneth B., 1978-79 IIF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 89

Castleton, Kenneth B., and David B. 1981 IIF.. ••• • ••

Madsen, •••• • • • • • • • 89

• •

Christy, Howard 1978 IIIC 1979 IIIC

A. , • • •

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Clark, J. Desmond, 1979 IC ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22

Clark, Jeanne W., 1984 lIB IIH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75, 99

Clarke, 1977 ••••

Ella Bringle, IB • • • • • • • • • • • • 5

135

9

•••••

Clemmer, Richard o. , 1972 1110 IVF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 126, 157

1571973 1110 IVF • • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 126, 1974 1110 IVF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 127, 157 1978 IIID IVF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 127, 157· •

Clemmer, Richard 0., and omer C. stewart, 1986 IIID IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 127, 136

Clewlow, C. William, Jr., 1981 IIF......................... 89

Clewlow, C.William, Jr., Robert H. Heizer, and Rainer Berger, 1970 IIA 110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68, 83

Cline, Gloria Griffen, 1974 IlIA ••••• · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 115

Cohen, Felix, 1982 IIIE . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 136

Colberg-sigleo, Anne, 1975 IC ••••••••••••••••••••.•••• 22

Coleman, Ronald G., 1979 IIIC ••••••• 1210 • • • 0 • • • • • • • 0 • • 0 •

Colley, Charles Co, 1973 1110 IIIE • · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 136

Collings, Jerold L., 0 •1979 IVC. · . . . . . . . . · • • • • . . • • 147

Condie, Carol J., and Don D. Fowler, eds., 1986 IC •••••.•••••••.•• · . . . . . . . . 22

Connelly, Charlene, and Nan Eckert,

•••••• · . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

1969 IC • 0 • 0 • • • • • • 0 • · . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Cooley, John, ed., 1988 IlIA 0 • • • 0 0 • 0 0 • • • • • • • 0 • • 115

Coombs, Eric M., 1974 IB 10 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6, 49

Corbett, Pearson starr, 1975 IIIB

Cortina-Borja, M., and L. Valinas, 0 • • • • 0 • 0 01989 IC ••• · . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

10

Costello, David F., 1971 IB •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6

coyote, Fred, et al., 1980 1110 • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 127

Crabtree, Robert H., 1978 lID.... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 83

Crabtree, Robert H., and David D. Ferraro, 1980 ID IIJ •• • ••••••••••••••• 49, 108

Crabtree, R.H., R.J. Rodrigues, and Richard H. Brooks, 1970 ID IIJ • ••••••••••••••••••• 50, 108

Crampton, C. Gregory, 1979 IlIA •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 115

Crapo, Rich1ey H., 1970 IVF •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 157 1974 IVF •• • • • • • • • • • • • 157 1976 IVF •• • • • • • · . • • • 158

Crapo, Richley H., and Bryan R. Spykerman, 1979 IVF...... • • •• • • • • • • • • 158

Cronquist, Arthur, Arthur H. Holmgren, Noel H. Holmgren, and James L. Reveal, eds., 1972 IB • • • • • • • • • • • 6

cronquist, Arthur, Arthur H. Holmgren, Noel H. Holmgren,James L. Reveal, and P.K. Holmgren, 1977 IB ••••••• • • • • • • • • • 6

Crowley, M. Suzzane, 1979 IIF •• • • • • · . . . 90

Crownover, C. S. , 1981 ID IIJ • • • • • • 50, 108

Crownover, C.S., and Robert Leavitt, 1979 ID IIJ • • • • • • 50, 108

Crum, Beverly, 1980 IVF • • • • • • • • • • • • • 158

Crum, Beverly, and Wick R. Miller, 1981 IVF ••••••• •• • • • • • • • • • • 158

11

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127,136 • • 127 • • 128

• •

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••1973 CUlmsee, carlton,

IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 136

CUltural Resources Consultants, 1986 10 IVC IVF •• 1988 10 IVC •••••• •

• • •

• •

• •

• • •

• 50, 147, •• 50,

158 147

CUnningham, 1978 IIF

A. L. ,

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 90

curtis, 1972 1972a

•• • •

•

Edward S., IC IC

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d'Azevedo, Warren 1986 IA IB IC 1986 IB IC

L. ,

• • •

ed. , • • • • • • • •

• • • • • •

• 1, •

6, 6,

22 22

Daley, 1989

J. P., IVF. • • • • • • • 158

Dalley, 1975

Gardiner F., IIA lID • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68, 83

Dansie, Amy, 1982 10 lIB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50, 99

•••••• Danziger, Edmund Jefferson, 1974 IIIE • • • • • • • 136

Davis, 1981

C. Alan, IIA lID ••••••

and Gerald A. • Smith,

• • 68, 83

Davis, 1981

C. Alan, IIA lID ••••

R.E. Taylor, • • •• •• • •

and Gerald A. Smith, • • 68, 83

Davis, 1969 1973a 1975 1977 1978 1978a

Emma lIB IIG IIG IIG IIG IIG

Lou, • •

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Davis, 1969

Emma Lou, C.W. IIA lIB IIG ••

Brott, •••

and David L. ••

Weide, • 95, 99, 108

12

Davis, 1980

Emma Lou, K. H. Brown, 10 IIJ • • • • • • •

and J. Nichols, • • • • • • • • • • • • 50, 99

Oavis, 1969

Emma Lou, and Richard Shutler, Jr. , IIG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 95

Davis, 1989

WlD. E. , IIG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 95

Davison, stanley R., ed. 1972 IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 122

Dean, Jeffrey s. 1975 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23

DeAtley, Suzanne P., and Frank J. Findlow, 1984 lIS • • • • • •

eds. , • • • • • • • 75

Dees, Harry C., 1972 IllS

ed. , • • • • • • 118

Defa, 1979

Dennis Ray, IIID • • • • • • • • • • • • • 128

Delacorte, Michael G., 1985 IIA lID lIE • 68, 84, 87

Dellwo, Robert 0., 1971 IIIE • • 136

Deloria, Vine, Jr. , 1974 IIIE • • • 1976 1110 • • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

• 136 128

Deloria, Vine, 1985 IIIE

Jr. , ed. , • • 137

Deloria, Vine, Jr. , 1984 IIIE •

and Clifford M. Lyttle, • • 137

DeLuca, Richard, 1983 IIIE • 137

Dodd, 1982

Walter A. , IIC • 79

Doherty, John, 1974 IIIC • • • • • 122

Dohrenwend, 1984 IS

J .C., • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6

13

Dowlinq, John H., 1968 IC IVr • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23, 158

Driver, Harold E., James A. Kenny, Herschel C. Hudson, and Ora May Enqle., 1972 IC

Drover, Christopher E., 1980 IIIC IVC

Dunbar, Robert G., 1983 IIIE

Dunlay, Thomas W., 1982 IIIC

Dyson-Hudson, Rada, and Eric Alden Smith, 1978 IC

Eadington, William, 1990 IIIE

Echlin, Donald, Philip J. Wilke, and Lawrence E. Dawson, 1981 IIA

Echohawk, Larry J., 1980 VC

Edmunds, R. David, ed., 1980 1110

Egan, Ferrol, 1972 IIIE 1972a IIIE

Eggan, Fred, 1980 IC IVF

Ellis, Richard N. , 1976 IIIE

Ellis, Robert R., 1981 IDIIJ 1982 110 IIJ 1983 10 IIJ 1983a 10 IIJ

Ellis, Robert R., and Kathleen Bergin, 1981 10 IIH

23

122, 147

137

122

23

137

69

165

128

137 137

23, 158

137

51, 108 51, 108 51, 109 51, 109

51, 99

14

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Ellis, Robert R., and Lynda Brennan, 1982 10 IIJ •••••••••• • • • • • • • • • 51, 109

Ellis, Robert R. , L. Brennan, T. swearingen, E. Green, and D. Jenkins, 1982 10 IIJ • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51, 109

Ellis, Robert R., and Michael Moen, 1978 10 IIJ •••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • 52, 109

Elsasser, Albert B. 1979 IlIA ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 115

Elston, Robert G. , 1967 IIA. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69 1986 IC IIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23, 69 1986a lIB ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 99

Elston, Robert G., and Kenneth E. Juell, 1987 10 IIJ ••••••• •• • • • • • • • • • 52, 109 1987a 10 IIJ ••• •••••••• • • • • • • • • 52, 109

Elston, Robert G., and Charles o. Zeier, 1984 10 IIJ ••••• •••••• • • • • • • • • • 52, 110

Ericson, Jonathon E., 1981 IC • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23

Euler, Robert C., 1972 1110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1281988 lIB • • • • • • • 75· . Euler, Robert C., and Catherine S. Fowler, 1973 IlIA IIIB IIIC •• •• • • • • • • 115, 118, 122

Facilitators, Incorporated, 1980 10 IVC IVF •• 52, 147, 158

Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe, 1977 1110 • ••••• • • • • • • • • • 128

Farber, Joseph C., and Michael Dorris, 1975 1110. • •• ••• • • • • 128

Farris, Glenn J., 1982 IC •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23

Ferguson, R.N., 1968 IS IC • • • • • • • • • • • 6, 231969 IS IIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7, 691970 IS IIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7, 691979 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7

15

Ferguson, R.N., 1983 IB IIA

and D.A. Graybill, ••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • 7, 69

1975 1980 1982

Ferraro, David, ID IIJ ID IIJ ID IIJ

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52, 52, 53,

110 110 110

Fields, Stella Ross, 1986 IIID ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 128

Fiero, 1986

Bill, IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7

Forbes, 1969 1971 1983 •

•

•

•• Jack D., IC IIIB IIIC IIIE

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Ford, 1981 ••

Richard I., lIB • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75

Fowler, 1971 1972 1972a 1976 1977 1982 1986 1986a

•

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Fowler, 1970 •••••

Catherine S., comp., IA • • • • • • • • • 1

Fowler, 1986

Dawson, • • •••••••••••••

Catherine S.,and Lawrence E. IC • • • • 25

Fowler, 1971 1971a 1974 1981

•

•

Catherine IIIC IIID IIIE IC IVC

s. , and Don D.

• • •

Fowler, •

•

• •

• • • • •

• • •128,

122 138

25 148

Fowler, 1987

Catherine S., Maribeth Hamby, and Mary K. ID IVC IVF • ••• •••••

Rusco, 53, 148, 159

Fowler, 1988 •

Catherine S., Mary K. ID IVC IVF

and Maribeth Hamby, • •• • •• 53,•••

RUsco, 148, 159

16

• • • • •

• •

Fowler, Don D., 1968 IIA IIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69, 79 1968a IIA IIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69, 79

701969 IIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1970 IIA •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 70

701973 IIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1980 IC • • • • • • • • • • • 25 1986 IC • • • • • • • • • • 25

Fowler, Don D., ed. , 251972 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25:1972a IC • • • • • • • • • • • • 69'~1973 IIA • • • • • • • •

1977 IC • • • • • 25

Fowler, Don D., et ale i..'

1980 ID IIH • • • • • • 53, 99

Fowler, Don D., and Catherine S. Fowler, 1969 IC • • • • • • • • • • 26 1969a IIIC IIIE • • • • • • • • • 122, 138 1970 IC IIID • • • • • • • • • • 26, 128 1981 IC • • • • • • • • • • 26

Fowler, Don D., and Catherine S. Fowler, eds., 1971 IC IIIE • • • • • • • • 26, 138

Fowler, Don D., and Jesse D. Jennings, 1982 IC 26

Fowler, Don D., and David Koch, 1982 IC • • • • • • • • 26

Fowler, Don D., and David B. Madsen, 1986 IIH • • • • • 100

Fowler, Don D., David B. Madsen, and Eugene M. Hattori, 1973 IIA IIC • • • 70, 80

Fowler, Don D., and John F. Matley,1978 IC IVC • • 26, 148 1979 IC • • • • • • • • • • • 26

Frankson, Y., P.D. Anderson, D. Goodwin, J.A. Kinney,and B. Karshmer, 1980-81 VA • • • 165

Freeze, Ray A., and David E. Iannuci, 1979 IC • 26•

Friedman, Irving, and John Obradovich, 1981 IB • • • • • • • • • • 7

17

Frits, Harold C. 1971 18 • • • • • • • • • • • • 8

Frits, Harold C., 1979 18

R. Lofqreen, •

and G.A. Gordon, • • • • • • • • • • 8

Gallegos, Dennis, 1979 10 IIJ • • 53, 110

1970 1983

Galloway, Robert W., IB IB

• • 8 8

Gardner, Leonard Robert, 1968 IB 8

Garfinkel, Alan P., 1978 IIF 90

Garfinkel, Alan P., and Roger A. 1980 118

cook, 100

Garside, Larry J., and John H. 1979 18

Schilling, 8

Geib, 1989

Phil R., IC

and Peter w. Bungart, 80

Gerhardt, Patricia L., 1974 110 84

Gilman, 1987

Patricia, lIB 75

Glassow, Michael, 1980 lIB 75

Gortner, willis A., 1984 IIF 1986 IIA IIF 1988 IIF

90 70, 90

90

Goss, James A. , 1970 IC 1972 IC 1977 IC

27 27 27

Gould, 1986

Diane B., IIIE 138

18

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Gould, Richard A., Don D. Fowler, and Catherine S. Fowler, 1972 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27

Gowans, Fred R., 1985 IlIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 116

Grant, Campbell, J. W. Baird, and J. K. Pringle, 1968 lIP..... • •• ••••• • • • • • • • • • 90

Gratten-Aiello, Carolyn, 1986 IIIB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o • 118

Grayson, Donald K. , o1977 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o 8'

1977a IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o 8 1982 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o 8

Greenway, John, 1969 IC 27

Griset, Suzanne, 1981 10 IIH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 53, 100 1986 IC 27o

Grosscup, Gordon L., 1977 IVF.... 159o

Gruhn, Ruth, 1979 IIA 70

Gunnerson, James H., 1969 lIB IIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75, 80

Hafen, LeRoy R., 1968 IlIA • • • • • • • • • • o • • • • o • • • • • 116

Hafen, LeRoy R., ed., 1972 IlIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 116

Hafner, Arabell Lee, 1967 IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • o • • • • 122

Hagan, William T., 1985 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27

Hage, Per, and wick Ro Miller, 1976 IVF • • • • 1590 •• •

Hall, Matthew C., 1983 IIA 110 • • • • • • • • • • o • • • • • • • 70, 84

19

Hamby, Maribeth, 1986 ID IVC IVF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 53, 148, 159

54, 1591986a ID IVF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1988 ID IVF . · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 54, 159

Hamby, Maribeth and Mary K. Rusco, 1987 ID IVC IVF • • • • • • • • • 54, 148, 159:· · • · 1988 ID IVC IVF • • • • • 54, 148, 160'·• • · · • · • · · • :

Handelman, Don, 1968 IC •• · . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . · . . . Hanes, Richard C., 1982 IC IIIE • • · . . . . · . . . . . . . . • 27, 138/· . · . 1982a ID IIH •• · . . . • · . . . . . . . . • • • • 5~

t

Hanes, Richard C., and Sam Ball, 1982 ID IIH •••••••••••••••••• • • • • 54

Hanson, Charles G., 1981 18 ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 1981a 18 •••• • • · . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • 9

Hanson, Meri, ed., 1978 IlIA •• • · . • • • · . . . . . . . . . • • • • • 116

Hardesty, Donald L., 1982 ID lIE •• • • • • · . . • • • • • • · . • 54, 87 1982a ID lIE • • • • • · . · . . . · . . • •• 54, 87 1986 ID IIH •• • • · . . · . · . · . . • • · . • •• 55, 100

Hardesty, Donald L., Thomas J. Green, and L.M.W. Lindsay, 1986 IC ID IIH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28, 55, 100

Harpendinq, Henry, and Herbert Davis, 1977 IC •• •••••• • • • • • • • • 28• · . . Harper, Kimball T. , 1986 IB IC • • • • 9, 28· · · · · · · · · . · · · · Harper, Kimball T. , and D. Carl Freeman, 1978 IB . . · · • · • • • • • • • • 9· · · · · • · · Harris, Henry, Jr., 1971 IlIA ••• · . . · . . • · . . . . . . · . · . · . • 116

Harten, Lucile B., Claude N. Warren, and Donald R. Tuohy, 1980 Ie .•.• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 28

Hattori, Eugene M., and Alvin R. McLane, 1981 ID IIJ ••••••••••••• · . . . • • • • 55, 110

20

Bauk, 1979 ••

F.R., D.G. Weder, ID IIB • • • • • • •• •••••••

L. Drollinger, and A. McDonald, • 55, 100

HOR Sciences, 1980 10 IIH 1980a ID IIB

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Hedges, 1982 1983

Ken, IIF IIF

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••••• Heizer, Michael, comp., 1979 IA • • • • • • • • 1

Heizer, 1970 1975 1975a 1976

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Robert F., IC IIG IC IIF • IC

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28,

• • • •

95 28 91 29

Heizer, 1973

assem. • •••

Robert F., IC •• •

and ed., • • • • • • • • 28

Heizer, 1969 1976

comp. ,

• • • • ••

••

Robert F., IA IC IA •

• • • • •

• • •

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• • • • • •

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• 1, 28

2

Heizer, 1975 1976

• • •

• • •

• Robert F., ed., IC IIIC

• • •

• •

• •

• •

• • • •

• • • •

• •

• 28 122

Heizer, 1971 ••• • • • ••

and Alan F. Almquist, •••

Robert F., IC • • • • • • • • 29

Heizer, 1970 •

Robert F., IIA

and Rainer Berger, • • • • • • • • 70

Heizer, 1973 ••••

Robert F., and C. IIF •••••••••

William Clewlow, Jr., • • • • • 91

Heizer, 1970 1977 1980

•• •

• ••

•

• ••

•

•

•

•

Robert F., and Albert IA IA IB • •

• • • • B. Elsasser,

• • • •

• • •

• • • • •

2 2 9

Heizer, 1970 1974 1978 1978a 1978b •

•

and Thomas R. Hester, • • • •

• ••• •

•• •••••••

• • • • • • • • • • •

•

•

Robert F., 1110 IIF IIH ••• IIF • IIH •••

• •

•

•

•

• •

•

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•

• •

•

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129 91

101 91

101

21

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Heizer, Robert F., and Karen M. Nissen, 291973 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1977 IIF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 91

Heizer, Robert F., and Adam E. Treganza, 1972 lIB............... • • • • • • • • • • 101

Heizer, R.F., and M.A. Whipple, comps. , 291971 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Henton, Greg and Lonnie C. Pippin, 1988 10 IIJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55, 110

Hester, Thomas R., 1973 118... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Heyman, Theresa Thau, 1984 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29

Hill, Charles A., Jr., and Mozart I. Spector 1971 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29

Hill, Leonard M. 1968 IVC •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 149

Hill, Ralph R., 1951 IS 9

Hillebrand, Timothy S. 1972 110..... 84

Holmer, Richard N. , 1979 IIA • 70 1980 IIC •• 80 1981 118 •• 101 1986 118 •• 101

Honaker, Keith, Ricky Mike, Harriet Walker, and L.R. Stanek, 1986 IIID. • • • • • • • 129

Hooke, Roger LeS., 1972 IS • • • • • • • • • • 9

Houghton, John G., 1969 IS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9

Houghton, John G., Clarence M. Sakamoto, and Richard Gifford 1969 IS • • • •• • 10

Houghton, Ruth M., ed. , 1973 IC IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29, 138

22

• • • •

• •

• • • •

• •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • •

Houghton, Samuel G., 1976 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29

Hughes, J. Donald, 1977 IIID • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 129

Hughes, Richard E. , 291984 IC lIB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Hughes, Richard E. , and James A. Bennyhoff, 1986 IIH • • • • • • • • • • • 101

Hu1tkrantz, Ake, 30:,1970 IC • • • • ';

1976 IC 3()'" 30!1979 IC • • • ;

1981 IC • • • • • • 30 1986 IC • • • 30

Hundley, Norris, 1982 IIIE 138 1987 IC IIIE 30, 138

Hyde, Oayton o. , 1953 IIIC 123

Iannucci, Oavid E. , 1973 IC 30

Indian Rights Association, 1970 1110 129 1971 1110 129• 1973 1110 129 1973a 1110 129• 1973b 1110 129 1979 1110 129 1979a 1110 129 1981 1110 130 1982 1110 130• 1983 1110 130 1983a 1110 • • • • • • • • 130 1983b 1110 130 1984 1110 • • • • 130 1984a 1110 130• 1984b 1110 130 1984c 1110 130 1985a 1110 131 1985b 1110 131 1985c 1110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 131 1985d 1110 131 1985e 1110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 131 1986 1110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 131

23

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• • • • • • • •

Institute for the Development of Indian LaW, 1973 IIIE • • • • 138

Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada, 1311974 IIID • • • • • • • 131 131

1974a IIID •• ••• •• • • • • • • • • • 1976 IIID • •• ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1321976a IIID • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Irwin, Charles N., ed. , 1980 IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Iverson, Peter 1391986 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Izett, Glen A., 10 101981 IB • • • • • • • • • • •

Izett, Glen A., Ray E. Wilcox, H.A. Powers, and G.A. Desborough, 1970 IB • • • • • • • • • • 10

Jacobs, Mary Jane Threlkeld, 1974 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 139

James, steven R., 1986 IIC •• • • • • • • • • 80

James, steven R., and Charles D. Zeier, 1982 ID IIH • • • • • • 56, 101

Janetski, Joel c. , 1979 IC 30 1982 IC 31 1986 IC 31 1986a ID IIH 56 1990 IB IIH 10, 102

Janetski, Joel C., ed., 1980 ID IIJ • • • • • • • • • • • • 56, 111

Janetski, Joel C., and Richard N. Holmer, eds. , 1982 ID IIJ 56, 111

Janetski, Joel C., and James D. Wilde, 1989 IIA •• 71

Jefferson, James, Robert W. Delaney, and C. Gregory Thompson, 1972 IIID • ••• • 132

Jenkins, Dennis L., 1981 lIB • • • • • • • 76

24

Jenkins, Dennis L., 1984 IIA

and Claude Warren, • • • • • • • • • • • • 71

•

•

Jennings, Jesse 1973 IC 1974 IC 1978 IIH 1980 IIA •• 1986 IC • •

• •

D.,

• • •

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•

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31 31

102 71 31

•• Jennings, Jesse D., 1981 IIC. •• • • •• • • • • • •

and Dorothy Sammons-Lohse, • • • • • 80

Jennings, Jesse D., 1980 IIA IIC • • •

Alan R. • •

schroedl, • • •

and Richard N. • • •• ••

Holmer. , • •• 71, 80

• ,

••••1986 Johnson, Edward C.

IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31

• Johnson, Leroy, 1987 IIIB

and Jean Johnson, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 118

Jones, 1975

Florence Lee, IB IIIC •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10

Jones, 1975

Florence Lee, IB IIIC •• •

and John F. • ••• •

Cahlen, • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10

Jones, 1989

Kevin T.,IC .•

and David B. • • • • • • •

Madsen, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31

•

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Jorgensen, Joseph G., 1972 IC 1978 IIIE 1980 IC 1984 IC 1984a IIIE 1985 IC 1986 IC 1986a IIIE

•

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• 31

139 32 32

139 32 32

139

•• Jorgensen, Joseph G., 1974 IC • • •

ed. , • 31

••••••

Jorgensen, Joseph G., Richard o. Clemmer, Nancy J. Owens, and Lynn A. Robbins, 1978 IIIE •

Ronald L.

• •

Little,

• 139

Jorgensen, Joseph G., Shelton H. Davis, and Robert O. Mathews, 1978IC • • • • • • • • • 32

25

• • •

• •

• • •

• • • • •

• •

Judd, Neil M. , 1967 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Kaibab Paiute Tribe, 1980 VC • • • • • • • • • •

Karl, Alice, 1980 IB, 10 • • • • • • •

Kay, Paul A., 1982 IB • • • • • • • •

Keely, Patrick B., 1980 IC • • • • • • • • •

Keller, Robert. , Jr. , 1983 IIIE

Kelly, o. G. , 1975 IIIE • •

Kelly, Isabel T. , 1976 IVC

Kelly, Isabel T. , and Catherine s. Fowler, 1986 IVC

Kelly, Lawrence C. , 1983 IIIE

Kelly, Robert L. , 1978 IIG

Kenny, James A., 1975 IC

Kerr, Mark, 1980 IIIC

Kickingbird, Kirke, and Karen Ducheneaux, 1973 IIIE

Kimball, Monique E., 1987 IIIB

King, Jeffrey s. , 1985 IIIE

Klar, Kathryn A. 1976 IC •

• • • • • • • • 32

• • • • • • • • • • 165

• • • • • • 10, 56

• • • • • • • • • 10

• • 32

• • • • • • 139

• • 139

• • 149

• • • • • 149

• 139

• 95

• • • 32

• 123

140

• • 118

140

• • 33

26

Knack, 1975 1978 1980 1986 1987

Martha C., IVC IVC ••• IVC ••• IC IIID • IVC •••

• • • •

•

• •

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• • • • •

•

• • •

• • • • • 33,

•

• • • • • • • • 132,

• • •

149 149 149 149 149

Knight, 1973

Lavinia C., IIF •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 91

Kobori, 1980

Larry S. IC

, • • • • • • • • • • • • 33

Koenig, 1984

George, IIIB • • • • 118

•1967 Koopman, Karl F.,

IB • • • • 10

Kraft, 1973

Lois Merritt, IIIO • 132

Krantz, 1977

Grover S., IC 33

• Krasnicka, Robert M., 1979 IIIE

and Herman J. Viola, • •

eds. , 140

Kroeber, Alfred L., 1970 IC '. • 33

• Kroeber, Theodora,

IC1968 • • and Robert F.

• Heizer,

33

LaBarre, weston, 1979 IC • • 33

Laird, 1974 1974a 1975 1975a 1975b 1976 1977 1977a 1978 1978a 1984

•

•

Carobeth, IVC IVC IC IVC IVC IVC IVC IVC IVC IVC • IVC

•

•

• •

•

•

•

•

•

•

• •

•

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33 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

27

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11 11 11 1978

LaMarche, Valmore c., Jr., 1973 IS • •• ••• •

•1974 IS •••• IS • • • • • • •••• •

LaMarche, Valmore C., Jr., and Katherine K. Hirschboeck, 1984 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11

LaMarche, Valmore C., Jr., and Harold A. Mooney, 1982 IB • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • 11

Langacker, Ronald W., 1976 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33 1977 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34.

Lanner, Ronald M., 1981 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11

Larson, Daniel 0., 1981 lIB IIH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76, 102 1987 lIB IIH • • • • • • • • • • • 76, 102

Larson, Daniel o. and Kathryne Olson, 1984 lIB lID • • • • • • • • • • • 76, 84

Lawton, Harry W., 1974 IC 34

Lawton, Harry W., and Philip J. Wilke, 1977 IVC. 150

Layton, Thomas N., 1978 IlIA 116 1985 IC • • • • 34

Leland, Joy H., 1976 IC 34 1980 IA IC 2, 34 1986 IC 34

Leonard, N. Nelson, III, and Christopher E. Drover, 1980 lIB lID IVC •• • 76, 84, 151

Levy, Jerrold E., 1984 IC 34

Lewis, Georgia, 1969 IIIC • 123

28

•

• •

•

•

• •

•

•

•

Liljeblad, Sven, 1969 IVF. 1970 IVF 1971 IVF.. 1971a Ie 1972 IIID 1986 IC •

•

•

• •

• •

•

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•

•

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• •

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• • 160

160 160

35 13:l

35

Lindsay, LaMar W., 1986 IIC. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80

Lingenfelter, 1986 IIIB ••••

Richard E. • • • • • • • • • • • • 119

Lisle, 1974

Betty, IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • 123

••• Llewellyn, Jeffrey B., 1981 IB • • • • • • • • • 11

Lloyd, 1973

R.M. , IB

and R.S. Mitchell, • • • • 11

Lohse, 1980 •

Ernest S., IIC • • • • • • • • • • • • 80

Long, 1974

Austin, IB

and Paul S. Martin, • 11

Longwell, C.R., 1965 IB

E.B. Pampeyon, • •

B. •

Bower and R.J. • •

Roberts 12

Lonnberg, Allan, 1981 IIIC • • • • • • • 123

Lynch, 1979

Denny IIIC • • • • 123

Lyneis, 1980 1982 1982a 1986 1988 1988a

•

Margaret M., ID IIJ lIB ID lIB lIB lIB lIB • •

•

•

•

• •

56,

57,

•

111 102 102

76 76 76

Lyneis, Margaret M., 1982 ID lIB

coord., • • • • 56, 102

•

Lyneis, Margaret, Jeanne and Tara Shepperson, 1979 ID IIJ

W. Clark,

•

Evan Acker,

• • • 57, 111

29

Lynei., Margaret, Jeanne Clark, Richard McCarty, and Tara Shepperson,1978 10 IIH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 57

Lyneis, Margaret M., and Michael F. Macko, 1986 10 IIH •••••••••• •• • · . . . . . . . 57

Lyneis, Marqaret M., Mary K. Rusco, and Keith Myhrer ,1989 lIB...................... · . . 77

Lyneis, Marqaret M., and Richard Thompson 1979 lIB........... · . . . . . . . . . 77

Lyneis, Marqaret, David L. Weide, and Elizabeth von Till Warren, 1980 10 IIJ • • • • • • • • • · . . . . . . . . . 57, 111

MacKay, Kathryn L., 1982 IIIE •••••••••••••••••••••••• 140

Madsen, Briqham D., 1980 1110 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 132, 141 1985 1118 . • • 119 1986 IIID . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • 132

Madsen, David B., 1972 IB •••.••• .• • • • . • • • • 12 1975 lID . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 1979 IIC . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 81 1986 IC . • • • . • • • • • • • .' • . • . • • • • 35 1986a lIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Madsen, David B. , and J. Kirkman, 1988 IVF . · • . • • . . . . . · • · . · . . . . • · . 160

Madsen, David B. , and James F. O'Connell, eds., 1982 IC . · . . . . . . . . . · . · . · . . . . · · . 35

Malouf, Carlinq I., and John Findlay, 1986 IlIA IIIB • • • • • • • • • • · . . . . . . . . 116, 119

Manners, Robert A., 1974 IlIA IIIB IIIC •••••••••••••• 117, 119, 123

Manninq, Winona, 1980 1110 •••••••••••••••••••••••• 132

Martin, John F., 1973 IC ••• · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

30

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

• •

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

Martineau, LaVan, 1973 IIF... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 91

Marwitt, John P., 1970 IC IIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35, 81

811986 IIC... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Maxey, G.B., and C.H. Jameson, 1948 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12.

McClellan, Carole, and David A. phillips, Jr., 1978 ID IIJ • • • •••••••••• • • • • • • 57, III

McClellan, Carole, David A. Phillips, Jr., and Mike Belshaw, 1980 ID IIJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 57, 111

Mccool, Daniel C. , 1987 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 140 1987a IIIE 140

MCGuire, Kelly R., and Alan P. Garfinkel, 1976 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35

McKee, Edwin H. and David H. Thomas, 1972 IIF •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 91 1973 IIF • 91

McKinney, Aileen, Duane Hafner, and Jane Gothold, 1971 lID 84

McKinney, Whitney, 1983 IIID 132

McLane, Alvin R., 1978 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12

McNickle, DIArcy, 1971 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 140

McPherson, Robert s. , 1985 IIIE • • • • • • • • 140 1987 IlIA 116

Mead, J., 1987 IB 12

Medicine, Bea, 1988 IIID • • • • • • • • • • • • • 132

Mehringer, Peter J., Jr., 1977 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 1986 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12

31

Mehringer,1969 18

Peter J., Jr., and Charles W. Ferguson, ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12

Mehringer, 1978 IB

Peter J., Jr., and John C. Sheppard 13

Meighan, Clement W., 1981 IIA.... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71

• Meighan, Clement W., 1981 IIF.

ed. • • • • 92

••• Merriam, C. Hart, 1979 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35

•• Merriam, C. Hart, 1974 IC •••• •• •

and Zenaida Merriam Talbot, • • • • • 35

• Metcalf, Warren, 1989 IIIE • 141

Metcalfe, Duncan, 1985 IIC

and Lisa V. •

Larrabee, • • • • • 81

• Mifflin, Martin D., 1968 IB • • • • • • 13

•• Mifflin, Martin D., 1979 IB •••

and Margaret M. • Wheat

• ,

• • • • • • • 13

Miller, 1983 1983a

Jay, IC IC •

• • • • • • •

• • 36 36

Miller, 1970 •

K.K. , IC • • • • • • • • • 36

Miller, 1970 1972 1974 1984 1986

Wick R., IVF • IVF IVF IC IC

•

•

• • •

•

•

•

•

•

• •

•

•

• • •

• • • 160 160 160

36 36

Miller, Wick R. 1972 IVF.

comp. , • • • • • • 160

Miller, wick R., 1971 IVF ••

James L. •••••

Tanner and Lawrence P. Foley, • 160

32

Millett, J. 1989 IIIE

(signator), • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 141

Milner, 1985 ••

II, Clyde A., IIIB

eds. , • • •••••••••

and Floyd A. O'Neil, • • • • • • 119

Milspaw, Yvonne J., 1975 IC •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36

Minnis, 1984 •••

Paul E., IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36

Mitchell, Jacqueline,1979 IIID. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 133

Moen, Mike, 1969 IIF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92

Monson, 1981

Gale, and Lowell Sumner, eds., 18 •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13

••••• Moratto, Michael J., 1984 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36

••••••••••• Moratto, Michael J., Thomas F. King, and W.B. 1978 IC ••••

Woolfenden, • 36

Morgan,1968 •

Dale L., IlIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 117

ed. , • ••••1979

Morrison, Dorothy Nafus, IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • 123

Morrissey, 1968 IB •••

Frank R., • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13

Moses, 1980 1987

L. G., IC IIID Ie IIID

• •

• • •

• •

• • •

• •

• •

• •

• • •

• •

• •

• • •

• •

• • •

36, 36,

133 133

Mountain west, 1986 ID •• 1989 ID IVC IVF

• • •

• • •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• • •

• • • • • 58, 151,

58 161

••• Mozingo, Hugh N., 1987 18 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13

Munro, 1978

Pamela, IVC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 151

Murdock, George P., and Timothy J. O'Leary,1975 IA •••••••••••• ••• • • • • • • • • • • 2

33

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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Murphy, Robert F., 1970 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37

371977 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Musser-Lopez, R.A., 1983 lIE IVC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 87, 151

Myhrer, Keith, 1986 lIB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77

Myhrer, Keith, and Margaret M. Lyneis , 1985 ID lIB IIJ •••••••••• • • • • • • • 57, 77, 111

Nabham, Gary Paul, 1989 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37

Nabokov, Peter, 1978 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 141

National Congress of American Indians, 1975 VC 165

National Geographic Society, 1974 IC 37

National Native American Co-operative, 1982 VC 165

Native American Rights Fund, 1979 VC 166

Nelson, David L., and Charles F. Tiernan, 1983 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13

Nevada Urban Indians, Inc. 1983 VC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 166

Nissen, Karen M., 1982 IIF... • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • 92

O'Brien, Sheron, 1989 IIID • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 133

O'Connell, James F., and David B. Madsen, 1982 IC • • 37

O'Neil, Floyd A., 1968 IIID IIIE 133, 141 1976 IVC ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 151

34

o'Neil, 1978 oo

Floyd Ao, IIIC • • • • • •

and Stanford Jo o• •

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Olson, James So, and Raymond Wilson, 1984 1110 IIIE 0 0 0 o o o o o o o o 133, 141

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•••••••••• Osborne, Carolyn M., and Harry S.

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• • • • • • • 88

Otis, O.S., 1973 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 141

Page, 1978 •

Charles Hall, ID IIH •••

and Associates, • • • • • • 58, 102

Palmquist, 1979 IC

Peter, • • • • • • • 37

Parezo, Nancy J., 1986 IC • • • o • • • • • • 37

Park, Susan, 1975 IC • • • • • • • • • • • 37

Parker, 1980 •

Patricia, IC • • • • • • • 38

Passell, J.S., 1986 IC

and P.A. Berman, • 38

Patterson, Edna B., 1985 IVF • • • 161

Patterson, Edna, Louise A. 1969 IC IIIB IIIC

Ulph, and victor Goodwin, • • • • 38

pelcyger, Robert S. 1976 IIIE • • • 141

Pendleton, Lorann S., 1979 IIG... 0 • • • o • o

• 0 o • o o

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35

•••••• Peng, T.R., J.G. Goddard, 1978 18 ••• •

and W.S. Broecker • • • • • • 14

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Peterson, Frederick F., 1980 18 •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • 14

Pewe, 1983

Troy L., 18 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14

• philips, Fred M., 1977 IlIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 117

Phillips, Arthur M., III 1977 18 • ••••••• • • • • • • 14

Philp, 1977

Kenneth R., IIIE •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 141

Philp, 1986

ed. , • • •••

Kenneth R., IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 141

and Kevin Anderson, • ••••••••••

Pierson, Lloyd M., 1975 IIA • • • 71

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and Donald L. Zerga,Lonnie C., 10 lIB IA 10 lIB

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plimpton, Christine L., 711980 IIA • • • • • • • • • • • •

Plog, Fred, 771979 118 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

pori, Mary, and R.F. Heizer, 1974 IIF........ • • • • • • •

Porter, Stephen C., K.L. Pierce, and T.D. Hamilton, 1983 18 • • •• ••••••••••••• o • •••••

Powers, Stephen , 1975 IC ••• • ••••••••• o •••••••••••

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Rafferty, Kevin A., and Stanton D. Rolf, 1981 ID IIJ ••••••••• 60, 113o •••• •o

Ranere, Anthony Jo, 1970 IC •• • ••••••••

Rawls, James J 0, 1984 IC IIIE 38, 142••• •••••• o ••••• 1976 IIIB o • • • o • o o •

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Raymond, Anan, 881982 lIE. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Rector, Carol B. , 1977 lIP • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92 1981 ID lIP • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60, 92 1983 IIF • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92

Rhode, David, 1988 IIIC • • • • • • • • • 124

Rich, George W., 1971 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38

Richens, Lane D., and Richard K. Talbot, 1989 IIA......... ••••••• • • • • • 72

Rickey, Elinor, 1975 IIID IIIE • • • • • • • • • • 133, 142

Riley, Glenda, 1984 IIIB • • • • • • • • • 119

Ritter, Eric W., 1980 IC lIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38, 88

Robertson, Cheri, comp., 1977 IIID • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 133

Robinson, Paul T., W.A. Elders, and L.J.P. Muffler, 1976 IB • ••••••••• ••••• •• 14

Rodriguez, R., and M. Rodriguez, (n.d.) IIA • • • •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72

Rohn, Arthur, 1973 IC 39

Roth, George E., 1976 IVC 151 1977 IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 124

Rowlands, Peter, Byram Johnson, Eric Ritter, and Albert Endo, 1982 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ••••• 39

RUsco, Elmer R., 1982 IIID IIIE • 133, 142 1982a IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 142 1989 ID IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60, 142

Rusco, Elmer R., and Mary K. Rusco, 1986 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 142

38

Rusco, Mary, 1973 IIF • • • • 1978 1110 • • • 1988 10 IVC IVF 1988a 10 IVC • • 1989 10 IVC •

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61, 151, • • • 61,

• 61,

92 133 161 152 152

Rusco, Mary K., and Maribeth Hamby, 1988 10 IVC IVF 61, 152, 161

RUsco, Mary K., 1983 10 IIJ

and Jeanne Munoz, 61, 113

Russell, Oann J. , 1989 IIC 81

Ryser, 1984

Fred A. , IB 14

Satz, 1975

Ronald H. IIIE 142

Schroedl, Alan R., 1979 IlIA 117

Schuster, Carl 1968 IC IIF 39, 92

Scuderi, L. , 1983 IB 14

Sennett-Walker, Beth, 1984 IVF 1986 IVF

161 161

Sewell, E.M.W., 1983 IIIE 143

Shapiro, Judith R. , 1986 IC 39

Sharpi, Nancy o. , 1987 IIC 1989 IIC

81 81

Shimkin, Oemitri B., 1980 IC 1986 IC

39 39

Shimkin, Demitri B., 1970 IVF

and Russell M. Reid, 161

39

• • •

• • • •

• • •

• • •

• •

Shoemaker, Pat, and Emma Lou Davis, 391977 Ie • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Sieh, K. , Spencer H. Wood, and S. stine 1983 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15

Sigler, William F., and John w. Sigler, 1987 IS • • • • 15

Simmons, Patricia , 1981 IIIE • • • • • 143

Sbllns, Steven R. , 1983 IC • • • • • • • 39

.1983a IC 39 1985 IC • • • • • • • • 40 1987 IC • • • • • • 40

Smith, G.A. , W.C. Schuiling, L.Martin, R.J.Sayles, and P. Jillson 1957 IIA 72

Smith, G. I. , 1984 IS • • • • • • • • • 15

Smith, Gerald A., 1963 ID IIJ 61, 113

Smith, Gerald A•• and Clifford J. Walker, 1965 IIIC 124

Smith, Jane F., and Robert M. Kvasnicka, 1976 IIIE • • 143

Smith, Janet Hughie, 1972 IC • 40

Smith, Jessie Carney, ed. , 1983 IC • 40

Smith, Melvin T. , 1987 IlIA 117•

Sorel, Peter, 1971 IC • • • • • • • • • 40

40

Soule, 1975 1976 1977 1979 1981 1988

Edwin Co, lIB 0 0

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spicer, 1971

Edward Ho, IC 0 0 0 0 0 40

stevens, Ernie, 1981 IIIE 143

Steward, Julian Ho, 1969 IC 0

1970 IC IVF 1974 IC 1977 IC

0 0 0

0

40 40, 161

41 41

Stewart, Kenneth Mo, 1967 IVC 152

Stewart, Omer Co, 1971 IC 1978 IIIE 1979 IC 1980 IVF 1981 IVC • 1982 IA 1982a IC 1984 IC 1984a IVC 1986 IC 1987 IC

0

0 0

41 143

41 162 152

2 41 41

152 41 41

Stewart, Omer Co, 1984 IC

and David F. Aberle, 41

Stickel, Gary E., 1980 ID IIH

and Lois J. Weinman-Roberts, 0 0 0 0 0 61, 103

Stoffle, Richard W., 1987 ID IVC IVF • 0 0 62, 152, 162

Stoffle, Richard W., and Henry F. 1982 10 IVC • 0 0 0 0 0 0

1983 ID IVC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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41

• • • • •

stoffle, Richard, Henry F. Dobyns, and Michael J. Evans, 1983 ID IVC ••••••••••••••••••••••• 62

stoffle, Richard W. and Michael J. Evans, 1988 ID IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62, 143 1990 ID IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 62, 143

stoffle, Richard W., Michael J. Evans, and David B. Halmo, 1988 ID IVC IVF •••••••••••••••• 62, 153, 162 1988a ID IVC IVF •••••••••••••••• 63, 153, 162

stoffle, Richard W., Michael J. Evans, David B. Halmo, W.E. Niles and J.T. O'Farrell, 1988 ID IVC IVF •••••••••••••••• 63, 153, 162

stoffle, Richard w., Michael J. Evans, and Camilla Harshbarger,1989 ID IVC IVF •••••••••••••••• 63, 153, 162 1989a ID IVC IVF ••••••••• •• • •• 63, 153, 162

stoffle, Richard W., Michael J. Evans and Florence V. Jensen, 1987 ID IVC ••••••••••••••••••••• 63, 153

Stoffle, Richard W., David B. Halmo, Michael J. Evans and John E. Olmsted, 1990 IC, IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • . 42· • •· · • · · •

Stoffle, Richard W., David B. Halmo, John E. Olmsted and Michael J. Evans, 1988 ID IVC IVF • 63, 154, 163· • · · · · · • · · • · · · •1990 ID IVC IVF 64, 154, 163· • · • · •· · •1990a ID IVC IVF 64, 154, 163· • · · • · • · · · •· · • · · Stoffle, Richard W. and Todd L. Howell, 1987 ID IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • · . . . . · . . . . . 64

Stoffle, Richard W., C.A. Last, and M. J. Evans, 1979 ID IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · . . . . . 143

Stoffle, Richard W., John E. Olmsted, and Michael J. Evans, 1988 ID IVC IVF •••••••••••••••• 64, 154, 163

stott, Clifford L., 1984 IIIB ••• · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Suagee, Dean B. , 1982 IIIE •• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

SUllivan, Austin, 1974 IIA.... · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

SUllivan, Patricia, 1989 IIID ••• · . . . . · . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

42

Sunsire, Alvin R., 1973 IIIC 1110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 124, 134

sutton, Mark Q., 721979 IIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 851981 110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1982 110 IIF IVC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 85, 93 851982a 110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

sutton, Mark Q., and Eric w. Ritter, 851984 110 • • •

sutton, Mark Q., and Philip J. wilke, 961984 IIG • • •

sutton, Mark Q., and Robert M. Yohe, II, 1988 lIE • • 88

Swanson, GUy E., 1973 IC 42

Szasz, Margaret 1973 IIIE • 144

Talbot, Richard K. , and James D. Wilde, 1989 IIC 81

Tanner, Clara Lee, 1983 IC 42

Taylor, Graham D. 1980 IIIE 144

Thomas, David 8., 1972 IC IVF 42, 163 1973 IC IIA 110 42, 72, 85 1974 IC IIA 110 42, 72, 85 1981 118 103 1981a IVF 163 1982 IC 42 1982a 118 104 1982b IIIC 124 1983 IC 42 1983a IC 118 43, 104 1983b 118 104•

Thomas, David H., and Robert Bettinger,1975 IIA 110 • 72, 86

Thomas, David H. , L.S.A. Pendleton, and S.C. Campannari1986 IVF 164

43

Thomas, Trudy, 1041983 lIB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Thompson, Georgia Beth , 21986 IA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Thompson, Gregory C. , 1972 1110 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 134, 144

1441981 III! • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Thompson, Richard A., 1978 lIB..... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 78

Thompson, Richard A., and Georgia B. Thompson, 1978 lIB 78

Thompson, Richard A., Georgia B. Thompson, and Jessie Embry, •1983 10 IIJ 64, 113

Thompson, Robert S., •1979 IB 15

1984 IB 15

Thompson, Robert S., and Eugene M. Hattori, 1983 IB • 15

Thompson, Robert S., and Robert R. Kautz •1983 IB 15

Thompson, Robert S., and Jim I. Mead, 1982 IB 15

Thorarinsson, Sigurdur 1979 IB 16

Thornton, Russell, 1983 IC 43

Thorpe, Dagmar, 1981 IIIE 144

Tom, Helen, 1986 1110 134

Townley, Carrie Miller, 1973 IIIB 119

M. , Townley, John 1967 IIA 72

••••••••••••• •1968 IIH. 1978 1110

• • • • • • • 104 134

44

•• Trimble, stephen 1989 IB

, • • • • • • • • • • 16

Tripp, George 1989 IVr. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 164

True, Clara , 1978 IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 124

True, Delbert L., E.L. Davis, and E.L. Sterud 1966 IIA. • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • 73

Tueller, Paul Neil E. west,

T., C. Dwight Beeson, and Kenneth H. Rea ,

Robin J. Tausch,

1979 IB • • • • • • • • • • • 16

(Panamint) IVF

Tumpisa 1989 ••••

Shoshone Dictionary • • • 164

Tuohy, 1970 1973 1982 1984 1984a •

• ••

•

Donald R., IIA 110 • IC • IIA • IIIE IVF

•

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144 164

•

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• • •

Tuohy, Donald R., and Barbara Palombi, 1972 110 IVF • • • • • 86, 164

Turner, Allen C., [1977] 1981 1981a 1983 ••

IVC • IIIE IVC IIIE IVC IVC

• •

•

•

• •

• • •

• •

• • •

• • •

•

•

•

• 144, 144,

154 154 155 155

Turner, Allen C., and Robert C. EUler, 1983 IVC. • • • • • • • 155

Turner, Christy G., III, 1962 IVC • • • • 155

Turner, Thomas H., 1978 IIA. • • 73

Tyler, Daniel, ed., 1976 1110 • • • • • • • • • • • • 134

Tyler, S. Lyman, 1973 IIIE VA • • • • • • • • 144, 166•1978 IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 124

45

• • • •

• •

Ubelaker, Douglas H. 1976 lA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Ulibarri, Richard D. 1972 1110 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Underhill, Lonnie E. , and Daniel E. Littlefield, 1976 lllC • • • • • • • • • • • • •

utley, Robert M. 1974 lllC •

valory, Dale, compo , 1971 lA

Van Devender, Thomas R., and W. Geoffrey Spauldinq , 1979 IB

Van Valkenburqh, Richard F., 1976 IIIC IVC

Van Winkle, Barry, 1978 IIID

Veeder, William H. , 1969 IIIE

Vennum, Thomas, Jr. , 1986 IC

Verosub, Kenneth L., and Peter J. Mehrinqer, Jr. , 1984 IB

victor, Frances Fuller, 1983 IlIA

Voqel, Virqil J. , 1970 IC

Voqet, Fred W., 1984 IC IVF

Wallace, William J., 1975 IC 1976 IVF 1977 IC IIA 1977a ID IIJ 1978 IC IIA 1978a IC IVF 1980 IIIC IVF

• • • • 3

134

124

124

3

16

125, 155

134

144

43

16

117

43

43, 164

43 164

43 64, 113

43 43, 164

125, 164

46.

••••• Wallace, william J., and Edith T. 1978 118..... •••••

Wallace, • • • • • • • • • 104

••••••••••••••• Walling, Barbara A., aand Richard A. Thompson, 1988 ID IIJ • • • • • 65, 113

Warren, 1970 1974 1980 1984

Claude IIG IIA • 10 118 118 •

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Charest,Warren, C.N., L. Alexander, A.P. E. v. T. Warren, and R. Leavitt, (n.d.) ID IIJ •••• •• • • • • • • • • • • 65, 113

Warren, C.N., X.Bergin, 1978 10 IIJ • •

O. Ferraro, • • •• •

and X. Olson, • • • • • • • • • • 65, 114

Warren, 1986

Claude N., IIH • •

Crabtree ••••••

and Robert H. • • • • • • 105

•••• Warren, C.N., M. Knack, 1980 10 IIH •••••••••

and E. v.T. Warren, • • • • 65, 105

Warren, 1978

Claude N., IIG ••

and 8. Thomas Ore, • •••••••• • • • • • • • • 96

• •

Washburn, Wilcomb 1969 IIIE 1971 IIIE 1975 IIIE

E. , •

• • • •

• • •

• • •

• •

• • •

•

•

• • •

• • •

• • •

• •

• •

• • •

• • •

•

•

• • • •

• •

•

•

• • •

• •

144 144 144

•••• Watters, David R., 1979 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44

Weatherford, Gary D., 1986 IB IIIE • • •

and F. Lee Brown, • ••• •

eds. , • • • • • 16, 144

Weide, 1974

David L., IIH •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 105

•• Weide, Margaret L., 1976 IC IIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44, 73

••••• Weight, H., and L. Weight, 1970 IIIC • • • • • • • • • • • • • 125

Welch, 1981 •

Patrick A., 10 IIH • • • • • • • • • • • 65, 105

47

Wellmann, Klaus F., 1979 IIF......................... 93

Wells, Philip V., 1979 16IB 1983 IB ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16

Wells, Philip V., and Rainer Berger 1967 17IB Wells, Philip V., and C.D. Jorgensen,1964 IB ••••••••••••• . . · . . . . . • • • • 17

Welsh, S.L., N.D. Atwood, S. Goodrich, E. Neese, K.H. Thorne, and Beverly Albee, 1981 IB .•....................... 17

West, Neil, Robin J. Tausch, Kenneth H. Rea, and Paul T. Tueller, 1978 IB .............•.• . . . . . . . . . 17

Western Shoshone Sacred Lands Association , 1982 1110 VA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 134, 171

Westfall, Deborah A., Wm. E. Davis, and Eric Blinman, 1987 10 IIJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 65, 114

Whitley, David S., 1982 IIF.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Wilde, James D., and Deborah E. Newman, 1989 lIB IIC • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . 78, 81

Wilke, Philip J., 1988 IC 110 ••••••••••••• · . . . . . . . 44, 86

Wilke, Philip J., T.W. Whitaker, and E.M. Hattori,1977 lID.................... . . . . . 86

Wilkinson, Charles E., 1979 IIIE ••••• . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • 144

Williams, Pete A., and Robert I. Orlins, 1963 IIA............... · . . . . . . . . . 73

willie, Gertrude Chapoos,1971 1110 •••••• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Wilson, Elijah Nicholas, 1971 IIIC •••••••••••••••••••••••• 125

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• • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • •

• • •

•

•

• •

•

•

• •

•

• •

•

•

• • •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

winograd, Isaac Jo, and Gene Co Doty , 17o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0001980 18 o o • • • •

winograd, Isaac Jo, and william Thordarson, o oo o o o1975 18 o o o o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17

Winter, Joseph Co, 1973 IIC 0 0 o o • • • • 81o o o o o o o o0 o

44

Winter, Joseph Co, and Patrick F. Hogan,

1976 IC o o • o • • • o o • o • o • • • • o • o o •

44o o o1986 IC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Wise, William 1976 IlIA • • • • • • • • • • • • • o • • o • • • 120

Wishart, David Jo, 1171979 IlIA • • • • • • • • • • • •

Wood, David Lo, 1441981 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Worman, Frederick C.V., 1969 ID IIJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66, 144

Wormington, H. Marie, and Dorothy Ellis, eds. , 1967 IIG •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 96

Wright, Gary A., o o o1978 IC 44

Wright, Gary A., and Susanne J. Miller, 1976 IC 44

Yarnell, Richard A., 1977 IC 44o

York, Robert, 1973 IIA 73

Young, James A., Raymond A. Evans, and J. Major, 1972 IB IC. ••• • • • • • • • 17, 45

Young, James A., Raymond A. Evans, and Paul T. Tueller, 1976 IB IC 17, 450 • • • • 0 • 0 •• •••• •

zanjani, Sally, 1986 IIIE 144 1987 IIIC o o• • • • • • • • • • • • • 125 1988 IIIC 125o

49

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Zigmond, Maurice L. , 1971 IVe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 155 1972 IVe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 155 1972a IVe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 155 1975 IVe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 156 1977 IVe 156 1978 IVe 156 1979 Ie • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45 1980 IVe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 156 1981 IVe 156 1986 Ive 156

Zwinger, Ann H. , and Beatrice E. Willard 1972 IB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18

50

• • • • • • •

QOVBlUDIBHT DOCUJlEHTS I J'BDBRAL, STATB aND LOCAL

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 1985 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • •

American Indian Policy Review Commission, 1976 VA • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Commission on state-Tribal Relations, 1981 VA • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Federal Agencies Task Force, 1979 IIIE • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Nevada Indian Commission, 1980 VA • • • • • • • • • • • • •

(ACOHP), • • • •

• • • • •

• • • •

• • • • •

• • • •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

135

165

165

137

166

U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1967 VA 1975 VA

U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1975 VA

U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1981 VA • 1983 VA

U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1983 VA • 1985 VA

U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1976 VA 1980 VA

166 166

Division of Law Enforcement, 166•

Financial Management Office, 166 166•

Office of Public Information, 167 167

Phoenix Area Office, • • • • 167

167

U.S. 1970 1970

Bureau of Indian Affairs, statistics Division VA • VA

, • 167

167

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1973 VA 1973a VA 1980 VA 1980a VA • • 1982 VA 1984 VA

• •

•

167 167 168 168 168 168

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• • •

• •

• • • • • •

u.s. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1969 VA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 168 1970 VA • • • • • • • 169 1971 VA • • • • • • • • • • • 169 1971a VA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 169 1972 VA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 169

u.s. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources , 1980 VA • • 168

u.S. Congress. senate. Select committee on Indian Affairs , 1977 VA ••• 169 1977a VA • • 169 1979 VA 169• 1980 VA • • • 169 1982 VA • • • • • • 169 1982a VA 170

u.S. Congress. Senate. Special Subcommittee on Indian Education, 1969 VA ••170

u.S. Congressional Record, 1946 VA 170

u.S. Department of Commerce, 1974 VA 170

u.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1974 VA 170

u.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, 1982 VA • •• 170

u.S. Department of the Interior, 1866 VA 170

u.S. Geological Survey 1970 VA 170

u.S. Indian Claims Commission, 1972 VA • 1711980 VA 171

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APPENDIX I: NATIVE AMERICAN SITE VISIT TO YUCCA …and taken as a tea are good for arthritis. A wash...

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