Must read the solved questions.

2.Multiple plant strategies 3.Issues to consider while globalizing 4.Advantages of wieghted average.Also values were given to calculate wieghted moving

average. 5.What is recycling.differentiate between the terms reuse,recycle and rework. Q.22 What would be the output capacity if an assembly line operates for 7 hours per day with a cycle time of 2.0 minutes?

210 units per day3.5 units per day0.004 units per day14 units per dayoutput capacity = OT/CT= 7/2.0= 3.5

Correct answer is 210 flexible manufacturing ? y orgn use it (3) R & D activies perfomed (3) causes of poor decision (3) major factors while taking decsion for product ans services (5) cpacity planning ka ajeeebbb sa qustion tha uffffff or mathemitical techniques to evaluated

the alternatives. Write some characteristics of Judgmental Forecast.

Judgmental Forecasts rely solely on judgment and opinion to make forecasts.In the absence of enough time, it is easy to use qualitative type of forecast.In case of changing external environment economic and political conditions, organizations may use judgmental forecasts.When introducing new products, services, new features, new packaging, judgmental forecasts are use ding preference over quantitative techniques.

What are the qualities of successful job design?A successful Job Design must have the following qualitiesCarried out by experienced personnel who have the necessary training and background.Consistent with the goals of the organization.In documented form.Understood and agreed by both management and employees.Shared with the new employees.

In your point of view what is impact of capacity decision to meet the future Demand?Capacity decisions impacts ability to meet future demands, affects operating costs. These decisions often act as a major determinant of initial costs, as they involve long-term commitment. These decisions affect competitiveness and gives ease of management. Capacity Decisions focus on globalization as it is more complex and impacts long range planning.(More detail is on page number 65 of hands outs)

Identify the characteristics and form of incentive plans?Characteristics and Form of Incentive Plan

Operations Manager making use of an Incentive Plan must be able to understand and identify the following characteristics and form of Incentive Plan.

1. Accurate2. Easy to apply3. Consistent4. Easy to understand5. Fair6. Compensation

Types of Individual Incentive PlansPakistani organizations have employed various types of individual incentive plans which find judicious applications in other countries of the world.

1. Group Incentive Plans2. Knowledge-Based Pay System3. Management Compensation4. Of the three mentioned above, the operations manager should be able to identify

the advantages and disadvantages of each type of incentive plan. In your point of view what is Process of service design cover the main Phases.

Service Design process requires the thorough understanding of what the service should be and how it should be delivered and that too within certain standardized specifications or requirements.

1. Conceptualize2. Identify service package components3. Determine performance specifications4. Translate performance specifications into design specifications5. Translate design specifications into delivery specifications6. A good operations manager should be able to see the compatibility between

design requirements for a product or a service. 23. what are the reasons that are support the use of process layout? 3 24. define exponential smoothing elaborate the formula of exponential smoothing? 3 26. Calculate Efficiency and Utilization? 5

Designed capacity = 60 units/dayEffective capacity = 45 units/dayActual capacity = 39 units/day

27. suppose you are the operation manager of ABC corporation. To develop competence in business operations you have to decide either to rely on the facilities available in-house or out source. What are some of the factors you would base the decision on? 5

Q. parabolic trend Q. organizational process strategy Q. Standardization Q. In your point of view what is impact of capacity decision to meet the future Demand?

Q. job designer concerns Q1. how reliability can be improved (3) Q2. "Automation is the method which uses Robot" discus it Q3. advantages of moving average (3) Q4. Which process can we use for (5)

Automobile assembly

printerssugar refinementresturant

Q5. economic of scale and diseconomies of scale  product design related problems in which problems problems are pakistan facing ? what are the advantages of moving average? Question 29: Explain Capacity Feasibility ? (Marks 3) Question 30 : what is Research Develop of the Development of the Organization ?(Marks Question 31 : Advantages and Disadvantages of operation Manger?(Marks 5) Question 32 : Suppose you are working as an operation manager in an automobile company.

Your company wants to move its manufacturing plant from one location to other location. What factors will affect the location decision according to your point of view? (Marks 5)

THREE CHARACTERISTICS OF JUDGMENTAL FORECAST ----3 what are the key steps involved in formulating a capacity planning strategy?----------3 what are the main significance of the layout decision?---------3 what are the factors you would be based on the decision on house-hold facilities or outside what type of ethical and  environmental issue the operation manager have to deal Q1. how

does automation helps in a production selling? 3marks Q2.Suppose you are a operating manager of a manufacturing firm. What would you precise

concurrent engineering as a suitable approach with reference to product design? 3marks Q3.What are the major characteristics of parabolic trends.   3marks Q4. Elaborate distinction between product layout and process layout.   5marks Q5. Implementation of mass customization in today’s business entities.  5marks Q1: what is modular design? and what is its role in operations management. (3 Marks) Q2: Define linear trend? and elaborate its formula (3 Marks) Q3: what are the reasons of using process layout? (3 Marks) Q4: what is the role of operations manager in capacity planning (5 marks) Q5: dont remember exact question but it was regarding decision strategies formulation (5 explain judgmental forecast capacity decision MNC location decision ka question tha ek Identify the charactersitics of incentive plan? 5 marks objective of design strategy 5 marks 22 mcqs.... Q 23. Capacity planning... Q 24. Reasons of failure of organizations Q 25.

Significance of process layout. Q 26. Numerical question from past ppr...which was solved by the formula n= (zs/ax)2 Q27. What are the characteristics of a well designed system

3 MCQ are new other subjective and objective are totally from past papers ...20 papers file solved by hafiz and maha atleast

2.Designer should adhere to guideline whlle making a design production layout3 3.Define liner eqution and write the formula of liner equation agy pt nahio kiya tha...3 4.Calculate Efficency and utilization 5 marks Making Location Decesion 5 marks page 95

judgmental forecasting  three advantages   capacity decisions  meet  future demand line  balancing new product development or refining of  existing product 

1-What is forecasting. How it is useful or benefits. Markes 3 2- In what way an organization can improving and reliability its system. Markes 3 3- What is automation and its advantages. Markes 3 4- what is Ethical and environmental issues faces by an operation manager. Markes 5 5- Matrix wala tha mujay achi tarha yad ni sorry........... Calculate Efficiency and Utilization? 5

Designed capacity = 60 units/dayEffective capacity = 45 units/dayActual capacity = 39 units/dayEfficiency claculate krny ka formula haiEfficiency=Actual output/Effective capacityEfficiency=39unitsper day/45 units per dayEfficiency= 0.86666*100Efficiency=86.66%and know Utilization krny ka formula hai:Utilization=Actual output/Designed outputUtilization=39units per day/60units perdayUtilization=0.65*100Utilization=65%So Efficiency is 86.66% and utilization is 65%...ap yh concept chapter#18 ko read kr k mazeed clear kr skti hai..

Compute a weighted average forcast for the 6th week using a weight of 0.40 for the most recent period 0.30 for the next most recent and 0.10 for the next.

Provide answer with complete working. Failure to show working with result in deduction of marks.

Discuss the activities performed by research and development department of an organization. What approaches an organization can adopt to change the job structure Designer of the products should adhere to guidelines provided to them. Do you agree with

this statement? Explain. In order to design process layout what variety of information is mandatory? Define standardization and explain what kind of problem pakistani organization are facing. explain the Product and Service Design and its importance define Moving average and its formula Explain the essentials of process strategy  5. suppose you are the operation manager of ABC corporation. To develop competence in

business     operations you have to decide either to rely on the facilities available in-house or out source. What are some of  the factors you would base the decision on Explain the in-house or out.

Which ONE of the following statements correctly explains the role of operation's manager?

week Demand(units) 1 32 2 30 3 33 4 30 5 31

1. To coordinate the activities between marketing and finance department2. To sustain, protect and project the company's long term strategies3. To develop organizational strategy that reflects the operational strategy4. To sustain, protect and project the company’s operation/production side

. (page 1)Whether profit or non profit, the role of an OPERATIONS MANAGER isto sustain, protect, and project the company’s operations side.

Which one of the following correctly explains the qualitative forecasting technique?1. It consists mainly of numerical descriptions and defies subjective inputs of managers.2. It consists mainly of subjective inputs and defies particular numerical descriptions.3. It consists mainly of subjective inputs and defies human factor, personal opinions.4. It consists mainly of analyzing objective and hard data and defies human factor, opinion.

(page 34)Qualitative Techniques which use subjective inputs and no numerical data.It relies solely on soft information like human factors, personal opinion, hunches.Thus Qualitative Forecasts are often biased and tilted towards what themanagement wants to predict.

Which one of the following is a limitation of a moving average having a trend?1. The forecast lags behind the actual2. The forecast represents demand more accurately3. The forecast will not be accurate4. The forecast will not be reliable

http://www.tradertech.com/fast_break.aspHowever, traditional moving averages have one very serious deficiency. They are a'lagging' technical indicator. This means that moving averages, due to theirmathematical construction (averaging prices over a number of prior periods) tendto lag behind the current market price.

What would be the availability if a carpenter is expected to be able to operate for 300hours between repairs, and the mean repair time is expected to be 2 hours?

1. 6.022. 2.03. 0.994. 0.006

we represent mean time between failures by MTBF and mean time to repair byMTRAvailability = (MTBF)/(MTBF + MTR)= 300/ 300+2= 0.99

Which one of the following is the goal of work sampling?1. Individual human motions that are used in a job task2. Determining the length of time it will take to undertake a particular task3. Determining the amount of time a worker spends on various activities4. Specifying the content and methods to perform a job

(page300)http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=B1DLXuts73cC&pg=PA300&d...al+of+work+sampling&hl=en&ei=Qd9zTf_zKMLKrAefmYjTCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=goal%20of%20work%20sampling&f=false

Which one of the following is NOT a business application of forecasting?1. Budgeting2. Capacity planning3. Inventory management4. Quality control

(page 31)·Forecasting in business forms the basis for budgeting and planning forcapacity, sales, production, inventory, manpower, purchasing and more

Which of the following is NOT usually considered a general characteristic of aservice?1. Production and sales cannot easily be separated functionally2. Many services involve both tangible and intangible outputs3. Production and consumption can always be separated4. Degree of customer contact is high

(Q#6)http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_slack_opsman_4/17/4471/1144826...ndex.html

Which of the following refers to the essential elements of operations strategy?1. Policies, tactics and objectives2. Plans, strategies and vision3. Mission, goals and plans4. Mission, policies and distinctive competencies

(page31)http://books.google.com/books?id=sW1FhvAHIWwC&pg=PA31&dq=Mission,+goals+and+plans+is+operation+strategy&hl=en&ei=AeSMTdv-J8HOrQfP2vnqDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Mission%2C%20goals%20and%20plans%20is%20operati on%20strategy&f=false

Which one of the following is an outcome of Maximax?1. The best of the worst possible payoff2. The best possible payoff3. The best average payoff4. The least of the worst regret

are updated as new values become available?1. Simple moving average2. Delphi method3. Trend adjusted forecast4. Naïve forecast

A workers strike represents which of the following behaviors of a time series?

1. Cycle2. Trend3. Seasonality4. Irregular variations

(page 37)Irregular variations - caused by unusual circumstances such as severe weathers, earthquakes, worker strikes, or major change in product or service. They do not capture or reflect the true behavior of a variable and can distort the overall picture. These should be identified and removed from the data

Which one of the following statements is true about Occupational Safety HygieneAdministration (OSHA)?

1. To safeguard against potential hazards2. To develop cost effective processes3. To implement legal standards4. To carry out implication of manufacturability and fitness

Which one of the following forecasting techniques is used to identify a trend whendata is neither growing nor declining rapidly and has no seasonal characteristics?Simple moving averageDelphi methodTrend adjusted forecastNaïve forecast(slide23)www.kf.vu.lt/~albud/">http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:d1D_zneuTfMJ:www.kf.vu.lt/~albud/progn/Erasmus/Engl-VU/ppt/General_Quantitative_forecasting_methods_in_library_management.ppt+forecasting+techniques+is+used+to+identify+a+trend+when+data+is+neither+growing+nor+declining+rapidly+and+has+no+seasonal+characteristics&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg4H4ONpULiPJqkwY9nZNHhO4GoJhtEnTEyU7NPYzOKiUnWSpu9iFqs5CxIsf-Y45QRl7sSK_e9L0IKnoBMCuMyaXtjJWdhZEhnmaGVukQ5mUrFxLkCRhM8iOz8gS1dKjwny5&sig=AHIEtbSUhaGN_GXPBrAFvNkOaWVNAFlDxQ

Which one of the following refers to the volume of output at which total cost equalstotal revenue?

1. Optimal operating rate2. Break even point3. Feasible volume4. Utilization

Which one of the following manufacturing process is associated with high volumecar manufacture?

1. Job shop2. Assembly line3. Batch4. Automation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=HH0vVv6dMb0C&pg=PA427&l...;dq=Which+one+of+the+following+manufacturing+process+is+associated+with+high+volume+car+manufacture?+++%09Job+shop++%09Assembly+line++%09Batch++%09Automation&source=bl&ots=X5Y3Vc2O6W&sig=iB6U8p_0dJahlQdwB_IFcPZUIQ&hl=en&ei=xiJ1TcbYLMfZsgaCs5n5DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=assembly%20line%20it%20reaches%20mass%20production&f=false

Which of the following factors are considered in product and service design?Customer satisfaction, quality, and improvement costsEmployee motivation, quality, and production costsCustomer satisfaction, flexibility, and production costsCustomer satisfaction, quality, and production costs(Handout page 44)A good product/service design can ensure customer satisfaction,quality and production cost

The type of processing structure that is used for producing discrete products athigher volume is:Continuous FlowAssembly LineBatchJob shopRef: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0073403296/student_view0/chapter7/multiple_choice_quiz.htmlhttp://www.clarku.edu/~jsarkis/samples/chap005.htm

Which one of the following is TRUE about Taguchi approach?►To test the robustness of a design►To articulate the “voice of the customer”►To reduce the degree of automation►To create a concurrent design(Q#4)http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_slack_opsman_4/17/4472/1144886...ndex.html

Which one of the following is a curve showing failure rate over time?►Cost curve►Bath tub curve►Fish bone diagram►Reliability curve(Page 59 and 60)

An example of a business/industry that uses batch flow process structure is:►Commercial printer►Heavy equipment►Automobile assembly►Sugar refinery

http://www.clarku.edu/~jsarkis/samples/chap005.htm (Q#8)

Which one of the following is an implication of laplace approach of decision making?► The best of the worst possible payoff► The best possible payoff► The best average payoff► The least of the worst regretsPage#27 Determines the Average payoff for each alternativeØ And chooses the alternative with the best average.Ø This is a cautious approachØ Laplace approach treats the states of nature as equally likely.

Which one of the following is an outcome of Maximin criterion?The best of the worst possible payoffThe best possible payoffThe best average payoffThe least of the worst regrets

Which one of the following refers to a team having representatives from differentfunctional areas of the organization?Traditional work groupSelf-directed teamCross-functional teamSelf motivated team(page 109)http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=G9fVHnQRiMcC&pg=PA109&d...g+representatives+from+different+functional+areas+of+the+organization?&hl=en&ei=ViB2TeHcK4SRswaopaH4BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCw

Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=rossfunctional%20team%20containing%20representatives&f=false

Which one of the following is TRUE about the importance of capacity planning?► It is profitable► It increase the capacity of productive unit► It helps managers quantify production capability► It establishes good relationship with the customerActs as a major determinant of initial costs. It is typical to see that greater thecapacity of a productive unit, greater would be the cost. (page 65)

All of the following are examples of time based strategies EXCEPT:Products /service design timeProcessing timeResponse time for complaintsResponse time for innovation(handout page 18)

Which one of the following management functions is based on forecasting?► Planning► Organizing► Leading► Controlling(page 35)http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=YS1ThqtWLcoC&pg=PA34&dq...ement+functions+is+based+on+forecasting?+%E2%96%BA+Planning+%E2%9

Which of the following functions of an organization consists of all activitiesdirectly related to production of a good or service?► Operations► Marketing► Accounting► Finance

The concept of productivity increases means : Increase output and input remain constant Input increase and output same Input and output both increase proportionally

Suppose you are operation manager of a firm in which areas of job designer concerned  5 marks

Write the three ways to improve reliability of the system marks 3 Calculate efficiency and utilization if

Designed capacity= 60 units per dayEffective capacity=45 units per dayActual output= 39 units per day (5 marks) page#66Efficiency=Actual output/Effective CapacityEfficiency=39/45*100Efficiency=86.7%Utilization=Actual output/Design CapacityUtilization=39/60*100Utilization=65%

important objective of design strategy essentials of organization process u r employed as an operation manager. in ABC company. at some stage u make an analysis

of changes in product design. what analysis u carry out to feel this change? also elaborate its different procedures.

Good product and service design play strategic role in helping organization achieve its goal. A MNC has finalized a location. After finalization how they can evaluate the location

decision is best or not? (3 Marks) Objectives of design strategy (3 marks) Q 29: Main Objectives of Line balancing.(marks 3) Q 30: Impacts of capacity decisions on future demand .(marks 3)

Q 31: Factors which help operations manager to decide whether to use in-house facilities or to outsourced the facilities.(marks 5)

Q 32: Factors which have impact on Frequency of capacity Palnning.(marks 5)

80 % of the paper was from the capacity planning lessons, subjective + objective write the key points that should be considered before capacity planning. cost volume analysis assumption what is capacity flexibility difference between DFM & DFR 2. essentials of organization process Suppose you are the manger of the manufacturing company why would you perceive

simultaneous engineering as a suitable approach with reference to product design Generalize what are the essentials of the organization process strategy What is a modular design? What id its role in operation management. Want to estimate the time required to perform of two employees on employee’s study yields

a mean 6.4 minutes and stander deviation of 2.1 minutes with 95% confidence intervene, second employee study yields a mean 6.4 minutes and stander deviation of 2.1 minutes with 95% also confidence intervene. Now how observation you will need if desired maximum error 10%. Mean? (Z=1.96)

1. how many type of multi plant strategy used by a company? 2 2. describe the objectve of design strategy? 2 numerical Quiz about Q=FC/R-vc 2.cause of irregular variation ? and significance of planing ? Characteristics of a well defined service system.  Qualities of a good job design In some organization capacity planning is carried out regularly and in some organization seldom. What are the factor influencing the frequency of capacity planning.  Distinction between product layout and process layout. Suppose you are the manger of the manufacturing company of automobile and company

want to change its location from one side to another side. What problems will create in location changing according to u

What is the time’s job and what change would be made in this Kuch aisa question tha ye What is the concurrent engineering how it is helpful for design wala quiz tha forcasting main se quiz tha Q No. 1: - What are the key steps involved in formulating a capacity planning strategy? (3) Q No. 2: - Suppose you are an operation manager of a firm, and in your experience what are

the main significance of layout design? (3) Q No. 3: - In terms of product and service design what sort of problems most of the

organization in Pakistan are facing? (5) Q No. 4: - Suppose you are an operation manager of a firm what sort of information is

required in order to design the process layout? (5) suppose if u r production manager of a firm than what method will u apply ; concurrent

engineering or product design?  3 generalize the essentials of organization process strategy?  3 what is modular design/what is its role in operational mangement?  5 WHAT ARE THE ASSUMPTION OF cost volume relation ship?  

Importance of Rnd? 3 marks. Importance of layout decission, 3 marks. process layout related 1 question, 5 marks. importance of design department, 5 marks. NEW MCQ (Which of the following behaviors is exhibited by a time series having an up-

and-down movement in a variable that repeats itself over a long period of time?Boost in productivity can not be achieved if one of the following situation occurs)

What is flexible manufacturing system? Why it should be used in organizations? Standardization in certain instances is not a feasible option. What are the reasons behind this? How the reliability can be measured also provide some example. Elaborate the distinction between product layout and process layout? automation k uses? 3 marks concentrate engineering 3 marks product and services ko bante wakt kia kuch mad-e-nazar rakhna chahe?5 succfual job design? 5 marks Write down the characteristics of well designed service system? What approaches an organization can adopt to change the job structure? Generalize what are the causes of irregular variation? Also enlighten the significance of

planning the system? Identify the characteristics and form of incentive plans? Suppose you are working as an operation manager in an automobile company. Your

company wants to move its manufacturing plant from one location to other location. What factors will affect the location decision according to your point of view? (5)

One question was numberical to calculate Utlization And Efficency(5) What is the purpose of transportion method(3) Which one of the following forms of productivity has units of output per shift? imrovements of reliability, automation disadvantages of product layout, calculationof utilization and capacity Write a brief note on the Activities of R&D in an organization (3) What is process layout? (3) What are the limitations of process layout (5) what is modular design? how its helpful for operation management (5) 1. how automation help in production? 3 marks 2. standardization sometime is not feasible. what the reason behind it.. 3 marks 3. calculte efficieny and utilization if

designed capacity= 60 units per dayeffective capacity=45 units per dayactual output= 39 units per day (5 marks)4. what are disadvantages of process lay out? 5 marks

Why concurrent engineering suitable approach with design of product.  what is flexible manufacture system. Q1.suppose you have to design facilities lay out for your organization.what factor would you

keep in mind while designing a layout? (3 marks) Why some multinational corporations feel that globalization is not a good option?

The western worlds call these the disadvantages of Globalization, if an organizationdecides to pack up its business and leave a host company.

Disadvantages to GlobalizationThe common disadvantages which lead to a MNC forgoing globalization includes. Handing over proprietary Technology to host countries. Political risks. Poor Employee (Managers and worker) skills. Slow customer response time. Effective communication between interfaces difficultManaging Global OperationsWhen organizations become global they often end up paying a heavy price in terms ofmanaging complex managerial issues and challenges. Host country languages Host Country Norms and Customs. Workforce management Unfamiliar laws and regulations. Unexpected Cost mix.

Do you perceive that operation management and operation research are the same concepts?NO both concepts are different from each other; we can elaborate both in the following manner:Operation Management:Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and redesigning business operations in the production of goods and/or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as little resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements. It is concerned with managing the process that converts inputs (in the forms of materials, labor, and energy) into outputs (in the form of goods and/or services).The relationship of operations management to senior management in commercial contexts can be compared to the relationship of line officers to the highest-level senior officers in military science. The highest-level officers shape the strategy and revise it over time, while the line officers make tactical decisions in support of carrying out the strategy.Operation Research:Operations research (also referred to as decision science or management science) is an interdisciplinary mathematical science that focuses on the effective use of technology by organizations. In contrast, many other science & engineering disciplines focus on technology giving secondary considerations to its use.Employing techniques from other mathematical sciences — such as mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, and mathematical optimization — operations research arrives at optimal or near-optimal solutions to complex decision-making problems.Because of its emphasis on human-technology interaction and because of its focus on practical applications, operations research has overlap with other disciplines, notably industrial engineering and management science, and draws on psychology and organization science. Operations Research is often concerned with determining the maximum (of profit, performance, or yield) or minimum (of loss, risk, or cost) of some real-world objective.

Write down at least three ways of improving reliability of a system.We should develop the ability to understand the importance of reliability and atthe same time identify the ways in which Reliability can be improved in the following

generic ways.1. Component design: Parts of a car2. Production/assembly techniques: No reworks also fool proof assembly.3. Testing: for trouble free final product4. Redundancy/backups: not possible all the time but common remedy.5. Preventive maintenance procedures6. User education (operating manuals)7. System design (we will discuss in later chapters, a senior management issue, butindicative that reliability is always considered VIP)8. Research & Development (R&D) : Organized efforts to increase scientificknowledge or product innovation & may involve:

What qualities does a successful job design contain?A successful Job Design must have the following qualities1. Carried out by experienced personnel who have the necessary training andbackground.2. Consistent with the goals of the organization.3. in documented form.4. Understood and agreed by both management and employees.5. Shared with the new employees.6. Factors that affect Job Design

“Standardization plays an important role in product design". How will you describethis role?Standardization is the extent to which there is an absence of variety in a product,service or process. Standardized products are immediately available to customers. Yougo to a market and request for a charger for your cellular phone, the shopkeeper wouldask for the model, make and deliver you as special product which is made by your cellphone company or by an independent manufacturer, who provides a standardizedcompatible model.

What are the reasons that support the use of process layout?1. Product layouts are used to achieve a smooth and rapid flow of large volumes of goodsand customers through a system.2. The work is divided into a series of standardized tasks, permitting specialization ofboth labor and equipment.3. The large volumes handled by these systems make it pertinent and necessary toinvest in equipment and job design.4. Layouts should be arranged to make the best use of technological processing abilitiesto fulfill the requirements of both product and services.5. In manufacturing environments the lines are referred to as production lines or assemblylines, depending on the type of activity involved.6. In services side, the word line may or may not be used like Healthcare/HospitalServices line, Carwash (absence of word line here) or Cafeteria Line.7. Without standardization, many of the benefits of the repetitive processing are lost.8. Product Layouts achieve a high degree of labor and equipment utilization, which tendsto offset their high equipment costs.9. Operations are so closely tied up that a mechanical failure or high absenteeism (rains)would increase vulnerability of the Systems.

10. We can prevent breakdowns if we religiously follow preventive maintenanceschedules, inspection and replacement of worn parts.

Suppose you are the operations manager of a manufacturing firm, why would youperceive concurrent engineering as a suitable approach with reference to productdesign?Concurrent Engineering:Concurrent engineering is the bringing together of engineering design andmanufacturing personnel early in the design phase.Why Suitable Approach to product Design: Manufacturing Personnel are able to identify production capabilities andcapacities .They have thus the opportunity to inform the design group about thesuitability of certain materials on the flipsides the designer would know thesuitability of certain designs in aiding in cost reduction and quality improvementin production/assembly process. Early opportunities for design or procurement of critical tooling, some of whichmight have long lead times. This can result in a major shortening of the productdevelopment process, which should be a key competitive advantage. Early consideration of the Technical Feasibility of a particular design or a portionof a design. Again this can avoid serious problems during production. Theemphasis can be on problem resolution instead of conflict resolution.

Which process system would you suggest for the following business/industry?French restaurants (Job Shop Process)Heavy equipment (Batch Flow Process)Sugar refinery (Continuous Flow Process)Automobile assembly (Product layout)Commercial printer (Job Shop Process)

In some organizations capacity planning takes place very regularly and in some ittakes place seldom. What are the factors that influence the frequency of capacityplanning?FACTORS INFLUENCE THE FREQUENCY OF CAPACITY PLANNING:1. Capacity strategy for long-term demand which focus on demand patterns and takes intoaccount growth rate and variability2. Facilities that focus on cost of building and operating3. Technological changes relate to rate and direction of technology changes4. Behavior of competitors5. Availability of capital and other inputs

Write down the characteristics of well designed service system?1. A well designed system should be well versed with organization vision & mission.2. It should cost effective3. User friendly & sustainable.4. It should have ability to make effective link between front & backend operations.5. Accommodation of variable changes in future.6. Simple requirements & handling few customer at every customer centre.

Suppose you want to estimate the time required to perform a certain task by the twoemployees. One employee’s study yielded a mean of 6.4 minutes and standarddeviation of 2.1 minutes with 95% confidence Interval. Other employee’s study

yielded a mean of 2.1 minutes and standard deviation of 6.4 minutes with confidenceinterval of 95%. Now how many observations you will need if desired maximumerror is 10% of sample mean? (z= 1.96) Do both the employees have same numberof observations?Employee # 1:Mean time = X = 6.4mintsStandard Deviation = S = 2.1mint.z = 1.96Error = A = 10% = 0.1n = (zs/ax) 2= [(1.96) (2.1)/ (0.1) (6.4)] 2= [4.116/0.64]2= (6.43125)2= 41.3641 observationsEmployee # 2:Mean time = X = 2.1mintsStandard Deviation = S = 6.4mint.z = 1.96Error = A = 10% = 0.1n = (zs/ax) 2= [(1.96) (6.4)/ (0.1) (2.1)] 2= [12.544/0.21]2= (59.733)2= 3568.033568 observations

Question No: 41 (Marks: 5)What are some of the reasons that do not favor the use of process layout?1. Creates dull, repetitive jobs.2. Poorly skilled workers may not maintain equipment or quality of output of service.3. Fairly inflexible to changes in volume.4. Highly susceptible to shutdowns.5. Needs preventive maintenance.6. Individual incentive plans are impractical

Operations management does not work in isolation within an organization. Howwould you relate marketing, finance and other functions to operations function?Functions with in an Organization The Operations function consists of all activities that are directly related toproduction of a good or service. Operations function exist in services like healthcare, Police, Traffic,transportation, consultancy, food handling, restaurants etc. Operations function forms the core of all businesses.Operations and Marketing Value addition refers to conversion of raw materials to finished goods or services. Value added often refers to the difference between the cost of the raw materialand the price of the finished good.

The revenues from selling goods is used in betterment of existing product orservice or R &D, investment in new facilities and equipments Weeding out or eliminating non value adding operations. E.g. Storage of goodswhich have been produced ahead of scheduled production, increases storage andinventory costs. reducing storage cost would reduce transformation cost and thusincrease value addition Marketing relates to selling of a good or service of the organization throughadvertising and pricing decisions. Marketing department assesses the customer’s needs and communicate it to theoperations people on short term and design people on the long term basis. Operations people need information about demand over a short range in orderto purchase raw materials or manage inventory or schedule productionplan where as the design people need information to redesign or simplysign new products or services. Marketing provides valuable information about the competitors customers needsand communicate it to the operations people on short term and design people onthe long term basis.Finance The finance function focuses on activities that relate to securing resources atfavorable prices and then allocating these resources through out the organization. Finance and Operation Personnel exchange information and expertise in thefollowing way Budgets Economic analysis of investment proposal Provision of funds

Calculate the exponential smoothing forecasts from the following data for the 6thperiod with constant (alpha) 0.40.Period No. of complaints1 602 653 554 585 64FORMULAE: Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)Ft = Coming timer period forecasting valueFt-1 = 1 Past time forecasting valuea = Alpha Smoothing constantAt-1 = 1 Past time actual occurrenceAt Period 1:Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)Ft = 60 + 0.40 (0)Ft = 60At Period 02:Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)Ft= 60 + 0.40 (60 – 60)Ft = 60 + 0.40 (0)

Ft = 60At Period 03:Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)Ft= 60 + 0.40 (65 – 60)Ft = 60 + 0.40 (5)Ft = 60 +2Ft = 62At Period 04:Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)Ft= 62 + 0.40 (55 – 62)Ft = 62 + 0.40 (-7)Ft = 62 – 2.8Ft = 59.2At Period 05:Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)Ft= 59.2 + 0.40 (58 – 59.2)Ft = 59.2 + 0.40 (-0.48)Ft = 59.2 – 0.192Ft = 59.008At Period 06:Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)Ft= 59.008 + 0.40 (64 – 59.008)Ft= 59.008 + 0.40 (4.992)Ft= 59.008 + 1.9968Ft= 61.0048

How many multiple plant strategies are used in a company having multiplemanufacturing facilities?Mostly following are the below given multiple manufacturing facilities are usedWith combination in plant strategies;• Product plant strategy• Market area plant strategy• Process plant strategy

Suppose you are the operations manager of ABC Corporation. To developcompetence in business operations, you have to decide either to rely on the facilitiesavailable in-house or outsource.What are some of the factors you would base thedecision on?Following are the factors which are available to us in order to decide whether to developa competence in house or outsource competent organization to supply that product,service or particular expertise.1. Available capacity if an organization has the equipment, necessary skills andtime, it often makes sense to produce an item or perform a service in house. Theadditional costs would be relatively small compared with those required to buyitems or subcontract them.2. Expertise. If a firm lacks the expertise to do a job satisfactorily, buying might bea reasonable alternative.3. Quality considerations. Firms that specialize can usually offer higher quality

than an organization can attain itself. Conversely, special quality requirements orthe ability to closely monitor quality may cause an organization to perform a jobitself.4. Nature of demand. When demand for an item is high and steady, theorganization is often better off doing the work itself. However, wide fluctuationsin demand or small orders are usually better handled by specialists, who are ableto combine orders from multiple sources, which results in higher volume and tendto offset individual buyer fluctuation.5. Cost. Any cost savings achieved from buying or making must be weighed againstthe preceding factors. Cost savings might come from the item itself or fromtransportation cost savings.6. Risk. Outsourcing or buying the services carries risk; often companies retainflexibility by carrying out certain critical activities in house and repetitive menialactivities through outsourcing.

Given the table:Alternatives Possible future demandLow (Rs.) High (Rs.)Small facility 10,000 8,000Medium facility 12,000 20,000Large facility 18,000 15,000Calculate Maximax, Laplace and Minimax regret?Maximax:Choose the Best maximum Value for MAXIMAX approach which is 20,000Laplace:Small facility = 10000+8000=18000/2 =9000Medium facility = 12000+20000 = 32000/2 = 16000Large facility = 18000+15000 = 33000/2= 16500So the Best Possible average is 16500 Laplace.Minimax:The minimum Amount is Rs. 8000

Suppose you are working as an operation manager in an automobile company. Yourcompany wants to move its manufacturing plant from one location to other location.What factors will affect the location decision according to your point of view?Factors Affecting Location DecisionsThe process of determining a geographic site for firms operations takes intoaccount both manufacturing and marketing aspects. We just focus on themanufacturing aspects as it’s more closely related to Operations ManagementManufacturing Favorable Labor Climate Proximity to markets. Quality of Life Proximity of Suppliers and Resources. Proximity to the Parent Company’s facilities. Utilities, Taxes and Real estate costs. Other factors ( expansion, construction costs, and location near the highway ormain railways)

How would you reveal the usefulness of naive forecasts? Naive forecasting (NF) techniques are quantitative forecasting tools that use onlythe historical data of the variable being forecasted in the analysis. Therefore, allother influences that may impact on the variable are excluded from the analysisand the forecast. NF provides a convenient way to generate quick and easy forecasts for the shorttime horizon. Forecast is not affected by environment. The forecast will miss turning points.

ABC Corporation has planned to purchase a new machine. Total annual fixed costis Rs. 15,000: variable cost is Rs. 5 per unit and revenue is Rs. 7 per unit.•What would be the break even point?•What would be the breakeven point if variable cost gets increased by 10%, revenuedecreased by 10% and fixed remains same?Part A:Q=Fixed Cost/ Revenue – Variable CostQ =15000/7.5Q =7500 unitsPart B:Q = Fixed Cost/ Revenue – Variable CostQ =15000/7-0.7-(5+0.5)Q =15000/6.3-5.5Q =15000/0.8Q =18750 units

What is demand management? Explain its various factors?Demand Management:Demand management is the process of cutting cost by influencing the quantityand/or specification of the products and services you are procuring.The following are the Factors of Demand Management: Finished Goods/Services Raw Material Component Parts Sub-Assemblies etc

automation k uses? 3 marks concentrate engineering 3 marks product and services ko bante wakt kia kuch mad-e-nazar rakhna chahe?5 succfual job design? 5 marks Write down the characteristics of well designed service system? What approaches an organization can adopt to change the job structure? Generalize what are the causes of irregular variation? Also enlighten the significance of planning the system? Identify the characteristics and form of incentive plans? In terms of product and service design what sort of problems most of the organizations

of Pakistan are facing? 3 Write down at least three ways of improving reliability of a system. 5

“Automation of a production setting requires the use of robots.” How do you agree with this statement? 5

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) – Please choose oneOrganizational strategies relate to which of the following sets of factors?Survival, profitability, growth rate and market shareProfitability, survival, leads times and target marketQuality, operating resources, growth rate and market shareScheduling, profitability, lead times and survival

Which of the following statements corresponds to an order-winning characteristic?A factor which may be significant in other parts of the organizationA factor which gives an organization a competitive edgeA factor which serves as a minimum standard for purchaseA factor which increases the profitability of the organization

Which one of the following is an index used to measure actual output relative to designcapacity?UtilizationEfficiencyEffective capacityEffectiveness

Which of the following refers the way an organization chooses to produce its good orservices?Process selectionProcess reengineeringProcess redesignProcess design

What would be the required cycle time for a process that operates 9 hours daily with adesired output of 300 units per day?0.03 minutes1.8 minutes2700 minutes291 minutes

Which one of the following refers to using some of the components of old products in the manufacturing of new products?ManufacturabilityRemanufacturingRobust designAutomation

Which one of the following is NOT a business application of forecasting?BudgetingCapacity planning

Inventory managementQuality control

Within the operations function, which one of the following is a long-termmanagement decision?Control decisionNon-operational decisionStrategic decisionTactical decision

Which one of the following is an outcome of Maximax?The best of the worst possible payoffThe best possible payoffThe best average payoffThe least of the worst regrets

Which of the following is a technique that averages a number of recent actual valuesthat are updated as new values become available?Simple moving averageDelphi methodTrend adjusted forecastNaïve forecast

design requirements?Concurrent designDesign for manufactureRobust designQuality functional deployment

Which of the following management level is responsible for long-range capacityplanning?Lower managementMiddle managementTop managementNon managerial employees

What are the reasons that support the use of process layout?  3 Marks Q.No.2 .What is Design Strategy? Its importance and benefits    3 Marks

Q.No. 3 . How you can Define Modular Design? How it is used by Managers                                                                                                5 Marks

Q.No.4. Suppose you are the operations manager of ABC Corporation. To develop competence in business operations, you have to decide either to rely on the facilities available in-house or outsource. What are some of the factors you would base the

decision on?                                                                                       : 5 Marks why some multinational corporations feel the globalization is not a good option? 5 marks

disadvantage of process layout 3 marks  automation system 3 marks  one was numerical(utilization and ) 5 marks What are possible decisions taken by operational manager while managing workforce In your opinion, what can be the circumstances when a Low Cost Producer in an industry

brings effectiveness? Critically analyze the statement “Internal audit provides more opportunities to the participant

to understand how their jobs , departments and division fit into whole organization as compare to external audit”

“Horizontal integration is the acquisition of additional business activities at the same level of value chain and now a days being widely used as a growth strategy”What can be the situation when horizontal integration is assumed to be effective?

Capacity flexibilityAns .Developing Capacity Alternatives 

1.  Design flexibility into systems refers to long term nature of expansion, if at the time of original design,   flexibility   alternative   is   provided,   and   it   would   save   cost   in   remodeling   and modifications when expansion is carried out later.Take stage of life cycle into account. It is important that operations manager observe and check whether the  capacity increase  alternative is  for  a new product/service  or mature product  or service. The predicta     ility for a new  service is riskier as compared to an esta  lished mature product or service.Take a “big picture” approach to capacity changes while developing the capacity of the system, it is necessary to understand the interrelationship of the components of the  system. The big picture approach relates to  setting up of parking  space, house keeping and landscaping if an expansion is to be accommodated in a multi purpose shopping plus apartment complex.By  developing  capacity  alternatives,  organizations  prepare  to  deal  with   capacity  “chunks” Capacity increases are normally obtained in         ig chunks instead of incremental increase. A steel mills furnace may not be able to provide exact required increase in capacity and thus would provide excessive capacity which may lead to increase in inventory. E.g. the demand for steel say is 2000 tone per annum in the city of sukkhur, from a local steel mill the capacity is  1800 tones per annum. The steel mill can increase its production from  1800 tones to 2200 tones per annum and not to exactly 2000 tones per annum. Design strategy

Ans. Major factors in design strategyWhen we discussed organizational and operation strategy concepts we did set a boundary line for our organizations effective, smooth, reliable and safe operations. When we will design a product or service, we need to consider the following facts in our design strategy.CostQualityTime-to-marketCustomer satisfactionCompetitive advantage1. what are possible decisions taken by operational manager while managing workforce 3 vertical integration is degree to which the firm owns its upstream and down stream buyers,

what are benefits if firm goes for vertical integration? (3) customer analysis and its significance (5)

Two examples of Multi national local firms operating in Pakistan and have initiated backward integration justify ur answer (5) 

What approaches an organization can adopt to change the job structure What is the modular design? What is it role in Operations Management? 1. Functions of Research and development Department. 2. Best Quality of Jobs. 3. Compute utilization and Facility. 4. In question Mean deviation and confidence are mentioned of two employees are provided

and required compare their confidence. What are major factor should kept in mind while designing a product or service How will you emphasize the importance of layout decision? Break even point questn product layout dis advantag 3mark time series ka tha ek What qualities does a successful job design contain?

A successful Job Design must have the following qualities1. Carried out by experienced personnel who have the necessary training andbackground.2. Consistent with the goals of the organization.3. in documented form.4. Understood and agreed by both management and employees.5. Shared with the new employees.6. Factors that affect Job Design

A good product and services design plays a strategic role in the achievingorganization goal? Explain here

Calculate the exponential smoothing forecasts from the following data for the 6thperiod with constant(alpha) 0.40. Period No. of complaints1 602 653 554 585 64Answer1 60 #N/A 2 65 60 =60+0.4*(60-60) 3 55 63 =65+0.4*(60-65) 4 58 58.2 =55+0.4*(63-55) 5 64 58.08 =58+0.4*(58.2-58) Operations management does not work in isolation within an organization.  How would you relate marketing, finance and other functions to operations function?

AnswerPlease try to extract from the following according to you needFINANCEThe finance function comprises activities related to securing resources at favorable pricesand allocating those resources throughout the organization. Finance and operations

management personnel cooperate by exchanging information and expertise in such activities as:BudgetingEconomic analysis of investment proposalsProvision of funds.MARKETINGMarketing’s focus is on selling and/or promoting the goods or services of an organization. Marketing is also responsible for assessing customer wants and needs, and for communicating those to operations people (short term) and to design people (long term). That is, operations needs information about demand over the short to intermediate term so that it can plan accordingly (e.g., purchase materials or schedule work), while design people need information that relates to improving current products and services and designing new ones. Marketing, design, and production must work closely to successfully implement design changes and to develop and produce new products. Marketing can provide valuable insight on what competitors are doingThere are a host of other supporting functions that interface with operations. Among them are accounting and purchasing. Also, depending on the nature of the organization, they may include personnel or human resources, product design and development, industrial engineering, and maintenance

Which process system would you suggest for the following business/industry?French restaurantsHeavy equipmentSugar refineryAutomobile assemblyCommercial printerAnswerCommercial printer and French restaurants are examples of job shop.Automobile assembly uses an assembly line structure (product layout),while sugar refinery uses continuous flow structure.Heavy equipment = batch flow process structure

In some organizations capacity planning takes place very regularly and in some it takes place seldom. What are the factors that influence the frequency of capacity planning?Generally, the factors that influence the frequency of capacity planning are the stability of demand, the rate of technological change in equipment plus product design, and competitive factors It also depend upon the product or service and whether style changes are important or not. suppose automobiles does not need much changes compare to clothing or fashion products. Some products need frequent changes to meet the market trends.

Write down at least three ways of improving reliability of a system. 3Following are some of the techniques used to improve the reliability of the system;· Testing: for error free final product· Educating the user: educate the user about working of the product through operating manuals· Research and Development will definitely aid to increase the reliability of the system

For what purpose the transportation method is used? 3Transportation Method is a quantitative technique that can help solve the problem of multiple facility location. It determines the cost effective pattern to allocate resources when products are shipped from two or more plants. It may not solve all the problems related to multiple facility location but finds the best shipping patterns.

What are some of the reasons that do not favor the use of process layout? 5Following are some of the reasons that do not favor the use of process layout.· In-process inventory costs can be high.· Material handling in this technique is slow and inefficient.· Span of control can be reduced due to complexities of process layout.· Difficult routing and scheduling.· Utilization rate of equipments is very low

What is a modular design? What is its role in operations management? 5Modular design is a form of standardization in which components are sub-divided into small independent modules which are designed easily and can also be interchanged.ROLE IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT· It adds flexibility to both production and marketing.· Easier repair and diagnosis.· Quick and easy recovery if a components fails to work.· Simplification of manufacturing and assembly.Examples of products that use modular design may be microprocessors, cars etc.

What approaches an organization can adopt to change the job structure Emphasize the importance of layout design Good product/ service design plays a strategic role in helping an organization to achieve its

goals. Please discuss 5 Keep in mind the significant equipment while design the facilitate layout plans in your

company? factor In some organizations capacity planning takes place very regularly and in some it takes place

seldom. What are the factors that influence the frequency of capacity planning? 5 marks Logistics (5 marks) which are the factors effecting low productivity in Pakistan? (5 marks) Define reorder level with example and determine reorder quantity? (10 marks) Priority rules (10 marks) JIT System Prior knowledge of job flow times is essential to effective planning, control and Management

of customer relationships. Explain job flow time and identify various components of job flow time. (1+4 marks) What are the various assumptions that you would consider while carrying out aggregate

planning? What is the role of ABC system in inventory management? why the waiting lines are formed? What is its effects on services operations? give an

example? (5 marks) what is critical ratio? how to compute it? (3 marks) factors to be consider for using the sampling plan (5 marks) compute the annual carrying cost. (numerical question) (3 marks) philosophy of JIT system (3 marks)

Reorder point determinants (3 marks)Reorder point: When the quantity on hand of an item drops to this amount, the item is reordered.Following are the determinant of the Reorder point.1. The rate of demand2. The lead time3. Stock out risk (safety stock)4. Demand and/or lead time variabilityExample :An apartment complex in Quetta requires water for its home use.Usage= 2 barrels a dayLead time= 5 daysROP= Usage X Lead Time= 2 barrels a day X 7 = 14 barrelsIt means when ever our stock fall to 14 barrels we have to place the new order for water.

Problems in scheduling services (3mark)Inability to store or inventory the servicesRandom nature of customer requests for the serviceCustomer requests are variable in nature. Suppose same service sometime take more time for one customer compare to other.

why the waiting lines are formed? What is its effects on services operations?give an example? (5 marks) Waiting linesnormally refer to customers personally waiting in queues before one or moreservice delivery counters for availing service. However, waiting lines can also beformed by customers 'inabsentia (i.e., proxy) in some cases. One of the important determinants of service quality is ease of access, which includes not only location of service facility and its opening hours but also minimum waiting time to receive service. Delays have a strong negative effect on service quality (i.e., customer perception of the service) and customer satisfaction. For example, it was found in a study (Sridhar, 1985) that: procurement delays lead to demotivation of customers in their participation incollection development of a special library. On the other hand, visible (in presence) waiting line delays have a much stronger and magnifying negative effectson service quality and customer satisfaction. Service operations need to have aclear understanding of the theory and psychology of waiting lines . ADDITIONAL:Managing waiting lines create a great dilemma for managers seeking to improve the return on investment of their operations. On the one hand, customers dislike waiting intensely. If they feel they are waiting too long at your firm for service, they will either leave the line prematurely or not return to your firm the next time they need service. This will reduce customer demand and eventually revenue and profit. Furthermore, longer waiting times increase costs because longer waiting times equal more customers in a firmís building. Hence, a firm will need more space for the customers to wait in, which increases rent.

factors to be concider for using the sampling plan (5 marks) Cost and time are prime determinants of choosing a plan.Ø 

Primary considerations are number of samples needed and total number of observationsØ required.Single sample has only one sample but large sample size.Ø Where the cost to obtain a sample is high than cost of analyzing the sample, single sample plan is followed.Ø Where inspection costs are higher than costs of obtaining the sample, multiple samples are carried to ensure that a good or bad result can help terminate the sample testing thus ensuring savings in inspection cost.Ø 

what are possible decisions taken by operational manager while managing workforce vertical integration is degree to which the firm owns its upstream and down stream

buyers, what are benefits if firm goes for vertical integration? (3) 3.customer analysis and its significance (5) 4.Two examples of Multi national local firms operating in Pakistan and have initiated

backward integration justify ur answer (5) short q mein automation aur robot k bare mein tha