APPENDIX 3-1 - fs.fed.us · PDF fileJuniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Pinus ponderosa...

APPENDIX 3-1Common and scientific names of plant species discussed in the "Rangeland Ecology and Grazing Management"section of this chapter.

Common Name

African rueAspenBasin big sagebrushBasin wildryeBig sagebrushBitterbrushBluebunch wheatgrassBulbous bluegrassBull thistleCamelthornCanada thistleCheatgrassCommon crupinaCottonwoodCrested wheatgrassDalmation toadflaxDiffuse knapweedDistaff thistleDryland alfalfaDyer's woadHalogetonIberian starthistleIdaho fescueIntermediate wheatgrassKentucky bluegrassLeafy spurgeLewis flaxLow sagebrushMatgrassMediterranean sageMedusaheadMountain big sagebrushMountain mahoganyMusk thistleNeedlegrassOrange hawkweedOrchardgrassOxeye daisy

Scientific Name

Peganum harmalaPopulus tremuloidesArtemisia tridentata tridentataElymus cinereusArtemisia tridentataPurshia tridentataAgropyron spicatumPoa bulbosaCirsium vulgareAlhagi pseudalhagiCirsium arvenseBromus tectorumCrupina vulgarisPopulus trichocarpaAgropyron cristatumLinaria dalmaticaCentaurea diffusaCarthamus lanatusMedicago sp.Isatis tinctoriaHalogeton glomeratusCentaurea ibericaFestuca idahoensisAgropyron intermediumPoa pratensisEuphorbia esulaLinum perenne var. lewisiiArtemisia arbusculaNardus strictaSalvia aethiopisTaeniatherum caput-medusaeArtemisia tridentata vaseyanaCercocarpus montanusCarduus nutansStipa spp.Hieracium aurantiacumDactylis glomerataChrysanthemum leucanthemum

Landscape Dynamics

sb10

Common Name Scientific Name

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosaPubescent wheatgrass Agropyron trichophorumPurple loosestrife Lythrum salicariaPurple starthistle Centaurea calcitrapaReed canarygrass Phalaris arundinaceaRush skeletonweed Chondrilla junceaRussian knapweed Centaurea repensRussian wildrye Elymus junceusSaltcedar Tamarix ramosissimaScotch thistle Onopordum acanthiumSheep fescue Festuca ovinaSmall burnet Sanguisorba minorSpiny hopsage Gray/a spinosaSpotted knapweed Centaurea maculosaSquarrose knapweed Centaurea virgataStiff sagebrush Artemisia rigidaSulfur cinquefoil Potentilla rectaSyrian bean-caper Zygophyllum fabagoThreetip sagebrush Artemisia tripartitaTall wheatgrass Agropyron elongatumVentenata Ventenata dubiaWyoming big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata wyomingensisWestern juniper Juniperus occidentalisWhitetop (Hoary cress) Cardaria drabaWinterfat Eurotia lanataWillow Salix spp.Yellow hawkweed Hieracium pratenseYellow starthistle Centaurea solstitialisYellow toadflax Linaria vulgaris

Sources of nomenclature used in this appendix are Hitchcock and Cronquist (1976) and Whitson and others(1991).

'--' Landscape Dynamics

APPENDIX 3-JFloral and vertebrate taxa observed in western juniper woodlands (obtained from numerous sources listed inEddleman and others 1994).

Scientific Name

Annual, Biennial Forb1

Alyssum desertorumAmsimkia intermediaBlepharipappus scaberClarkia pulchellaColdenia grandifloraCollinsia parvifloraCollomia grandifloraCordylanthus ramosusCryptantha affinisCryptantha ambiguaDescurainia pinnataDescurainia richardsoniiDraba vemaEpilobium minutumEpilobium paniculatumEriogonum vimineumErodium cicutariumEuphorbia spp.Galium bifoliumGayophytum humileGayophytum nuttalliiHemizonia pungensHolosteum umbellatumLactuca ludovicianaLagophylla ramosissimaLayia glandulosaLepidium perfoliatumLinanthus harknessiLupinus microcarpusMadia gracilisMadia sativaMicrosteris gracilisMimulus breweri

Landscape Dynamics

Scientific Name

Montia perfoliataNavarretia sp.Orthocarpus tenuifoliusPhacelia linearisPlectritis macroceraPolemonium micranthumPolygonum majusRanunculus testiculatusRanunculus occidentalisSanguisorba minorSisymbrium altissimumTaraxacum ceratophorumTragopogon dubiusVerbascum thapsus

Annual Grass1

Agrostis interruptaBromus brizaeformisBromus japonicusBromus mollisBromus tectorumFestuca bromoidesFestuca microstachysFestuca octofloraTaeniatherum asperum

Perennial Forb1

Achillea millefoliumAgoseris glaucaAgoseris grand/floraAllium acuminatumAllium douglasiiAntennaria roseaAntennaria dimorphaArabis hoboeliiArabis puberulaArabis spare/floraAster campestrisAstragalus beckwithilAstragalus curvicarpusAstragalus filipesAstragalus lentiginosusAstragalus purshiiAstragalus reventusAstragalus stenophyllus

R* Landscape Dynamics

Scientific Name

Balsamorhiza careyanaBalsamorhiza sagittataCalochortus macrocarpusCastilleja applegateiCastilleja chromosaChaenactis douglasiiCheilanthes gracillimaCirsium arvenseCrepis acuminataCrepis intermediaErigeron bloomeriErigeron elegantulusErigeron filifoliusErigeron linearisErigeron poliospermusErigeron pumilusEriogonum heracleoidesEriogonum microthecumEriogonum niveumEriogonum oval/foliumEriogonum sphaerocephalumEriogonum strictumEriogonum thymoidesEriogonum umbellatumEriophyllum lanatumFritillaria pudicaGeum campanulatumHydrophyllum capitatumLeptodactylon pungensLinum perenneLithophragma bulbiferaLomatium canbyiLomatium cousLomatium macrocarpumLomatium tritematumLupinus caudatusLupinus laxiflorusLupinus lepidusMertensia longifloraMicroseris nutansMicroseris troximoidesOrobanche unifloraPenstemon humilis

Landscape Dynamics Appendix 3J-1031

Scientific Name

Penstemon gracilisPenstemon laetusPenstemon richardsoniPenstemon speciosusPetalostemon omatumPhacelia hastataPhlox douglasiiPhlox hoodiiPhlox longifoliaPotentilla glandulosa var. intermediaRanunculus occidentalisSenecio canusSenecio integemmusSisyrinchium douglasiSisyrinchium idahoenseStellaria americanaStellaria nitensTrifolium dubiumTrifolium macrocephalumTrifolium microcephalumZygadenus paniculatus

Perennial Grass1

Agropyron saxicolaAgropyron smithiiAgropyron spicatumBromus carinatusDanthonia unispicataElymus cinereusFestuca idahoensisKeoleria cristataOryzopsis humenoidesPoa amplaPoa bulbosaPoa compressaPoa cusickiiPoa pratensisPoa sandbergiiSitanion hystrixStipa columbianaStipa comataStipa occidentalisStipa thurberiana

Sedge1

Carex rossiiCarex geyeriKobresia simpliciuscula

, Landscape Dynamics

Scientific NameShrub1

Artemisia arbusculaArtemisia tridentata ssp. tridentataArtemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensisArtemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyanaArtemisia rigidaCercocarpus ledifoliusChrysothamnus nauseosusChrysothamnus viscidiflorusGray/a spinosaHolodiscus dumosusPurshia tridentataRibes cereumSymphoricarpos oreophilusTetradymia canescensTetradymia glabrata

Tree1

Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalisPinus ponderosa

Scientific Name Common Name

Amphibian

Ambystoma macrodactylumPseudacris regilla

Long-toed SalamanderPacific Treef rog

BirdAccipiter cooper//Accipiter striatusAlectoris chukarAquila chrysaetosAsio otusBombycilla cedrorumBombycilla garrulusBubo virginianusButeo jamaicensisButeo lagopusButeo regalisCarduelis pinusCarpodacus mexicanusCathartes auraCatherpes mexicanusChordeiles minorColaptes auratus

Cooper's HawkSharp-shinned HawkChukarGolden EagleLong-eared OwlCedar WaxwingBohemian WaxwingGreat Horned OwlRed-tailed HawkRough-legged HawkFerruginous HawkPine SiskinHouse FinchTurkey VultureCanyon WrenCommon NighthawkNorthern Flicker



Corvus coraxCyanocitta stelleriDendroica coronateDendroica nigrescensDendroica townsendiEmpidonax oberholseriEmpidonax wrightiiEremophila alpestrisFalco mexicanusFalco sparveriusGlaucidium gnomaGymnorhinus cyanocephalusHirundo pyrrhonotaHirundo rusticaLanius execubitorLanius ludovicianusMadestes townsendiMyiarchus cinerascensOreoscoptes montanusParus gambeliPhalaenoptilus nuttalliiPica picaPipilo chlorurusRiparia ripariaSalpinctes obsoletusSelasphorus rufusSialia currucoidesSpeotyto cuniculariaSpizella breweriStelgidopteryx serripennisSturnus vulgarisTachycineta bicolorTachycineta thalassinaTurdus migratoriusTyrannus verticalisZenaida macroura

Common RavenSteller's JayYellow-rumped WarblerBlack-throated Gray WarblerTownsend's WarblerDusky FlycatcherGray FlycatcherHorned LarkPrairie FalconAmerican KestrelNorthern Pygmy OwlPinyon JayCliff SwallowBarn SwallowNorthern ShrikeLoggerhead ShrikeTownsend's SolitaireAsh-throated FlycatcherSage ThrasherMountain ChickadeeCommon PoorwillBlack-billed MagpieGreen-tailed TowheeBank SwallowRock WrenRufous HummingbirdMountain BluebirdBurrowing OwlBrewer's SparrowNorthern Rough-winged SwallowEuropean StarlingTree SwallowViolet-green SwallowAmerican RobinWestern KingbirdMourning Dove

MammalAntrozous pallidusCanis latransDipodomys ordiiEquus caballusErethizon dorsatum

Pallid BatCoyoteOrd's Kangaroo RatDomestic Horse (Feral)Common Porcupine

Landscape Dynamics


Felis concolorLasionycteris noctivagansLepus califomicusLynx rufusMustela frenataMyotis ciliolabrumMyotis evotisMyotis lucifugusMyotis volansMyotis yumanensisNeotoma cinereaOdocoileus hemionusOnychomys leucogasterOvis canadensisPerognathus parvusPeromyscus maniculatusPeromyscus trueiPlecotus townsendiiSpermophilus lateralisSpermophilus townsendiiTamias amoenusTamias minimusTaxidea taxus

Mountain LionSilver-haired BatBlack-tailed JackrabbitBobcatLong-tailed WeaselWestern Small-footed MyotisLong-eared MyotisLittle Brown MyotisLong-legged MyotisYuma MyotisBushy-tailed WoodratMule or Black-tailed DeerNorthern Grasshopper MouseMountain (or Bighorn) SheepGreat Basin Pocket MouseDeer MousePinon MouseTownsend's Big-eared BatGolden-mantled Ground SquirrelTownsend's Ground SquirrelYellow-pine ChipmunkLeast ChipmunkAmerican Badger

ReptileCharina bottaeColuber constrictorContia tenuisCrotalus viridisElgaria multicarinatasEumeces skiltonianusHypsiglena torquataMasticophis taeniatusPhrynosoma douglassiPituophis melanoleucusSceloporus graciosusSceloporus occidentalisUta stansburiana

Rubber BoaRacerSharp-tailed SnakeWestern RattlesnakeSouthern Alligator LizardWestern SkinkNight SnakeStriped WhipsnakeShort-horned LizardGopher SnakeSagebrush LizardWestern Fence LizardSide-blotched Lizard


APPENDIX 3-KAveraged disturbance probabilities of probability sets for scenario modeling designed for wilderness-like lands.

PotentialVegetationGroup Physiognomic Type Group Historical

ScenarioConsumptive

Demand Active Passive

Wildfire

Cold ForestCold ForestCold ForestCold ForestCold ForestCold ForestDry ShrubDry ShrubDry ShrubDry ShrubMoist ForestMoist ForestMoist ForestMoist ForestMoist Forest

Cold ForestCold ForestCold ForestCold ForestCold ForestCold ForestDry ShrubDry ShrubDry ShrubDry ShrubMoist ForestMoist ForestMoist ForestMoist ForestMoist Forest

Ami*»nri!*3K

Early-serai ForestLate-serai Multi-layer ForestLate-serai Single-layer ForestMid-serai Shade-intolerant For.Mid-serai Shade-tolerant ForestWoodlandExoticsHerblandShrublandWoodlandEarly-serai ForestLate-serai Multi-layer ForestLate-serai Single-layer ForestMid-serai Shade-intolerant For.Mid-serai Shade-tolerant Forest

Early-serai ForestLate-serai Multi-layer ForestLate-serai Single-layer ForestMid-serai Shade-intolerant For.Mid-serai Shade-tolerant ForestWoodlandExoticsHerblandShrublandWoodlandEarly-serai ForestLate-serai Multi-layer ForestLate-serai Single-layer ForestMid-serai Shade-intolerant For.Mid-serai Shade-tolerant Forest

t^lfKSte. 1 anrisnanfi Dvnarn

0.00390.01490.01090.01220.01050.0050NA1

0.01210.01270.02050.00730.01700.01510.01520.0133

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

lins

0.00360.01360.00560.01020.01000.00480.05450.00960.02330.00510.00340.00730.00660.00580.0057

Prescribed Fire

0.00130.00210.00170.00170.0025O3

0

0.00150.00200

0

0

0

0

0

0.00300.01140.00460.00850.00830.00400.04540.00800.01940.00430.00280.00610.00550.00480.0048

0.00860.01500.02010.01560.01250.01500

0.00760

0.00300.00250.00770.00600.00890.0064

0.00350.01380.00550.01020.00980.00450.05220.00860.02350.00970.00670.01440.01170.01150.0112

NU2

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

NU

PotentialVegetationGroup Physiognomic Type Group Historical

ScenarioConsumptive


Successional Change Grazing

Dry Shrub

Dry ShrubDry Shrub

Cold Forest

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry ShrubDry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Herbland

ShrublandWoodland

Woodland

Exotics

Herbland

Shrubland

Woodland

Herbland

Shrubland

0.0030

0.0071

0.0200

0.0010

NA

0.02490.0172

0

NA

NA

0.0054 0.0043

0.0053 0.00350.0015 0.0008

Non-impactive Grazing

0.0008 0.0013

0.0034 0.0052

0.0846 0.0122

0.0031 0.0061

0.0010 0.0017

Exotics

0.0043 0.0016

0.0048 0.0026

0.0039

0.0030

0.0010

0.0005

0.0020

0.0430

0.00130.0007

0.0047

0.0018

'NA = Not Applicable, was not an applicable item for the scenario or did not exist in the historical period.2NU = Not Used, was not applicable to the scenario and a probability was not inserted.30 = Actual probability modeled was zero.

Landscape Dynamics

APPENDIX 3-LAveraged disturbance probabilities of probability sets for modeling scenarios on non-wilderness-like lands.

PotentialVegetationGroup

Scenario

Physiognomic Type Group HistoricalConsumptive


Wildfire

Dry Forest

Dry Forest

Dry Forest

Dry Forest

Dry ForestDry Forest


Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Moist ForestMoist Forest

Moist Forest

Moist Forest

Moist Forest


Dry Forest

Dry Forest


Dry ShrubDry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Moist Forest

Moist Forest

Moist Forest

Moist Forest

Moist Forest

Early-serai ForestExotics

Herbland

Late-serai Multi-layer Forest

Late-serai Single-layer Forest

Mid-serai Shade-intolerant Forest

Mid-serai Shade-tolerant ForestShrubland

Exotics

Herbland

Shrubland

Woodland

Early-serai ForestLate-serai Multi-layer Forest

Late-serai Single-layer ForestMid-serai Shade-intolerant Forest

Mid-serai Shade-tolerant Forest

Early-serai Forest

ExoticsLate-serai Multi-layer Forest


Mid-serai Shade-intolerant ForestMid-serai Shade-tolerant Forest

Exotics

Herbland

ShrublandWoodland

Early-serai Forest





0.0244NA1

0.0200

0.0389

0.03610.0349

0.0297

0.03600

NA

0.0121

0.0127

0.0205

0.00730.0170

0.01510.0152

0.0133

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.0044

0.0009

0.0009

0.0084

0.0038

0.00750.0074

0.0009

0.06060.0064

0.02440.0067

0.00400.0070

0.0050

0.0050

0.0050

Prescribed

O2

0.0080

0.00500.0047

0.00510.0085

0

0.0009

0.0011

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00300.0010

0.0010

0.0060

0.0030

0.0060

0.0060

0.0010

0.0450

0.0050

0.0180

0.0050

0.0030

0.00500.0040

0.0040

0.0040

Fire

0.00300.0240

0.06300.0570

0.01700.0300

0

0.0080

0.0010

0.0300

0.00300.0080

0.0060

0.0100

0.0060

0.00400.0010

0.0010

0.0080

0.0040

0.0080

0.0070

0.0010

0.0545

0.0058

0.02200.0060

0.0040

0.0070

0.00500.0050

0.0050

0

0.0080

0.00300.0030

0.00600.0090

0

0.0168

0.02430.0054

0

0

0

0

0

Landscape Dynamics


Scenario



Non-impactive Grazing

Dry Forest


Dry ForestDry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Early-serai ForestExotics

Herbland

ShrublandExotics

Herbland

Shrubland

Woodland

NU3

NA

NU

NU

NU

0.0249

0.0172

0.005

0.0095

0.1800

0.0225

0.0225

0.0442

0.2206

0.0700

0.0100

0.0130

0.2400

0.0300

0.0300

0.0500

0.2910

0.0940

0.0130

0.0095

0.1800

0.0225

0.0225

0.0453

0.2646

0.0778

0.0113

Successional Change Grazing

Dry Forest

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry Shrub

Dry ShrubDry Shrub

Dry Shrub


Dry Forest

Dry Forest

Dry Shrub

Moist Forest


Moist Forest

Early-serai ForestHerbland

Shrubland

Woodland

Herbland

Shrubland

ExoticsHerbland

Shrubland

Late-serai Multi-layer ForestLate-serai Single-layer ForestMid-serai Shade-intolerant Forest


WoodlandLate-serai Multi-layer Forest

Late-serai Single-layer ForestMid-serai Shade-intolerant Forest


NU

0.003

0.0071

0.0200

NA

NA

NA

NU

NU

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.0200

0.0163

0.0266

0.0052

Exotics

0.0281

0.0258

Seeding and Exotic

0.001000.0010

Harvest

0.0394

0.0345

0.02090.0157

0.0084

0.0228

0.02310.0137

0.0166

0.0040

0.0040

0.0150

0.0020

0.0050

0.0040

Control

0.0170

0.0200

0.0190

0.02000.0150

0.0090

0.0170

0.0140

0.0215

0.00910.0172

0.0164

0.0095

0.0122

0.0223

0.0035

0.0166

0.0164

0.0154

0.0100

0.0156

0.0184

0.0161

0.00980.0073

0.00700.0127

0.01290.0077

0.0093

Landscape Dynamics Appendix 3lr-1039


Scenario



Thinning

Dry Forest


Dry Forest

Dry Forest

Moist Forest


Moist Forest

Early-serai Forest

Late-serai Multi-layer ForestLate-serai Single-layer Forest



Early-serai ForestLate-serai Multi-layer ForestMid-serai Shade-intolerant Forest


NANANANANANANANANA

0.0274

0.01200

0.0133

0.01680.0344

0

0.01000.0038

0.0210

0.01200.0120

0.0100

0.0140

0.0163

0.00700.01570.0131

0.0128

0.00560

0.0062

0.0078

0.0192

0

0.00560.0021

'NA = Not Applicable, was not an applicable item for the scenario or did not exist in the historical period.2NU = Not Used, was not applicable to the scenario and a probability was not inserted.30 = Actual probability modeled was zero.

Landscape Dynamics

APPENDIX 3-M

Background information for properfunctioning systems analysis.

I. Management Emphasis1 Categories

A. Ecosystem Management Emphasis Categories

Conservation (C) - planned management to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect.

A conservation emphasis assumes that the area of assessment has a dominant landscape compo-nent that is functioning relatively well as a native or naturalized system and is producing associ-ated human needs and values within the capabilities of the system. These landscapes generallyhave moderate to high ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency. Integrity is based onthe wholeness of elements and relationships of the primary ecological systems (geologic, geo-morphic, climatic, hydrologic, carbon-nutrient, food web, evolutionary, and toxins). There maybe inclusions (less than 20% of the area) with conservation or restoration emphasis.

*The geologic, geomorphic, pedogenic, climatic, hydrologic, and carbon-nutrient systemsare functioning similar to the native (HRV) system, and are shifting in a resilient manner tocurrent and potential future climate change and geologic events. Resilient change in re-sponse to climate change or geologic events would mean shirts in land forms (geomorphic),soil development (pedogenic), water flow or transpiration (hydrologic), and vegetation types(carbon-nutrient) that are in sync with the changes in climate and the geologic events (forexample, erosion rates would not be excessive or forest soils would not be developing ongrassland soils as climates changed to warmer conditions).

Terrestrial and aquatic systems (species and habitats) have a relatively complete array ofnative diversity. This does not mean that the composition is equivalent to native (HRV).However, the opportunity to manage for systems somewhat similar to native (HRV) shouldbe available.

A conservation emphasis assumes that relatively low management activity energy is needed foractive restoration of terrrestrial, aquatic, hydrologic, carbon-nutrient and pedogenic systemsbecause their current and future trends are relatively stable in response to disturbance andhuman effects.

A conservation emphasis assumes that human values and needs will flow from managementsystems that are designed to simulate the changes and disturbances that would occur within orrelatively close to native (HRV) patterns.

A conservation emphasis assumes that a coarse-filter strategy of managing landscape patterns ofsuccession/disturbance regimes similar to HRV will conserve and recover most native speciesdiversity. Stronghold or relic populations of threatened, endangered, candidate, or sensitivespecies may need short-term protection from disturbance of habitat that would occur in anHRV regime in order to expand the population to adjacent habitats.

1 The strategy of conserve, restore and produce as a basis for ecosystem management was developed by Jeff Blaclcwood and otherProject stafri based on the concepts in 'Forest Service Ethics and Course to the Future" by Jack Ward Thomas, and coordinatedwith BLM leadership.

Landscape Dynamics Appendix 3M-1Q41

Restoration (R) - to bring back to a former or original condition, pattern, or process.

A restoration emphasis assumes that the area of assessment has a dominant landscape compo-nent that is not functioning well as a native, naturalized, or non-native system and/or in theproduction of human needs and values within the capability of the system. Ecological integrityis usually low and socioeconomic resiliency is low or at risk. There may be inclusions (less than20% of the area) of conservation and restoration emphases.

*The geologic, geomorphic, pedogenic, climatic, hydrologic, and carbon-nutrient systemsare not functioning similar to the native (HRV) of the paleoecologic system, and are notresilient to current and potential future disturbance, climate change and geologic events.

Terrestrial and aquatic systems (species and habitats) are not functioning like native sys-tems. Generally the composition and structure will be well outside of native (HRV). Theremay be permanent alteration to biophysical potentials.

A restoration emphasis assumes that moderate management activity energy is needed for activerestoration of terrrestrial, aquatic, hydrologic, carbon-nutrient, and/or pedogenic systems be-cause their current and future trends are unstable in response to disturbance and human effects.Productivity may be at risk as well as increased risk of erratic disturbance events.

A restoration emphasis assumes that human values and needs will not flow from managedsystems unless there is active restoration to shift composition, structure, and disturbance to asystem that would be more consistent with native (HRV) patterns. It is likely that altered bio-physical systems cannot be managed for consistency with native (HRV) patterns because cause-and effect responses have changed. These systems will require a different type of management toprovide for resiliency and predictable response to disturbance, while conserving productivityand native diversity. Some processes and functions may be similar to native (HRV), while othersmay be different in order to account for the altered causes and effects.

A restoration emphasis assumes that a coarse-filter strategy of managing landscape patterns ofsuccession/disturbance regimes similar to native (HRV) will not conserve and recover nativespecies diversity. Active restoration of "lost" functions and species may recover the landscapesto a functioning condition that can then be managed with a conservation or production strat-egy. Stronghold or relic populations of threatened, endangered, candidate, or sensitive specieswill need protection from disturbance of habitat that would occur in or outside the native(HRV) regime in order to expand the population to adjacent habitats.

Production (P) - output of a commodity, value, or need.

A production emphasis assumes that the area of assessment has a dominant landscape compo-nent that is functioning relatively well as a native, naturalized or non-native system in associa-tion with traditional production of human needs, commodities, and values. Ecological integrityis usually moderate to high and as is socioeconmic resiliency. In some cases ecological integritymay be low and substantial mitigation is needed in order maintain trends to equilibrium.There may be inclusions (less than 20% of the area) of conservation and restoration.

*The geologic, geomorphic, pedogenic, climatic, hydrologic, and carbon-nutrient systemsmay or may not be functioning similar to the native (HRV). However these systems areshifting in a resilient manner to current and potential future climate change and geologicevents. Resilient change in response to climate change or geologic events would mean shifts

Landscape Dynamics

in land forms (geomorphic), soil development (pedogenic), water flow or transpiration(hydrologic), and vegetation types (carbon-nutrient) that are in sync with the changes inclimate and the geologic events (for example, erosion rates would not be excessive or forestsoils would not be developing on grassland soils as climates changed to warmer conditions)such that they would not affect the capacity to produce human commodities, values, andneeds.

Terrestrial and aquatic systems (species and habitats) may or may not function like nativesystems. Generally the composition and structure will be well outside of HRV and theremay be permanent alteration to biophysical potentials. However the departure from native(HRV) and alteration of biophysical potentials does not affect the capacity to sustain humancommodities, values, and needs. The risks to productivity, current native diversity, andhuman values and needs caused by departure from native (HRV) system processes are rela-tively low in these systems, or high risks can be mitigated with increased management activ-ity.

A production emphasis assumes that relatively high management activity energy is needed foractive production of human commodities, values, and needs, while conserving the productivecapacity and current native diversity of the terrrestrial, aquatic, hydrologic, carbon-nutrient,and/or pedogenic systems.

A production emphasis assumes that human commodities, values, and needs will flow frommanagement systems with mitigation to conserve current native composition, structure, anddisturbance. The systems may not be consistent with native (HRV) patterns but they are man-aged consistent with biophysical potentials, not against internal system disturbance trends. Thiswill enhance the ability of the system to achieve multiple emphases of production, conservation,and restoration. It is likely that altered biophysical systems cannot be managed for consistencywith native (HRV) because cause-and-effect responses have changed. These systems will requirea different type of management to conserve productivity and provide for resiliency and predict-able response to disturbance. Active mitigation will be needed to conserve current native diver-sity. Some processes and functions may be similar to native (HRV), while others may bedifferent in order to account for altered causes and effects. Some systems may need to be artifi-cially supported to maintain or enhance production emphasis.

A production emphasis assumes that a coarse-filter strategy of managing landscape patterns ofsuccession/disturbance regimes similar to native (HRV) or with mitigation will conserve thecurrent native species diversity. Active restoration of "lost" functions and species may occur inassociation with some production activities to recover landscapes to a more native functioningcondition that will more efficiently achieve production objectives. Stronghold or relic popula-tions of threatened, endangered, candidate, or sensitive species will need protection from distur-bance of habitat that would occur in order to expand the population to adjacent habitats.

Restoration/Conservation (RC) - dominant component of the area is a landscape strategy forrestoration and conversion to conservation. The objective is to rapidly restore the area becauseof its adjacency to an area with a conservation strategy, that has an objective for expansion.

Restoration/Production (RP) - dominant component of the area is in a landscape strategy forrestoration, while producing at reduced levels. This strategy is designed to restore the area inorder to achieve a long-term strategy of sustainable production.

Landscape Dynamics

Conservation/Production (CP) - dominant component of the area is a landscape strategy forconservation, but with considerable opportunities for production of human commodities andvalues while maintaining ecological processes. This strategy is designed to conserve the areawhile producing sustainable commodities and values.

Mixed (MM) - the various conservation, restoration, and production strategies are mixedwithin the assessment area to achieve proper functioning systems with multiple ecosystemmanagement objectives for conservation, restoration, and production. This strategy is commonfor larger landscapes, subregions, and regions.

B. Traditional Management Emphasis Categories

Traditional Commodity (TC) - output of a commodity, value, or need.

A traditional commodity emphasis assumes that the area of assessment has a dominant land-scape component that is managed for traditional production of human needs, commodities,and values. Emphasis is on the multiple, but relatively independent management of variousresources (fire protection, timber, forage, recreation, wildlife, fisheries, and water) for sustainedyield of the resource.

*The geologic, geomorphic, pedogenic, climatic, hydrologic, and carbon-nutrient systemsare typically not functioning similar to the native (HRV) system. These systems are typicallynot responding in a resilient manner to current and potential future climate change andgeologic events.

*Terrestrial and aquatic systems (species and habitats) generally are not functioning as nativesystems. Generally the composition and structure will be well outside of HRV and theremay be high risk or actual permanent alteration to biophysical potentials. The departurefrom HRV and alteration of biophysical potentials often result in reduced production orrisk to production of human commodities, values, and needs. Attempts to mitigate for lossof system capabilities, reduced native diversity, and increasing risk of species extinctionstypically are unsuccessful or require very high investments of management activities.

A traditional commodity emphasis assumes that relatively high management activity energy isneeded for active production of human commodities, values, and needs with substantial em-phasis on protection to conserve current native diversity of the terrrestrial, aquatic, hydrologic,carbon-nutrient, and/or pedogenic systems. Energy invested in commodities and protection ofsystems is often precluded by disturbance events.

A traditional commodity emphasis assumes that human commodities, values and needs willflow from management systems that are often in conflict with ecological relationships andlandscape limitations. Mitigation is typically used to conserve current native composition,structure, and disturbance, but these efforts are often unsuccessful because of conflicts withecological relationships and landscape limitations. Most systems will need to be artificiallysupported to maintain commodity production, but the long-term outcome is typically a loss ofcommodity production capability.

A traditional commodity production emphasis assumes that a single species approach for recov-ery of threatened, endangered, candidate, or sensitive species is used to conserve current nativespecies diversity. Stronghold or relic populations of threatened, endangered, candidate, orsensitive species will be protected from human disturbance of habitats. However, these habitatsmay be at high risk to system disturbances as well as in conflict with other species habitats.

Landscape Dynamics

Traditional Reserve (TR) - protection of current native habitats, aesthetic values, and roadlessrecreation values.

A traditional reserve emphasis assumes that the area of assessment has a dominant landscapecomponent that is managed for protection of current native habitas, aesthetic values, androadless recreation values. Emphasis is on multiple, but relatively independent management ofvarious resources (fire protection, forage, roadless recreation, wilderness, wildlife, fisheries, andwater) for sustained yield of the resource.

*The geologic, geomorphic, pedogenic, climatic, hydrologic, and carbon-nutrient systemsare typically not functioning similar to the native (HRV) system. These systems are typicallynot shifting in a resilient manner to current and potential future climate change and geo-logic events.

*Terrestrial and aquatic systems (species and habitats) may be functioning to some extent asnative systems. Generally the composition and structure will be well outside of HRV andthere may be low to moderate risk of permanent alteration to biophysical potentials. Thedeparture from HRV often results in moderate risk of severe disturbance and potential lossof aesthetic values, native diversity, and biophysical potential. Attempts to mitigate for lossof system capabilities, reduced native diversity, and increasing risk of species extinctionstypically are unsuccessful because of the high cost of investments and lack of funds for thistype of land use management.

A traditional reserve emphasis assumes that low management activity energy is needed formanagement of human values and needs. However, substantial emphasis is required for protec-tion to control disturbance and conserve current native diversity of the terrrestrial and aquaticsystems.

A traditional reserve emphasis assumes that human values and needs will flow from manage-ment systems that are in conflict with ecological relationships and landscape limitations. Miti-gation is typically used to conserve current native composition, structure, and disturbance, butthese efforts are often unsuccessful because of conflicts with disturbance relationships andlandscape limitations. Most systems will need to be artificially managed to control disturbanceand provide protection to current conditions. The long-term outcome is typically a loss ofnative diversity and system capability.

A traditional reserve emphasis assumes that the protection of areas from disturbance and roadswill protect native species and habitats. A single species approach for recovery of threatened,endangered, candidate, or sensitive species is used to conserve current native species diversity.Stronghold or relic populations of threatened, endangered, candidate, or sensitive species will beprotected from human disturbance of habitats. However, these habitats may be at high risk tosystem disturbances as well as in conflict with other species habitats.

Traditional Mixed (TM) - mixed traditional commodity production is a mosaic with protection ofcurrent native habitats, aesthetic values, and roadless recreation values, where none of the types ofmanagement predominate in the area.

Landscape Dynamics Appendix.$M-1045

II. Background information on CRBSUM prescription (Rx) models.

Table 3-M1. Landscape management prescriptions (Rx).

BLM/FS Rx Legend Name

Ecological Prescriptions

A1 Restoration1 with PNF/P2

* A2 Roaded Land High Restoration with Production1

* A3 Roaded Land High Restoration with Production and Area or PVG Emphasis

* N1 Conservation1

* N4 Roaded Land Moderate Restoration with Production

Traditional Reserve Prescriptions

* C1 Roadless Land with Moderate Fire Suppression

N6 Roadless Land with Moderate Fire Suppression and PNF/U3

* P1 Roadless Land Reserve with Moderate Fire Suppression

Traditional Commodity Prescriptions

C2 Roaded Land High Commodity with Low Ecological Mitigation

C3 Roaded Land High Commodity with No Ecological Mitigation

* N3 Roaded Land Moderate Commodity with Low Ecological Mitigation

N5 Roaded Land Moderate Comodity with High Exotic Weeds

* N8 Roaded Land Moderate Commodity with Moderate Ecological Mitigation

P3 Roaded Land Very High Commodity with No Ecological Mitigation

Traditional Commodity in Sensitive Areas

* N2 Sensitive Visual4 Area with Moderate Harvest & Livestock

N7 Sensitive Visual Area with Moderate Harvest & Low Livestock

P2 Sensitive Visual Area with Low Commodity & High Wildfire

'Management Emphasis definitions:1) Conservation-- Emphasis provides for the protection of rare native elements and systems while maintaining proper func-tioning systems and restoring systems where there is low risk to rare elements or systems. Some human commodities may beproduced but the emphasis is on human values related to protection of native diversity, aesthetics, and recreation.2) Restoration- Emphasis provides for subsidizing ecological and landscape processes and functions to shift the transistiontoward proper functioning systems. Considerable human commodities may be produced that are compatible with restoration,as well as conservation of inclusions of rare elements and systems, but the emphasis is on shifting landscapes that are in highdeparture from the native regime toward proper functioning ecological relationships.3) Production— Emphasis provides for production of human needs and values by managing in concert with native ecologicaland landscape processes to maintain or shift to proper functioning systems. This will typically require subsidies to representnative ecological cause-and-effect relationships at landscape levels, along with some restoration and conservation, but theemphasis is on design of system responses that produce commodities and other values.4) Traditional— Emphasis on the independent managment model for producing commodity values, protecting visually orenvironmentally sensistive areas, or managing reserves to protect semi-primitive characteristics.

Prescribed natural fire program with planned ignition.Prescribed natural fire program with unplanned ignition.4Traditional sensitive visual area managment similar to traditional reserve.

Landscape Dynamics

Table 3-M2—Management prescription sets (Rx) for Historical Range of Variability (HRV) and scenario modeling.

Rx Description

HI Prescription set to model 100-year and 400-year simulations of HRV.

Ecological PrescriptionsA1 Prescription set with high levels of ecological restoration. Generally designed for areas that have

moderate to high departure from HRV, in roadless or conservation areas.A2 Prescription set with high levels of ecological restoration. Generally designed for areas that have

moderate to high departure from HRV, in areas with road access.A3 Prescription set with high levels of ecological restoration. Generally designed for areas that have

moderate to high departure from HRV, in areas with road access where specific areas or PVGs areprioritized.

N1 Prescription set with moderate levels of ecological restoration. Generally designed for maintenanceor slower transition of areas that have low to moderate departure from HRV.

N4 Prescription set with moderate levels of ecological restoration typically for use in sensitive areas orwhere areas have low to moderate departure from HRV, in areas with road access.

Traditional Reserve PrescriptionsC1 Prescription set for traditional wilderness, park, and semi-primitive area management with minimal

ecological mitigation and high fire suppression emphasis.N6 Prescription set for traditional wilderness and semi-primitive area management with minimal

ecological mitigation, conservative prescribed natural fire, unplanned ignition plans, and moderatefire suppression emphasis.

P1 Prescription set for traditional reserve management with low to moderate probability of successfulwildfire suppression.

Traditional Commodity PrescriptionsC2 Prescription set for traditional commodity and resource value production at high levels with some

ecological mitigation.C3 Prescription set for traditional commodity and resource value production at high levels with no

ecological mitigation.N3 Prescription set for traditional commodity and resource value production at high levels and some

ecological mitigation with higher livestock grazing than N8, and low to moderate probability ofsuccessful wildfire suppression.

N5 Prescription set for moderate level traditional commodity and resource value production with lowemphasis on exotic weed control on rangeland.

N8 Prescription set for high traditional commodity and resource value production and some ecologicalmitigation.

P3 Prescription set for traditional commodity and resource value production at high levels with noecological mitigation.

Traditional Commodity in Sensitive AreasN2 Prescription set for high level traditional commodity and resource value production in visually

sensitive areas with somewhat higher livestock grazing than N7 and minimal ecological mitigation.N7 Prescription set for moderate level traditional commodity and resource value production in visually

sensitive areas with minimal ecological mitigation.P2 Prescription set for moderate levels of traditional commodity and resource value production in

visually sensitive areas with no ecological mitigation and low probability of successful wildfiresuppression.

Landscape Dynamics

Table 3-M3— Prescription (Rx) transition rates.

Prescription (Rx)1

HI

Ecological PrescriptionsA1A2A3N1N4

Traditional Reserve PrescriptionsC1N6P1

Traditional Commodity PrescriptionsC2C3N3N5N8P3

Traditional Commodity in Sensitive AreasN2N7P2

Type of Model2

Native

EcologicalEcologicalEcologicalEcologicalEcological

IndependentIndependentIndependent

IndependentIndependentIndependentIndependentIndependentIndependent

IndependentIndependentIndependent

ME3

NA

R

RPRP

C

CP

TR

TR

TR

TC

TCTC

TC

TC

TC

TMTMTM

TR4

NA

H

HM

L

L

ML

L

HH

H

M

H

H

HMM

1 Prescription (Rx); see tables 3-M1 and 3-M2 for list of names and descriptions.2 Type of model:1) Native model refers to the patterns of ecological and landscape systems during the pre-Euro-American settlement system,which is synonymous with the historical range of variability (HRV) regime.2) Ecological model refers to management to transition to or maintain proper functioning systems (PFS), while producinghuman needs and values - given current conditions this infers that ecological and landscape processes and functions be subsidizedwith human technological energy in ways that are similar to native ecological cause and effects as controlled by landscape pro-cesses, while producing compatible human needs and values.3) Independent model refers to management for specific human values or needs in ways that are relatively independent of nativeecological and landscape cause and effect relationships.3 Management emphasis definitions:1) Conservation - emphasis provides for the protection of rare native elements and systems, while maintaining proper functioningsystems and restoring systems where there is low risk to rare elements or systems. Some human commodities may be producedbut the emphasis is on human values related to protection of native diversity, aesthetics, and recreation.2) Restoration - emphasis provides for subsidizing ecological and landscape processes and functions to shift the transition towardsproper function systems. Considerable human commodities may be produced that are compatible with restoration, as well asconservation of inclusions of rare elements and systems, but the emphasis is on shifting landscapes that are in high departurefrom the native regime toward proper functioning ecological relationships.3) Production - emphasis provides for production of human needs and values by managing in conceit with native ecological andlandscape processes to maintain or shift to proper function systems. This will typically require subsidies to represent nativeecological cause and effect relationships at landscape levels, along with some-restoration and conservation, but the emphasis is ondesign of system responses that produce commodities and other values.4) Traditional - emphasis on the independent management model for producing commodity values, protecting visually orenvironmentally sensitive areas, or managing reserves to protect semi-primitive characteristics.

\. Landscape Dynamics

Management emphasis categories:C - conservationR - restorationP - productionRP - restoration/productionRC - restoration/conservationCP - conserve/produceTC - traditional commodityTR - traditional reserveTM - traditional mixed commodity and reserve4 Transition rates - this is the rate of transition to or maintenance of the desired system for the type of model. There is only amoderate or high category because of the dynamic nature of wildland ecological relationships and landscape processes. Low ornon levels of rates do not maintain or result in transition to the desired system.H - highM - moderateL - low

III. Example checklist of Ecological Processes and Functions for PFS of Landscape Systems

Hydrologic and Land System

Geologic SubsystemGeologic materialRisk of geologic events

Geomorphic SubsystemLandform - mountains, foothills, breaks, plains, valleysLandforming process - glaciation, erosional, alluvialRange in elevation

Pedogenic SubsystemSoil FamilySoil Temperature RegimeSoil Moisture RegimeErosion rates

Climatic SubsystemRange in average precipitationRange in average temperatureGrowing Season

River/Stream SubsystemStream OrderChannel TypePerennial/IntermittentRiver/Stream Flow RegimeErosion/SedimentationRiparian Bank ConditionsRoadsMines - placer, hardrockMine drainage

Landscape Dynamics

Carbon-nutrient SystemVegetation TypePotential Vegetation TypeAnderson Fuel ModelPhotosynthesisFire-Decay-Insect/Disease-Stress RiskNitrogen and other nutrientsSuccession/Disturbance Regime Classification Subsystem Classification

CyclingAccelerated CycleLong CycleModerate CycleRetrogressive CycleShort CycleVery Long Cycle

MaintenanceFrequent MaintenanceLess Frequent MaintenanceIrregular Maintenance

General Landscape Pattern Classification SubsystemWildland Patterns

Forest Native (HRV)Forest Traditional CommodityForest Traditional ReserveRange Native (HRV)Range raditional CommodityForest Traditional ReserveForest-Range Native (HRV)Forest-Range Traditional CommodityForest-Range Traditional ReserveNon-forest AlpineNon-forest DesertNaturalized

Anthropogenic (human development) PatternsAgricultureUrban-IndustrialRural Subdivision

Food Web SystemTerrestrial SubsystemLarge Ungulate GuildsPredator GuildsSmall Mammal GuildsFur Bearer GuildsDominant Plant Species (correlated to vegetation type)TES&C SpeciesExotic SpeciesLarge Snags & Down LogsLarge Live Emergent Trees

Landscape Dynamics

Aquatic SubsystemNative Fish Coldwater GuildsNative Anadrymous Fish GuildsNative Fish Warmwater GuildsAmphibian GuildsRiparian Vegetation TypesTES&C SpeciesExotic SpeciesLarge Woody Material

Avian SubsystemBird Guilds

Cavity NestersTES&C SpeciesExotic Species

Evolutionary SystemExtinction - rate of extinctionAdaptations - human or native disturbance regime

- adaptations of dominant speciesMigration - seasonal migrations fragmented or nonfragmented

- migrations in response to climate change or disturbance eventsExotics - effects on native species

Toxins/Pollutants SystemCarbon-nutrients in water or airToxic/acidic elements in water or airCarbon/Air Particulates

Human SystemLand Use - ranching, agriculture, logging, recreation type, subdivision, utilitiesEconomic ResiliencyRural Economic StabilityRanching ViabilityJobs - directJobs - indirectRoad AccessTrail Access - motorized & nonmotorizedTrail Access - nonmotorizedAesthetic ValuesRecreationManagement emphasis - Traditional (TC, TR, or TM) or EM (C, R, P, RC, RP)

Landscape Dynamics

APPENDIX 3-N

Ecological reporting unit potentialvegetation group tables*

Table 3N.1—Current and historical period physiognomic types for the cold forest potential vegetation group (PVG)for Northern Glaciated Mountains Ecological Reporting Unit (ERU).

LandOwnershipGroup1

BLM/FS

Other

All

Physiognomic Type

Early-serai Forest

Early-serai Riparian Woodland



Mid-serai Forest

Mid-serai Riparian Woodland

Early-serai Forest




Mid-serai Forest


Early-serai Forest




Mid-serai Forest


CurrentYear2

25

+3

1

21

53

1

30

+

2

22

45

1

26

+

1

21

51

1

HistoricalYearO

24

0

21

12

44

0

27

0

21

11

41

0

25

0

21

11

43

0

HistoricalYear 50

Percent

25

+

25

8

43

+

26

+

23

6

45

+

25

+

25

7

43

+

HistoricalYear 100

26

+

26

7

41

+

25

+

25

6

44

+

26

+

25

7

42

+

'Land Ownership Group: BLM/FS lands = BLM- and FS-administered lands; Other lands = all land other than BLM- and FS-administered lands; All lands = BLM/FS lands + Other lands.2Current year = circa 1991; Historical year 0 = circa 1850 to 1900 (initiated model simulation); Historical year 50 = simulationoutput at year 50; Historical year 100 = simulation output at year 100.3+ =< 0.5 percent.

* These tables are missing from the section on System Dynamics.

Landscape Dynamics

Table 3N.2—Current and historical period cold forest potential vegetation group (PVG) Shade Intolerance/Shade Tolerancefor the Northern Glaciated Mountains Ecological Reporting Unit (ERU).

LandOwnershipGroup1 Physiognomic Type

CurrentYear2

HistoricalYearO

HistoricalYear 50

HistoricalYear 100

Perrent

BLM/FS

Other

All

Early-serai Shade Intolerant Forest

Early-serai Shade Tolerant Forest

Late-serai Shade Intolerant Multi-layer Forest

Late-serai Shade Intolerant Single-layer ForestLate-serai Shade Tolerant Multi-layer Forest

Late-serai Shade Tolerant Single-layer ForestMid-serai Shade Intolerant Forest

Mid-serai Shade Tolerant Forest

Riparian Woodland



Late-serai Shade Intolerant Multi-layer ForestLate-serai Shade Intolerant Single-layer Forest

Late-serai Shade Tolerant Multi-layer ForestLate-serai Shade Tolerant Single-layer Forest

Mid-serai Shade Intolerant Forest


Riparian Woodland



Late-serai Shade Intolerant Multi-layer ForestLate-serai Shade Intolerant Single-layer Forest

Late-serai Shade Tolerant Multi-layer Forest

Late-serai Shade Tolerant Single-layer Forest

Mid-serai Shade Intolerant Forest


Riparian Woodland

20

5

1

21

+3

0

6

47

1

21

9

122

1

0

10

351

21

61

21

+

0

7

44

1

18

5

13

10

9

2

33

10

0

21

6

11

8

10

2

30

12

0

19

6

12

9

9

2

32

11

0

23

1

16

7

9+

31

12

+

24

2

135

11

1

31

13

+

24

1

15

7

10+

31

12

+

25

1

15

7

10

+

35

7+

23

2

145

111

35

9

+

24

2

15

611

1

35

7

+

'Land Ownership Group: BLM/FS lands = BLM- and FS-administered lands; Other lands = all land other than BLM- and FS-administeredlands; All lands = BLM/FS lands + Odier lands.2Current year = circa 1991; Historical year 0 = circa 1850 to 1900 (initiated model simulation); Historical year 50 = simulation output atyear 50; Historical year 100 = simulation output at year 100.3+ =< 0.5 percent.

Landscape Dynamics Aft! 3N-1053

Table 3N.3—Current and historical period physiognomic types for the cool shrub potential vegetation group (PVG)for the Southern Cascades Ecological Reporting Unit (ERU).

LandOwnershipGroup1

BLM/FS

Other

All

Physiognomic Type

Early-serai Woodland

Exotic Herbland

Late-serai Single-layer Woodland

Mid-serai Woodland

Upland Herbland

Upland Shrubland


Exotic Herbland


Mid-serai Woodland

Upland Herbland

Upland Shrubland


Exotic Herbland


Mid-serai Woodland

Upland Herbland

Upland Shrubland

CurrentYear2

55

5

0

11

+

29

90

0

0

6

0

4

69

3

0

9

+

19

HistoricalYearO

59

0

0

27

5

9

58

0

+

4

13

25

59

0

+

14

9

18

HistoricalYear 50

Percent

9

0

+3

13

16

62

9

0

0

12

20

60

9

0

+

12

18

61

HistoricalYear 100

12

0

0

8

21

60

10

0

0

11

17

62

11

0

0

9

19

61

'Land Ownership Group: BLM/FS lands = BLM- and FS-administered lands; Other lands = all land other than BLM- and FS-administered lands; All lands = BLM/FS lands + Other lands.2Current year = circa 1991; Historical year 0 = circa 1850 to 1900 (initiated model simulation); Historical year 50 = simulationoutput at year 50; Historical year 100 = simulation output at year 100.

Landscape Dynamics

Table 3N.4—Current and historical period physiognomic types for the cool shrub potential vegetation group (PVG)for Upper Snake Ecological Reporting Unit (ERU).

LandOwnershipGroup1

BLM/FS

Other

All

Physiognomic Type


Exotic Herbland


Mid-serai Woodland

Upland Herbland

Upland Shrubland


Exotic Herbland


Mid-serai Woodland

Upland Herbland

Upland Shrubland


Exotic Herbland


Mid-serai Woodland

Upland Herbland

Upland Shrubland

CurrentYear2

25

1

0

8

18

49

20

0

0

10

20

50

23

1

0

9

19

49

HistoricalYearO

3

0

+3

9

4

83

1

0

+

2

9

88

2

0

+

6

7

85

HistoricalYear 50

Percent

4

0

+

7

39

50

5

0

+

6

32

57

4

0

+

7

36

54

HistoricalYear 100

5

0

0

5

37

53

4

0

0

5

33

58

5

0

0

5

35

56

'Land Ownership Group: BLM/FS lands = BLM- and FS-administered lands; OtJier lands = all land other than BLM- and FS-administered lands; All lands = BLM/FS lands + Other lands.2Current year = circa 1991; Historical year 0 = circa 1850 to 1900 (initiated model simulation); Historical year 50 = simulationoutput at year 50; Historical year 100 = simulation output at year 100.3+ = < 0.5 percent.

Landscape Dynamics 311-1055

List of AcronymsASQ Allowable Sale Quantity

AUM Animal Unit Month

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis

BLM Bureau of Land Management

BMPs Best Management Practices

BTUs British Thermal Units

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CRBSUM Columbia River Basin SuccessionModel

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

EEIS Eastside EIS Planning/ManagementArea

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ERU Ecological Reporting Units

ESI Existing Scenic Integrity

FACA Federal Advisory Committe Act

FEMAT Forest Ecosystem ManagementAssessment Team

FIRE BEA designation, Finance, Insuranceand Real Estate industries

FS Forest Service

FSH Forest Service Handbook

CIS Geographic Information System

GPM General Planning Model

GSP Gross State Product

HUCs Hydro logic Unit Codes

LWD Large Woody Debris

ICBEMP Interior Columbia Basin EcosystemManagement Project

ICRB Interior Columbia River Basin

INFISH Inland Native Fish Strategy

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration

NWFP Northwest Forest Plan

PACFISH Pacific Anadromous Fish Strategy

PILT Payments in Lieu of Taxes

RAC Resource Advisory Committee

RHCA Riparian Habitat Conservation Area

RMA Riparian Management Area

ROS Recreation Opportunity Spectrum

PVG Potential Vegetation Group

PVT Potential Vegetation Type

RVD Recreation Visitor Day

SER Species-Environment Relations(database)

SIC Standard Industrial Code

SIT Science Integration Team

TES Threatened and Endangered Species

UCRB Upper Columbia River Basin EISPlanning/Management Area

USDA United States Department ofAgriculture

USDI United States Department of Interior

USFWS United States Fish and WildlifeService

USGS United States Geological Survey

Metric ConversionMile (mi)=1.61 Kilometers (km)

Kilometer (km)=.62 Miles (mi)

Square Kilometers (km2)=.39 Square Miles (mi2)

Centimeter (cm)=.3937 Inches (in)

Meter (m)=3.28 Feet (ft)

Hectare (ha)= 10,000 Square Meters (m2)

Hectare (ha)=2.47 Acres (ac)

Acre (ac)=43,560 Square Feet (ft2)

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1997 - 589-106 / 41223 REGION NO. 10

Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessmentof ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of theKlamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest ResearchStation. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia BasinEcosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).

This paper provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for thebiophysical and social systems within the basin. Social and economic conditions withinthe assessment area differ considerably depending to a great extent on population,diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. This informationcan be used by land managers to develop broad management goals and prioritiesand provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas.

Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem.

The Forest Service of the U.S. Department ofAgriculture is dedicated to the principle of multipleuse management of the Nation's forest resourcesfor sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife,and recreation. Through forestry research, coopera-tion with the States and private forest owners, andmanagement of the National Forests and NationalGrasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—toprovide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basisof race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability,political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not allprohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons withdisabilities who require alternative means of communica-tion of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape,etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET Center at(202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture,U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250,or call (800) 245-6340 (voice), or (202) 720-1127 (TDD).USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

Pacific Northwest Research Station333 S.W. First AvenueP.O. Box 3890Portland, Oregon 97208-3890

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