Appendix Energy Flow, Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions of ...

AppendixEnergy Flow, Energy Demand and CO2Emissions of the World’s-Regionsand of the G-20 Countries in 2011

Description of Diagrams

The energy consumption of the world, for the individual regions of the world andfor all G-20 countries is illustrated by 6 diagrams A1 ··· A6, described below (databased on: Energy Statistics from the IEA, International Energy Agency [5]).

Figure A1: Energy Flow in the Energy Sector

Figure A1 describes the flow of energy in the energy sector from primary energy togross energy (or gross inland consumption) and to final energy. Primary energy andgross energy are illustrated by the energy carriers used. Energy is expressed inMtoe.

The primary energy is the sum of local production and, for regions, net importsminus net exports of energy carriers (for countries, effective imports/exports insteadof net imports/net exports per energy carrier).

The gross energy follows from the primary energy after subtracting the non-energy use demand (e.g. for the chemical industry) and any stock changes. For theregions of the world, the amounts of energy for the international marine andaviation bunkers are also subtracted, since the corresponding CO2 emissions arerecorded only worldwide.

It is the task of the energy sector to provide consumers with energy in the formof final energy. In this diagram we distinguish 4 forms of final energy: electricity,district heating, motor fuels and “heat”. The latter consists mainly of non-electricheating and process heat (from fossil and renewable energies) and without districtheating. Stationary work, of non-electrical origin, can also be included (e.g.stationary gas, petrol or diesel engines and pumps); at least in developed countries,this share is minimal. With the conversion of gross energy into final energy, lossesoccur, which we refer to as losses of the energy sector.

These losses consist of thermal losses in power stations (thermodynamicreasons) as well as in combined heat and power plants and heating plants, and

Valentin Crastan

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014V. Crastan, Global Energy Demand and 2-degree Target, Report 2014,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12310-3

203

additionally electrical losses in the transmission and distribution network,including the energy sector’s own energy requirement and, finally, of theremaining losses in the energy sector (refining, liquefaction and gasificationplants, heat transfer losses, in-house use of heat, etc.).

The diagram also shows the CO2 emissions in Mt associated with the finalenergy consumption and the losses of the energy sector (together correspondingto the gross inland consumption). Most of the losses of the energy sector arenormally associated with the electricity and district heat production, which is whythe CO2 emissions of these three factors are combined. Separation can be doneusing Figure A4.

Figure A2: Shares of Energy Carriers

Figure A2 shows the shares of energy carriers, in percentage of total final energydemand, required for obtaining the 4 final energy types, and for covering the lossesof the energy sector.

This diagram thus complements diagram A1, with respect to the energy carrierdistribution in the final energy area. The energy-carriers-colors are shown in thelegend, and also apply to the energy flow diagram A1.

Figure A3: Losses of the Energy Sector

The losses of the energy sector represent a significant part of gross energy demand.Worldwide, in 2011, they were about 54 % and in some countries they even exceed100 % of final energy demand. For the CO2 emissions they are therefore of primaryimportance.

Figure A3 shows the percentage composition of these losses and the resulting CO2

emissions. A characteristic parameter and index of the CO2-efficiency of the energysector in the world region or country is the ratio Mt CO2 relative to Mtoe losses.

Figure A4: Energy Flow of Final Energyto the Final Users

The chart shows the breakdown of the 4 types of final energy over the three end-usercategories. Similarly, the CO2 emissions are allocated to these consumer groups.

The end users are (according to IEA statistics)

• industry,• residential, services, agriculture, etc.,• transport.

204 Appendix: Energy Flow, Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions …

To obtain the total emissions, the CO2 emissions of the energy sector (i.e. of thecorresponding losses) have to be added to this.

Figure A5: CO2 Emissions and OriginatingEnd-Energy Carriers

The figure gives the total CO2 emissions in Mt, the emissions per capita and itsdistribution over the consumer groups, detailed per end-energy carrier.

In addition, the indicator of CO2 sustainability of the country or region is stated.The causes of the CO2 emissions of the end energy carriers electricity and

district heat can be taken from the diagrams A2 and A6.

Figure A6: Electricity Production and Consumption

The large, often decisive importance of electricity consumption and of itsgeneration for the amount of CO2 emissions is clear from the flow charts A1 andA4, and also from A5. The share of the losses of the energy sector (mostly coupledwith the electricity production) is also to be taken into account.

Diagram A6 shows in detail the percentage composition of the energy sourcesused for the production of electricity.

Similarly, imports and exports are given in percentage of final consumption.The final consumption follows after deduction of losses (network losses and the

energy sector’s own use).

Appendix: Energy Flow, Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions … 205

Regions of the World

A1. World: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. World: : Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. World: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include ther-mal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100%

= 8

098

Mto

e

"heat" motor fuels electricity district heating energy-sector losses

coal and peat oil gas biomass and waste

other renewables nuclear hydroelectricity

World 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses

therm. losses renewable (3,13%)therm. losses nuclear (10,75%)

remaining losses (26,88%)

therm. losses coal (34,43%)electrical losses (7,80%)

therm. losses gas (12,84%)therm. losses oil (4,16%)

Losses of the energy sector, 4196 Mtoecorresponding emissions: 11761 Mt CO2

World 2011--> 2.8 Mt/Mtoe

World


World

A4. World: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. World: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. World: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

t/a,c

apita

industry transport resid., services, agr. energy-sector losses

coal and peat oil gas electricity district heating

World 2011, CO2 emissions 31342 Mt4.5 t/capita, 429 g/$ (PPP)

coal (41,19%)biomass (1,49%)waste, renewable (0,41%)

hydro (16,06%)geothermal (0,31%)

solar PV (0,28%)solar thermal (0,01%)

wind (1,96%)tidal (0,00%)

oil (4,76%)

nuclear (11,64%)

waste, not renewable (0,04%)

gas (21,86%)

Electricity production, World2011, total 22201 TWh network losses + own use

3804 TWh final consumption 18397 TWh


OECD-34

A1. OECD-34: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. OECD-34: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. OECD-34: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100%

= 3

291

Mto

e




OECD-34 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses

therm. losses renewable (4,24%)

therm. losses nuclear (22,04%)

electrical losses (7,95%)


therm. losses coal (31,54%)



OECD-34 2011--> 2.4 Mt/Mtoe


OECD-34

A4. OECD-34: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. OECD-34: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. OECD-34: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

1

2

3

4

5

t/a,c

apita



OECD-34 2011, CO2 emissions 12341 Mt9.9 t/capita, 313 g/$ (PPP)

coal (33,29%)biomass (2,01%)

waste, renewable (0,29%)hydro (13,37%)

geothermal (0,41%)solar PV (0,53%)

solar thermal (0,02%)wind (3,02%)

tidal (0,01%)

oil (3,18%)

gas (24,21%)

nuclear (19,20%)


Electricity production, OECD-342011, total 10867 TWh import surplus

2 TWh network losses + own use 1529 TWh final consumption 9340 TWh

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n

imp-exp import export

OECD-34 2011, electricityimport / export in %


EU-27

A1. EU-27: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. EU-27: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. EU-27: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include ther-mal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100%

= 1

039

Mto

e




EU-27 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses








EU-27 2011--> 2.1 Mt/Mtoe


EU-27

A4. EU-27: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. EU-27: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. EU-27: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

t/a,c

apita



EU-27 2011, CO2 emissions3543 Mt, 7.0 t/capita, 242 g/$ (PPP)

coal (26,89%)

biomass (3,49%)waste, renewable (1,17%)



wind (5,46%)tidal (0,02%)

oil (2,23%)

gas (21,14%)nuclear (27,65%)


Electricity production, EU-272011, total 3279 TWh import surplus


-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


EU-27 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Middle East

A1. Middle East: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Middle East: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Middle East: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

100%

= 3

57 M

toe




Middle East 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses

therm. losses oil (30,87%)

therm. losses coal (0,05%)therm. losses renewable (0,00%)therm. losses nuclear (0,03%)


therm. losses gas (34,89%)


Losses of the energy sector = 215 Mtoecorresponding emissions: 590 Mt CO2

Middle East 2011--> 2.7 Mt/Mtoe


Middle East

A4. Middle East: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Middle East: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Middle East: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

t/a,c

apita



Middle East 2011, CO2-Emissionen1607 Mt, 7.7 t/capita, 603 g/$ (PPP)

oil (37,06%)

coal (0,05%)nuclear (0,04%)biomass (0,00%)

hydro (2,41%)wind (0,03%)

gas (60,41%)

Electricity production, Middle East2011, total 845 TWh export surplus


-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Middle East 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Eurasia+

A1. Eurasia+: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Eurasia+: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Eurasia+: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

100%

= 6

55 M

toe




Eurasia+ 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses





therm. losses gas (26,81%)electrical losses (9,32%)


Eurasia+, 2011--> 2.5 Mt/Mtoe


Eurasia+

A4. Eurasia+: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Eurasia+: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Eurasia+: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

t/a,c

apita



Eurasia+ 2011, CO2 emissions2743 Mt, 8.1 t/capita, 720 g/$ (PPP)

coal (24,22%)biomass (0,05%)



wind (0,19%)

oil (2,25%)

gas (39,42%)

nuclear (17,00%)


Electricity production, Eurasia+2011, total 1729 TWh export surplus


-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Eurasia+ 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Rest-Asia/Oceania

A1. Rest-Asia/Oceania: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Rest-Asia/Oceania: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electrici-ty, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Rest-Asia/Oceania: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

100%

= 5

42 M

toe




Rest-Asia/Oceania 2011, % of finalenergyfinal energies, energy-sector losses





therm. losses oil (9,08%)therm. losses gas (22,28%)


Rest-Asia/Oceania2011 --> 2.5 Mt/Mtoe


Rest-Asia/Oceania

A4. Rest-Asia/Oceania: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Rest-Asia/Oceania: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Rest-Asia/Oceania: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imp. – exp. - losses

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

t/a,c

apita



Rest-Asia/Oceania 2011, CO2 emissions1739 Mt, 1.6 t/capita, 366 g/$ (PPP)

coal (31,07%)waste, not renewable (0,31%)

nuclear (4,12%)biomass (0,59%)



wind (0,15%)

oil (11,35%)gas (38,05%)

Electricity production 2011.Rest-Asia/Oceania, total 1150 TWh

import surplus 15 TWh network losses +own use 162 TWh final consumption 1003 TWh

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Rest-Asia/Oceania 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Non-OECD America

A1. Non-OECD America: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emis-sions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Non-OECD America: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, elec-tricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Non-OECD America: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

100%

= 4

16 M

toe




Non-OECD America 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses


therm. losses coal (2,46%)therm. losses renewable (6,14%)






Non-OECD America2011 --> 1.9 Mt/Mtoe


Non-OECD America

A4. Non-OECD America: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Non-OECD America: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Non-OECD America: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imp. – exp. - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

t/a,c

apita



Non-OECD America 2011, CO2 emiss.1087 Mt, 2.4 t/capita, 239 g/$ (PPP)

gas (14,32%)

oil (12,56%)coal (2,00%)geothermal (0,29%)

solar PV (0,01%)wind (0,35%)

waste, not renewable (0,05%)nuclear (1,99%)

biomass (3,85%)

hydro (64,57%)

Electricity product., Non-OECD America2011, total 1108 TWh export surplus


-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Non-OECD America 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Africa

A1. Africa: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Africa: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Africa: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include ther-mal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

20

40

60

80

100%

= 5

09 M

toe




Africa 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses







Africa 2011--> 2.3 Mt/Mtoe


Africa

A4. Africa: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Africa: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Africa: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

t/a,c

apita



Africa 2011, CO2 emissions, 968 Mt0.9 t/capita, 333 g/$ (PPP)

coal (37,72%)waste, not renewable (0,01%)nuclear (1,94%)biomass (0,12%)


solar PV (0,04%)wind (0,39%)

oil (10,13%)gas (32,94%)

Electricity production, Africa2011, total 695 TWh import surplus


-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Africa 2011, electricityimport / export in %


G-20 Countries

G-20

A1. G-20: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. G-20: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. G-20: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100%

= 6

147

Mto

e




G-20 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses







G-20 2011--> 3.0 Mt/Mtoe


G-20

A4. G-20: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. G-20: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. G-20: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

t/a,c

apita



G-20 2011, CO2 emissions: 25,489 Mt 5.6 t/capita, 419 g/$ (PPP)

coal (44,94%)nuclear (13,50%)




wind (2,05%)tidal (0,00%)

oil (4,19%)


gas (20,61%)

Electricity production, G-202011, total 17,256 TWh import surplus


-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


G-20 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Argentina

A1. Argentina: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Argentina: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Argentina: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

100%

= 5

3 M

toe




Argentina 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses

therm. losses oil (12,90%)therm. losses coal (2,44%)





Argentina 2011--> 2.3 Mt/Mtoe


Argentina

A4. Argentina: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Argentina: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Argentina: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

t/a,c

apita



Argentina 2011, CO2 emissions184 Mt, 4.5 t/capita, 278 g/$ (PPP)

oil (15,08%)coal (2,49%)

waste, renewable (0,00%)

hydro (24,56%)solar PV (0,00%)


gas (51,30%)

biomass (1,64%)nuclear (4,90%)


Electricity production, Argentina2011, total 130 TWh import surplus

10 TWh network losses and own use 24 TWh final consumption 116 TWh

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Argentina 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Australia

A1. Australia: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Australia: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, dis-trict heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Australia: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

100%

= 7

3 M

toe




Australia 2011, % of the final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses



electrical losses (7,96%)remaining losses (9,35%)

therm. losses coal (66,31%)therm. losses oil (0,96%)


Australia, 2011--> 3.8 Mt/Mtoe


Australia

A4. Australia: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Australia: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Australia: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

2

4

6

8

10

t/a,c

apita



Australia 2011, CO2 emissions397 Mt, 17.4 t/capita, 467 g/$ (PPP)

gas (19,66%)

biomass (0,83%)hydro (6,65%)geothermal (0,00%)


wind (2,30%)

coal (68,60%)oil (1,62%)

Electricity production, Australia2011, total 253 TWh export/import



Brazil

A1. Brazil: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Brazil: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Brazil: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

100%

= 2

02 M

toe




Brazil 2011, % of the final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses






Brazil 2011--> 1.3 Mt/Mtoe


Brazil

A4. Brazil: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Brazil: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

6. Brazil: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

t/a,c

apita



Brazil 2011, CO2 emissions, 408 Mt2.1 t/a,capita, 193 g/$ (PPP)


waste, not renewable (0,10%)gas (4,72%)

oil (2,78%)coal (2,33%)

solar PV (0,00%)wind (0,51%)

hydro (80,55%)

Electricity production, Brazil2011, total 532 TWh import surplus


-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Brazil 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Canada

A1. Canada: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Canada: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Canada: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include ther-mal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

100%

= 1

79 M

toe




Canada 2011, in % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses

therm. losses nuclear (34,14%)electrical losses (14,65%)







Canada 2011--> 1.75 Mt/Mtoe


Canada

A4. Canada: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Canada: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Canada: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

t/a,c

apita



Canada 2011, CO2 emissions530 Mt, 15.4 t/capita, 400 g/$ (PPP)


oil (1,03%)coal (11,99%)solar PV (0,04%)

wind (1,60%)tidal (0,00%)

nuclear (14,69%)


hydro (59,00%)

Electricity production, Canada2011, total 637 TWh export surplus


-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Canada 2011, electricityimport / export in %


China (with Hongkong)

A1. China: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. China: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. China: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

20

40

60

80

100%

= 1

516

Mto

e




China 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses




electrical losses (6,62%)therm. losses gas (1,16%)



China 2011--> 3.5 Mt/Mtoe


China (with Hongkong)

A4. China: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. China: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. China: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

t/a,c

apita



China 2011, CO2 emissions8000 Mt, 5.9 t/capita, 744 g/$ (PPP)

oil (0,17%)gas (2,00%)




wind (1,48%)

coal (78,89%)

Electricity production, China2011, total 4755 TWh export surplus


-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


China 2011, electricityimport / export in %


France

A1. France: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. France: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

3. France: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

20

40

60

80

100%

= 1

40 M

toe




France 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses

therm. losses renewable (1,39%)therm. losses coal (2,03%)





France, 2011--> 0.51 Mt/Mtoe


France

A4. France: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. France: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. France: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

t/a,c

apita



France 2011, CO2 emissions 328 Mt, 5.0 t/capita, 161 g/$ (PPP)


oil (0,61%)coal (3,08%)



solar PV (0,36%)wind (2,18%)

tidal (0,10%)

nuclear (78,72%)

Electricity production, France2011, total 562 TWh

export surplus 57 TWh network losses + own use 86 TWh final consumption 420 TWh

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


France 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Germany

A1. Germany: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Germany: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, dis-trict heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Germany: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

100%

= 1

97 M

toe




Germany 2011, in % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses








Germany 2011--> 2.7 Mt/Mtoe


Germany

A4. Germany: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Germany: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Germany: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

t/a,c

apita



Germany 2011, CO2 emissions748 Mt, 9.1 t/capita, 260 g/$ PPP)

coal (44,67%)biomass (5,40%)



wind (8,03%)

oil (1,09%)

nuclear (17,74%)


Electricity production, Germany2011, total 609 TWh export surplus


-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Germany 2011, electricityimport / export in %


India

A1. India: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. India: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. India: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

20

40

60

80

100%

= 4

52 M

toe




India 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses







India 2011--> 3.4 Mt/Mtoe


India

A4. India: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. India: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. India: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

t/a,c

apita



India 2011, CO2 emissions1745 Mt, 1.4 t/capita, 428 g/$ (PPP)



solar PV (0,01%)wind (2,27%)

coal (67,94%)

gas (10,31%)

oil (1,16%)

Electricity production, India2011, total 1052 TWh import surplus


-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


India 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Indonesia

A1. Indonesia: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Indonesia: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Indonesia: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

100%

= 1

49 M

toe




Indonesia 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses








Indonesia, 2011--> 2.3 Mt/Mtoe


Indonesia

A4. Indonesia: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Indonesia: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Indonesia: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

t/a,c

apita

industry transport resid., services, agr. energy-sector lossescoal and peat oil gas electricity district heating

Indonesia 2011, CO2 emissions426 Mt, 1.8 t/capita, 415 g/$ (PPP)

coal (44,41%)gas (20,34%)

waste, not renewable (0,00%)biomass (0,11%)


geothermal (5,14%)solar PV (0,00%)wind (0,00%)

oil (23,20%)

Electricity production, Indonesia2011, total 182 TWh export/import



Italy

A1. Italy: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Italy: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Italy: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

100%

= 1

18 M

toe




Italy 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses








Italy 2011--> 2.3 Mt/Mtoe


Italy

A4. Italy: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Italy: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Italy: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

t/a,c

apita



Italy 2011, CO2 emissions393 Mt, 6.5 t/capita, 231 g/$ (PPP)

oil (6,57%)

coal (16,57%)

waste, renewable (0,73%)

hydro (15,78%)



gas (47,77%)



Electricity production, Italy2011, total 303 TWh

import surplus 45 TWh network losses and own use 46 TWh final consumption 302 TWh

-5

0

5

10

15

20

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Italy 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Japan

A1. Japan: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Japan: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Japan: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100%

= 2

77 M

toe




Japan 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses







Japan 2011--> 2.8 Mt/Mtoe


Japan

A4. Japan: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Japan: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Japan: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

1

2

3

4

5

t/a,c

apita

industry transport resid., services, agr. energy-sector lossescoal and peat oil gas electricity district heating

Japan 2011, CO2 emissions1186 Mt, 9.3 t/capita, 289 g/$ (PPP)

coal (26,74%)

waste, not renewable (0,49%)nuclear (9,68%)



solar PV (0,49%)wind (0,43%)

oil (14,59%)gas (35,57%)

Electricity production, Japan2011, total 1051 TWh import/export



Mexico

A1. Mexico: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Mexico: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Mexico: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include ther-mal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

100%

= 1

08 M

toe




Mexico 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses







Mexico, 2011--> 2.3 Mt/Mtoe


Mexico

A4. Mexico: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Mexico: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Mexico: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

t/a,c

apita



Mexico 2011, CO2 emissions, 432 Mt4.0 t/capita, 282 g/$ (PPP)

oil (16,35%)

coal (11,54%)

waste, not renewable (0,00%)nuclear (3,41%)biomass (0,85%)



wind (0,56%)

gas (52,83%)

Electricity production, Mexico2011, total 296 TWh

export surplus 1 TWh network losses + own use 69 TWh final consumption 226 TWh

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Mexico 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Russia

A1. Russia: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Russia: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Russia: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100%

= 3

92 M

toe




Russia 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses

therm. losses oil (2,13%)therm. losses coal (10,50%)





Russia 2011--> 2.5 Mt/Mtoe


Russia

A4. Russia: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Russia: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

6. Russia: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

1

2

3

4

5

t/a,c

apita



Russia 2011, CO2 emissions1653 Mt, 11.6 t/capita, 751 g/$ (PPP)

oil (2,59%)

coal (15,58%)

nuclear (16,40%)



wind (0,00%)

gas (49,22%)


Electricity production, Russia2011, total 1055 TWh export surplus

23 TWh network losses end own use 303 TWh final consumption 729 TWh

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Russia 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Saudi Arabia

A1. Saudi Arabia: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Saudi Arabia: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Saudi Arabia: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

20

40

60

80

100

100%

= 7

4 M

toe




Saudi Arabia 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses


therm. losses coal (0,00%)therm. losses renewable (0,00%)therm. losses nuclear (0,00%)





Saudi Arabia 2011--> 3.0 Mt/Mtoe


Saudi Arabia

A4. Saudi Arabia: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Saudi Arabia: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Saudi Arabia: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0123456789

10

t/a,c

apita



Saudi Arabia 2011, CO2 emissions457 Mt, 16,3 t/capita, 595 g/$ (PPP)

gas (43,34%)

oil (56,66%)

Electricity production, Saudi Arabia2011, total 250 TWh import/export



South Africa

A1. South Africa: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. South Africa: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. South Africa: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

100%

= 6

6 M

toe




South Africa 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses




electrical losses (6,44%)therm. losses gas (0,00%)



South Africa 2011--> 3.0 Mt/Mtoe


South Africa

A4. South Africa: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. South Africa: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. South Africa: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

1

2

3

4

5

t/a,c

apita



South Africa 2011, CO2 emissions368 Mt, 7.3 t/capita, 715 g/$ (PPP)

oil (0,08%)nuclear (5,14%)

biomass (0,11%)hydro (1,91%)

solar PV (0,01%)wind (0,04%)

coal (92,71%)

Electricity production, South Africa2011, total 263 TWh

export surplus 4 TWh network losses and own use 53 TWh final consumption 207 TWh

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


South Africa 2011, electricityimport / export in %


South Korea

A1. South Korea: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. South Korea: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. South Korea: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

20

40

60

80

100

100%

= 1

21 M

toe




South Korea 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses








South Korea 2011--> 2.6 Mt/Mtoe


South Korea

A4. South Korea: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. South Korea: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. South Korea: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

t/a,c

apita



South Korea 2011, CO2 emissions 588 Mt, 11.8 t/capita, 410 g/$ (PPP)

coal (42,91%)nuclear (29,57%)



wind (0,16%)

oil (3,18%)


gas (22,11%)

Electricity production, South Korea2011, total 523 TWh import/export



Turkey

A1. Turkey: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. Turkey: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. Turkey: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include ther-mal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100%

= 7

5 M

toe




Turkey 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses







Turkey 2011--> 3.0 Mt/Mtoe


Turkey

A4. Turkey: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. Turkey: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. Turkey: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

t/a,c

apita



Turkey 2011, CO2 emissions286 Mt, 3.9 t/capita, 288 g/$ (PPP)

coal (28,87%)hydro (22,82%)geothermal (0,30%)

solar PV (0,00%)wind (2,06%)

oil (0,39%)biomass (0,15%)


gas (45,36%)

Electricity production, Turkey2011, total 229 TWh import surplus


-2

-1

0

1

2

3

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


Turkey 2011, electricityimport / export in %


United Kingdom

A1. U.K.: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. U.K: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heat-ing) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. U.K.: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100%

= 1

19 M

toe




U.K. 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses


therm. losses nuclear (19,50%)remaining losses (21,73%)





U.K. 2011--> 2.3 Mt/Mtoe


United Kingdom

A4. U.K.: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. U.K.: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. U.K.: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports - losses

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

t/a,c

apita



U.K. 2011, CO2 emissions, 443 Mt7.1 t/capita, 210 g/$ (PPP)

coal (29,80%)nuclear (18,75%)



wind (4,21%)

oil (1,00%)waste, not renewable (0,38%)

gas (39,92%)

Electricity production, U.K.2011, total 368 TWh import surplus


-1

0

1

2

3

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


U.K. 2011, electricity

import / export in %


United States of America

A1. USA: Energy flow in the energy sector from primary to final energy and total CO2 emissions. Color of the energy carriers as in A2 and A5 (petroleum dark brown, oil products light brown)

A2. USA: Shares of energy carriers for obtaining the final energies ("heat", motor fuels, electricity, district heating) and to cover the losses of the energy sector

A3. USA: Percentage distribution of losses in the energy sector; contributors to CO2 emissions include thermal losses of fossil-fuel plants, the electrical losses and the residual losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100%

= 1

371

Mto

e




USA 2011, % of final energyfinal energies, energy-sector losses






herm. losses gas (13,37%)



USA 2011--> 2.6 Mt/Mtoe


United States of America

A4. USA: Flow of final energy to the final users and CO2 emissions of the economy sectors

A5. USA: Energy carriers responsible for the CO2 emissions of sectors of the economy ; (for electricity see also A2 or A6 and for district heating also A2)

A6. USA: Generation of electrical energy, final consumption = production + imports - exports – losses

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

t/a,c

apita



USA 2011, CO2 emissions, 5287 Mt16.9 t/capita, 380 g/$ (PPP)

coal (43,12%)nuclear (18,88%)




wind (2,78%)

oil (0,91%)


gas (24,03%)

Electricity production, USA2011, total 4350 TWh import surplus


-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

% o

f fin

al e

lect

ricity

con

sum

ptio

n


USA 2011, electricityimport / export in %


Bibliography

1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panels on Climate Change) (2013) 5th report, WG I. Sept 20132. IPCC (2014) 5th report Working Group II. Mar 20143. IPCC (2014) 5th report Working Group III. Apr 20144. Steinacher M, Joos F, Stocker TF (2013) Allowable carbon emissions lowered by multiple

climate targets. Nature 499:197–2015. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2014) Statistics & Balances. www.iea.org6. IEA (2013) World Energy Outlook. www.iea.org7. Oliver Geden (2012) SWP-Studie, Die Modifikation des 2-Grad-Ziels, Berlin8. IMF (International Monetary Fund) (2013) World Economic Databases. Oct 20139. IEA (2004–2012) World Energy Outlooks.10. Crastan V (2012) Elektrische Energieversorgung 2, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin11. IEA (2011) CO2-Emissions from Fuel Combustion. Highlights 201112. IEA (2006–2013) Key World Energy Statistics.13. IMF (International Monetary Fund) (2014) World Economic Databases. Apr 2014

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014V. Crastan, Global Energy Demand and 2-degree Target, Report 2014,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12310-3

263

http://www.iea.org

http://www.iea.org

Appendix Energy Flow, Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions of ...

Documents

Transcript of Appendix Energy Flow, Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions of ...