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APERTURE , SHUTTER SPEED , ISO

If your camera provides manual control over its functions, you can get a lot more control overthe resulting image. The types of advanced techniques will be different depending on the typeof camera you have smaller point-and-shoot cameras typically will have fewer options (or

limit the options to common presets), where more advanced cameras will bring greaterfle ibility of how the picture is ta!en, and prosumer and "#$ cameras have lenses that allowfor further creative picture ta!ing options.

aperture

%ontrolling the aperture is an advanced technique which allows you to control the width ofthe lens opening (li!e the iris of an eye), allowing for more direct control over how much lightenters the camera, and is normally referred to as an &'-stop& or &aperture number& such as ' .or ' (a higher number refers to a smaller aperture opening, which means it is letting in lesslight, and a smaller number refers to a larger aperture opening - in this case, ' refers to thefocal length of the lens). * smaller aperture number allows you to use a shorter shutter speed(which ma!es it better for fast action shots), while a larger aperture allows you to use a longershutter when there is bright light (for e ample, capturing the motion of a waterfall on a sunnyday). %ontrolling the aperture also affects the depth of field within the photo (which refers tohow much of the photo is in focus at the same time). 'or e ample, with landscape

photography, you could use a small aperature to get a greater depth of field and have thewhole scene in focus to see all the details, however with portrait or macro photography, youcan use a larger aperture to get a shallow depth of field and isolate+highlight the sub ect byforcing the rest of the photo out of focus (" ' is also affected by focal length - the longer thefocal length the less " ', so because most smaller compact cameras have shorter focallengths, it can be difficult for them to achieve a shallow " ').

shutter speed

%ontrolling the shutter speed can also allow you to change the feel of a photo for e ample,you may want a fast shutter speed to capture fast action, sports, or other areas where you dwant to &free/e the scene& li!e a busy mar!etplace, or use a slower shutter speed to capture lowlight shots or introduce a sense of motion into the photo - for e ample, capturing themovement of water in a waterfall or traffic along a busy city street.

iso/exposure

In a parallel to the film camera world, digital cameras uses I# to refer to the sensitivity ofthe digital sensor (in the same way that film I# refers to the sensitivity of the film). I# isreferred to numerically, such as I# 011 or I# 11, with the higher value meaning moresensitive to e posure from light. 2ormally this is controlled automatically by the camera, but

by manually changing the I# value, you can ma!e the camera sensor more sensitive to light,allowing you to ta!e photos with a faster shutter speed (a shorter e posure), or with a longere posure when wor!ing with low light. The trade-off of a higher I# value is that it is similar

to turning up the volume on a stereo when the recording is quiet - you hear the music louder, but you also hear more bac!ground noise. In the same way, using a higher I# value will

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introduce more noise into the photo, although there are many noise-reduction software pac!ages that will allow you to reduce or eliminate noise afterwards.

filters/lenses

The use of filters or lenses can allow you to completely change how light hits the camera, for

e ample, there are a number of add-on filters that can either soften the photo, provide slight blurring around the edges to capture a sensitive mood in portraits, add light flares for a touchof drama, or a polari/er which controls stray light and glare and provides richer, morevivid+saturated photos (if your camera doesn&t support filters, one tric! is to use a pair of

polari/ing sunglasses in front of the lens as a polari/ing filter - for best results try shootingwith the sun behind you). *dditionally, more advanced cameras can allow you to add onlenses to the main fi ed lens, or change the main lens out completely3 in both cases, this canlet you use a macro lens, which can help you to get closer to a sub ect than you otherwisewould be able to, li!e an insect or flower, a wide angle lens for landscape shots and good forcapturing landmar!s or other large scenes, or a telephoto lens that can give you longer /oomsthan your camera allows to get closer to a distant ob ect or sub ect, perfect for a safari trip.