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APA 6th Edition Tutorial

© Michelle Post, Ph.D. (Reviewer)

Version 8 of the Tutorial

First Created April 29, 2010, Last Updated March 28, 2011

3/28/20111 © Michelle Post, Ph.D.

Disclaimer

This APA 6th Edition (3rd printing) tutorial, is only meant to

be an overview of many of the key areas of the APA Style

Manual. It is not to be viewed as an all inclusive tutorial.

The best way to learn APA 6th edition is to buy the book

and use it – a lot.

Dr. Michelle Post


Summary

What is APA?

Major Changes in APA 6th – Partial List

What is Plagiarism?

What is Self-Plagiarism?

Direct Quotation versus Paraphrasing

Definition of Empirical Research

Recognizing Empirical Research


Summary, Cntd.

Basic Formatting – The Paper

Page Size

Margins

Line Spacing

Font Type

Font Size

Alignment

Paragraph and Indentation

Basic Formatting – Headings

Basic Formatting - Lists


Summary, Cntd.

Basic Formatting –Mechanics

Spacing after a punctuation mark

Spacing after a period

Period

Comma

Semi-colon

Colon

Dash

Quotation marks

Double or Single Quotation Marks

Parentheses

Hyphenation

Words Beginning a Sentence

Major Words in Titles and Headings

Proper Nouns and Trade Names

Use of Italics

Use of Abbreviations

Numbers


Summary, Cntd.

Basic Formatting: Tables

Basic Formatting: Figures

Basic Formatting: Citations

Basic Formatting: References

Basic Formatting: Appendix


Summary, Cntd.

Basic Formatting – Title Page

Title

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Author Note

Running head

Page Number

Basic Formatting - Abstract

Footnotes and Endnotes


Summary, Cntd.

Order of Manuscript

APA Web Resources

APA Software

APA Video Tutorials

Plagiarism Tools

Tips on Using Word 2003 or Word 2007

References


What is APA?

American Psychological Association

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

1929

Writing Style or ―Standard of Procedure‖

―The rules of APA Style are drawn from an extensive body of

psychological literature, from editors and authors experienced

in scholarly writing, and from recognized authorities on

publication practices‖ (American Psychological Association,

2010, p. 3).


Major Changes in APA 6th – Partial List

Addition of ―self-plagiarism‖ (p. 16)

Ethical compliance checklist (p. 20)

Abstract contents described (p. 25)

Description of introduction content (p. 27)

Sample papers with key rules of APA style (p. 41)

Change in Title Page (p. 23, 229)

Change in Headings (p. 62)


Major Changes in APA 6th, Cntd.

Bulleted lists & Number lists (p. 64)

Use brackets to avoid nested parentheses (p. 94)

Appendixes now is Appendices (p. 96)

Numbers—use a word rather than a numeral to express a

number below 10 when grouped with a number above 10 (p.

111)

Encouraged to use page or paragraph number for paraphrased

material (p.171)

Table of basic citation styles (p. 177)

Reference list (p. 181)


Major Changes in APA 6th, Cntd.

3/28/2011© Michelle Post, Ph.D.12

Electronic sources in reference list include digital

object identifiers (DOI), where available. If no DOI,

provide the url to the journal’s homepage (p. 187)

Examples for blogs, message boards, email (p. 214)

Publisher information in book references now

includes the state for all cities (p. 186)

Several other changes were made in Chapter 3:

Writing Style, Chapter 4: Mechanics of Style, Chapter

5: Displaying Results, Chapter 6: Crediting Sources,

and Chapter 8: Publication Process.

What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarism: APA states, (as cited in APA Ethics Codes

Standard, 8.11, Plagiarism) ―Researchers do not claim the

words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit

where credit is due.‖


What is Self-Plagiarism?

Self-plagiarism: ―Just as researchers do not present the

work of others as their own (plagiarism), they do not

present their own previously published work as new

scholarship (self-plagiarism)‖ (APA, 2010, p. 16).

NOTE: A few exceptions do exist, see Chapter 1: Section 1.10

– Self-plagiarism, for the exceptions.


Direct Quotation versus Paraphrasing

Direct Quotation:The exact words of another. The

exact words are enclosed with double quotes at the

beginning and end of the direct quotation, followed by the

citation in parenthesis and concluded with a period (APA,

2010).

NOTE: This rule applies only for direct quotations of 39 words

or less.

Paraphrasing: ―Summarize a passage or rearrange the

order of a sentence and change some of the words of

another author, you need to credit the source in the text‖

(APA, 2010, p. 15).


Definition of Empirical Research


Empirical research uses data derived from actual

observation or experimentation.

Three major types of journal articles are reports of

empirical studies, review articles, and theoretical articles.

Reports of empirical studies are articles summarizing original

research.

Review articles are further examinations of research that has

already been published.

Theoretical articles are written to advance theory and they

may include both empirical research and review of research in

order to elaborate the theoretical position.Geisel Library. (2010). Definition: Empirical research. Retrieved from http://www.anselm.edu/library/empirical.html

Recognizing Empirical Research


LanguageIf an article is empirical, it will include terms such as: measurement

psychological aspects

reports

research statistics

usage

Length of ArticleEmpirical research articles are usually substantial (more than 1 or 2 pages) and include a bibliography or cited references section (usually at the end of the article).

Type of PublicationEmpirical research articles are published in scholarly or academic journals. These publications are also sometimes referred to as "peer-reviewed," or "refereed" publications.

Geisel Library. (2010). Recognizing empirical research. Retrieved from http://www.anselm.edu/library/empirical.html

Basic Formatting: The Paper

Basic Formatting –The Paper APA 6th Edition Location

Page Size: 8.5‖ x 11‖

Margins: 1‖ on all sides Chapter 8: Section 8.03 – Margins (p. 229)

Line Spacing: Double spaced for whole document Chapter 8: Section 8.03 – Line spacing (p. 229)

Font Type: Times New Roman (serif typeface) Chapter 8: Section 8.03 – Typeface (p. 228)

Font Size: 12 pt Chapter 8: Section 8.03 – Typeface (p. 228)

Alignment: Flush-left style (right margin is uneven) Chapter 8: Section 8.03 – Line length and

alignment (p. 229)

Paragraph and indentation: Indent the first line of every paragraph and

footnote. Use the tab key, which should be set at five to seven spaces or a

½‖

Chapter 8: Section 8.03 – Paragraph and

indentation (p. 229)

Length: The optimal length to effectively communicate the primary ideas.

RULE: ―less is more‖

Chapter 3: Section 3.01 – Length (p. 61)

Writing Style: Clear communication that uses continuity in presentation

of ideas, smoothness of expression, tone, economy of expression, precision

and clarity, and linguistic devices.

Chapter 3: Sections 3.05 – 3.10 (pp. 65 – 70)

Voice: Third person point of view and active voice Chapter 3: Section 3.09 – Precision and Clarity:

Attribution (pp. 69 -70)

Chapter 3: Section 3.18 –Verbs (p. 77)


Basic Formatting: Headings

Basic Formatting – Headings APA 6th Edition Location

Heading 1: Centered, boldface, uppercase and lowercase

heading

Example Heading One

Chapter 3: Section 3.03 – Levels of Heading (pp. 63 - 64)

Chapter 2: Figure 2.1 – Sample Papers (p. 44)

Heading 2: Flush left, boldface, uppercase and lowercase

heading

Example Heading Two



Heading 3: Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading

ending with a period

Example heading three.

NOTE: The text begins one space after the header and

on the same line. This goes for Heading 4 and 5 too.



Heading 4: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph

heading ending with a period

Example heading four.



Heading 5: Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading

ending with a period

Example heading five.


NOTE: The indentation is equal to the paragraph indentation

(5-7 spaces or a ½‖ – use the word-processing tab function)

NOTE: The text of the paper begins on Page 3 with the same

title that is located on the title page. There is no ―Introduction.‖

The first part of the manuscript is assumed to be the

introduction. (APA, 2010, p. 63)


Basic Formatting: ListsBasic Formatting – Lists (Bullet & Number) APA 6th Edition Location

Numbered List: Itemized conclusion, steps in a procedure, or

importance of rank use a numbered list that is identified by an

Arabic numeral followed by a period --- not enclosed in

parenthesis

NOTE: ―Separate sentences in a series are also identified

by an Arabic numeral followed by a period; the first word

is capitalized, and the sentence ends with a period or

correct punctuation‖ (APA, 2010, p. 63).

Chapter 3: Section 3.04 – Seriation (pp. 63 – 64)

Bullet List: Bullet lists can be used if the list does not contain

ranking importance.

NOTE: ―Symbols such as small squares, circles, and so

forth, may be used in creating a bulleted list‖ (APA, 2010, p.

64).

Chapter 3: Section 3.04 – Seriation (p. 64)

Within a paragraph or sentence: Identify the elements in a

series with lowercase letters in parentheses (e.g., (a), (b), and so

forth)


Within a sentence: use commas to separate three or more

elements that do not have internal commas, (e.g., . . . three

choices were (a) apple, (b) orange, and (c) pear.


Within a sentence: use semicolons to separate three or

more elements that have internal commas (e.g., ―We tested three

groups: (a) low scorers, who scored lower than 20%; (b)

moderate scorers, who scored . . .‖ (APA, 2010, p. 64.

NOTE: Numbered lists and bullet lists match the paragraph

indentation of 5-7 spaces or ½‖. Both list types match the same

font type and size as the manuscript [paper].

Chapter 2: Figure 2.3 – Sample Paper (p. 57)


Basic Formatting: The Mechanics

Basic Formatting –The Mechanics APA 6th Edition Location

Spacing After Punctuation Marks: ―Insert one

space after: commas, colons, semicolons, periods that

separate parts of a reference citation; and periods of

the initials in personal names‖ (APA, 2010, p. 88).

Chapter 4: Section 4.01 – Spacing After Punctuation

Marks (pp. 87 – 88)

Spacing After a Period: ―Spacing twice after

punctuation marks at the end of a sentence aids

readers of draft manuscripts‖ (APA, 2010, p. 88).

Chapter 4: Section 4.01 – Spacing After Punctuation

Marks (p. 88)

NOTE: ―The only mention of spacing after end

punctuation in the Publication Manual is the one you

described on p. 88. The wording was modified

between the first and subsequent printings to

emphasize that this is a recommendation and

not a strict rule. Printed final versions typically have

one space following end punctuation. As you noted,

―draft‖ manuscripts are the exception, should one

choose to follow the recommendation. This is implied

but not stated outright.‖ (APA Style Expert, personal

communication, February 17, 2010).

Period: Are used for: end a complete sentence,

initials of names, abbreviation for United States when

used as an adjective, identity concealing labels, Latin

abbreviations, and reference abbreviations.

Chapter 4: Section 4.02 – Period (p. 88)


Basic Formatting: The Mechanics, Cntd.


Basic Formatting –The Mechanics APA 6th Edition Location

Comma: Are used between elements in a series of

three or more (e.g., a, b, and c), to set off a

nonessential or restrictive clause, separate two

independent clauses, set off the year in exact dates,

set off year in parenthetical reference citations,

separate groups of three digits in most numbers,

between two parts of compound predicate and parts

of measurement.

Chapter 4: Section 4.03 – Comma (p. 88 - 89)

Semicolon: Are used to separate two independent

clauses that are NOT joined by a conjunction, and

elements in a series that contain commas.

Chapter 4: Section 4.04 – Semicolon (p. 88 - 89)

Colon: Are used between complete clauses where

each part could stand as an independent sentence, in

ratios and proportions, and in references between

place or publication and publisher.

Chapter 4: Section 4.05 – Colon (p. 89)

Basic Formatting: The Mechanics, Cntd.Basic Formatting –The Mechanics, Ctnd. APA 6th Edition Location

Dash: Use it to indicate only a sudden interruption in the

continuity of a sentence, but do not over use it.

Chapter 4: Section 4.06 – Dash (p. 90)

Quotation Marks: Use these double quotation marks to

introduce a word or phrase; to set off the title of an

article or chapter in a periodical or book when the title is

mentioned in text; and to reproduce material from a test

item (APA, 2010, p. 91)

Chapter 4: Section 4.07 – Quotation Marks (pp. 91 – 92)

Double or Single Quotation Marks: Use double

quotation marks to enclose quotations in text and use

single quotation marks within double quotation makes to

set off material that in the original source. (APA, 2010, p.

91)

Chapter 4: Section 4.08 – Double or Single Quotation

Marks (p. 92)

Block Quotations (40 words or more): do not use

double quotes for directly copied text.


Marks (p. 92)

Double or Single Quotation Marks with other

punctuation: ―Place periods and commas within closing

single or double quotation marks. Place other punctuation

marks inside quotation marks only when they are part of

the quoted material‖ (APA, 2010, p. 92).


Marks (p. 92)


Basic Formatting: The Mechanics, Ctnd.Basic Formatting –The Mechanics, Ctnd. APA 6th Edition Location

Parentheses: Are used to set off independent elements,

set off reference citations in text; introduce an

abbreviation; enclose the citation or page number of a

direct quotation; and more.

Chapter 4: Section 4.09 – Parentheses (pp. 93 – 94)

Hyphenation: Please refer to the APA 6th edition manual

for all the general principles on hyphenation.

Chapter 4: Section 4.13 – Hyphenation (pp. 97 – 100)

Words Beginning a Sentence: Capitalize first word in

a sentence and first word after a colon that begins a

complete sentence.

Chapter 4: Section 4.14 – Words Beginning a Sentence (p.

101)

Major Words in Titles and Headings: Capitalize major

words in title of book and articles within the body of the

paper; capitalize major words in article headings and

subheadings; capitalize major words in table title and figure

legends; and capitalize references to titles of sections

within the same article.

NOTE: Capitalize only the first word of the title of

a book or article in the reference list.

Chapter 4: Section 4.15 - Major Words in Titles and

Headings (pp. 101 – 102)

Proper Nouns and Trade Names: Capitalize proper

nouns, adjectives and words used as proper nouns; names

of university specific departments; and trade and brand

names of drugs, equipment and food (APA, 2010, p. 102).

Chapter 4: Section 4.16 - Proper Nouns and Trade Names

(pp. 102 – 103)


Basic Formatting: The Mechanics, Cntd.Basic Formatting –The Mechanics, Ctnd. APA 6th Edition Location

Use of Italics: First rule – use italics

infrequently. Use italics for titles of books,

periodicals, films, videos, TV shows and

microfilm publications; introduction of a new,

technical or key term or label; a letter, word, or

phrase cited as a linguistic example; and

periodical volume numbers in reference lists.

Chapter 4: Section 4.21 – Use of Italics (pp. 104

– 106)

Use of Abbreviations: Please refer to the

APA 6th edition manual for all the principles of

abbreviations.

Chapter 4: Section 4.22 – Use of Abbreviations

(pp. 106 – 111)

Numbers: Use words to express a number at

the beginning of a sentence, title or text

heading; and use words to express numbers

from 1 – 10.

Chapter 4: Sections 4.31 & 4.32 (pp. 111 – 113)


Basic Formatting: TablesBasic Formatting –Tables APA 6th Edition Location

Table and Figure Numbers: Number all tables and

figures with Arabic numerals in order of how they

appear (e.g., Table 1).

NOTE: For Appendices that have tables denote

those table names with capital letters and

Arabic numerals (e.g., Table A1).

Chapter 5: Section 5.05 – Table and Figure Numbers

(p. 127)

Table Layout: For all the full layout of a table along

with all the specific components please refer to Table

5.1 Basic Components of a Table on p. 129 of APA 6th

edition, 3rd printing.

Chapter 5: Section 5.08 – Table Layout (p. 128 – 130)

Table Titles: Brief, clear, explanatory title and easily

inferred by the reader and flushed left above the table.

Chapter 5: Section 5.12 – Table Titles (p. 133)

Table Headings: ―Headings establish our

organization of the date and identify the columns of

data beneath them‖ (APA, 2010, p. 133).

Chapter 5: Section 5.13 – Table Headings (p. 133)

NOTE: Refer to Chapter 5: Section 5.19 – Table

Checklist (p. 150), to determine if the data is

presented effectively.

NOTE: When creating tables in APA do not use full

borders. There are no vertical lines in an APA

formatted table and only horizontal lines above and

below the table heading and ending of the table.


Basic Formatting: Figures

Basic Formatting – Figures APA 6th Edition Location

Types of Figures: Graphs, charts, maps,

drawings and photographs.

Chapter 5: Section 5.21 – Types of Figures

(p. 151)

Standards for Figures: Simplicity, clarity,

continuity and informative.

Chapter 5: Section 5.21 – Standards for

Figures (p. 152)

Table and Figure Numbers: Number

all tables and figures with Arabic numerals

in order of how they appear (e.g., Figure

1). The label and the title appear on the

same line below the figure, flush-left.

Cite the source below the label and the

title.

Chapter 5: Section 5.05 – Table and Figure

Numbers (p. 127)

Chapter 5: Section 5.30 – Figure Checklist

(p. 167)

NOTE: Only use a figure if it provides

informative value to the paper.

NOTE: Refer to Chapter 5: Section 5.30

– Figure Checklist (p. 167) to ensure that

the figure is appropriate and adheres to

APA formatting conventions.


Basic Formatting: Citations

Basic Formatting – Citations APA 6th Edition Location

When to Cite: ―Cite the work of those

individuals whose ideas, theories, or research

have directly influenced your work‖ (APA, 2010,

p. 169).

Chapter 6: When to Cite (p. 169)

Number of Citations in a Paper: Rule of

thumb – cite one to two resources per key

point

Chapter 6: When to Cite (p. 169)

Direct Quotation of Sources: When

quoting, always provide the author’s last name,

year and specific page number (written as p. for

single and pp. for double) or paragraph (written

as para. )if no page number exist in the text

with a matching reference in the reference list.

NOTE: You cannot list a citation without

a matching reference and vice versa. (See

Chapter 6 – Citing References in Text, p.

174)

Chapter 6: Section 6.03 – Direct Quotation of

Sources (pp. 170 – 171)

NOTE: ―Reference lists are not required for major classical

works, such as ancient Greek and Roman works or classical

religious works‖ (APA, 2010, p. 179).

―Page 179 of the 6th edition of the Publications Manual states

that because parts of classical works are numbered

systematically across all editions, you would use these numbers

instead of page numbers when referring to specific parts of a

classical source. It gives the following example: 1 Cor. 13:1

(Revised Standard Version). (APA Style Expert, personal

communication, March 29, 2010)


Basic Formatting: Citations, Cntd.

Basic Formatting – Citations, Cntd. APA 6th Edition Location

Block Quote: Is a direct quotation that is 40 words or more.

It is written as a paragraph that is indented to match the

paragraph indentation. It does not contain double quotes

before or after the quoted material. The citation goes outside

of the block quote.

Chapter 6: Section 6.03 – Direct Quotation of Sources (p. 171)

Paraphrasing of Sources: When paraphrasing a source

always provide the author’s last name and year. However, you

are encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number.

Chapter 6: Section 6.04 – Paraphrasing Material (p. 171)

Basic Formatting Guidelines:

One author paraphrase: (Last name, date)

One author direct quote: (Last name, date, p. or para. #)

Two or more authors paraphrase: (Last name & Last name,

date)

Two or more authors paraphrase: (Last name & Last name,

date, p. or para. #)

Chapter 6: Citing References in Text (p. 174 – 179)

NOTE: For full details of the various types of citations refer to

Chapter 6: Sections 6.03 – 6.09 (pp. 170 – 173).

NOTE: ―No, you would not give the URL in the text citation,

just as you would not have to give the publishing information

for a printed book that you were citing. You would only give the

author and publication date in the text.‖ (APA Style Expert,

personal communication, March 30, 2010)

NOTE: For full details of the various types of citations refer to

Chapter 6: Sections 6.11 – 6.21 (pp. 174 – 179).


Basic Formatting: ReferencesBasic Formatting – References APA 6th Edition Location

Order of Reference List: Arrange the entries of the

reference list by alphabetical order by last name, followed by

initials. If the author has two or more listings, list by publication

date from earliest to latest.

Chapter 6: Section 6.25 – Order of References in the

Reference List (p. 181)

General Formatting: A reference should contain the author

name, date of publication, title of the work, and publication

data; see Chapter 6 – Sections 6.27 – 6.31 (p. 184 – 189)

Chapter 6: Reference Components (p. 183)

Author and Editor Information:

Invert author’s names, give last names and initials for

first seven authors. Eight or more authors, include the

first six author’s names followed by three ellipsis points

and add the last author’s name.

If authors have the same last name and first initial, type

the full first name in brackets.

If an author’s first name is hyphenated, keep the

hyphen and include periods after each initial of the

hyphenated name.

Use commas to separate authors, to separate

surnames, initials, and suffix.

Spell out the full name of a group.

If authors are listed with the word ―with‖ include them

in the reference in parentheses.

If no author’s name exist for a reference, move the

title of the author position.

Chapter 6: Section 6.27 – Author and Editor Information (p.

184)

NOTE: If the references with the same authors published in

the same year are identified as articles in a series, order the

references in the series order, not alphabetically by title. Place

lowercase letters --- a, b, c, and so forth – immediately after the

year, within the parentheses (e.g., 2001a, 2001b). (APA, 2010, p.

182)

NOTE: For examples of all reference types see Chapter 7:

Reference Examples (pp. 193 – 224) in the APA 6th edition,

third printing.


Basic Formatting: References, Ctnd.Basic Formatting – References, Cntd. APA 6th Edition Location

Editors:

For an edited book, place the editor’s names in the

author position and enclose the abbreviation ―Ed.‖ or

―Eds.‖ in parentheses after the last editor’s name. A period

follows the abbreviation and after the last parenthesis.

In a reference to a chapter in an edited book, invert the

chapter authors’ names as stated for an author’s name,

but you do not invert the book editors names.

The name of the book editor should be preceded by the

word ―In‖. Provide initials and surnames of all editors.

No editor, simply include the word ―In‖ before the book

title.

Chapter 6: Section 6.27 – Author and Editor Information

(p. 184)

Publication Date:

Publication Year – (year).

Magazines, Newsletters and Newspapers – (Year, Month

Day).

Papers and Posters Presented: (Year, Month).

Not yet published articles – (in press).

No date available – (n.d.).

Several volumes in a work – (Year –Year).

Archival Sources – (ca.).

A period follows all dates.

Chapter 6: Section 6.28 – Publication Date(p. 185)

NOTE: Thanks for your question. This is an issue we handle on a case-by-

case basis. If there is no date on the article itself, the default is to use ―n.d.‖

for no date; this is true in both 5th and 6th edition Publication Manuals. This

issue has been addressed in this blog post as well:

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/01/the-generic-reference-when.html

I would use ―n.d.‖ for the most part, unless you think it is evident from the

particular site that the copyright date is an accurate representation of when

the content was actually published. Hope this helps!

APA Style Expert

American Psychological Association (APA Style Expert, personal

communication, April 14, 2010)










Title:

Article or chapter title: Capitalize on the

first word of the title and of the subtitle, and

any proper names or nouns. Do not italicize

the title or place quotation marks around the

title. The title ends with a period.

Periodical title: Journals, newsletters,

and magazines – Give the periodical title in

full, in uppercase and lowercase letters. Italicize

the name of the periodical.

Nonperiodical title: Books and reports –

Capitalize only the first word of the title and of

the subtitle and any proper names and nouns.

Enclose additional information given on the

publication for its identification and retrieval

(e.g., edition, report number, volume number)

in parentheses immediately after the title. A

period is not used between the title and the

additional information and it is not italicized.

Chapter 6: Section 6.29 Title (pp. 185 – 186)



Publication Information:

Periodicals: Journals, newsletters, magazines –

Give the volume number after the periodical title and

italicize it, but do not use ―Vol.‖ before the number.

Include the journal issue number (if available) along

with the volume number in parentheses directly after

the volume number, but DO NOT italicize it. Finish

with a period.

Nonperiodicals: Books and reports – Give the

location (city and state or if outside the U.S., city and

country) where the publisher is located as noted on

the title page of the publication. If the publisher is a

university and its name contains the city do not repeat

in the publisher location. The states are abbreviated in

the publisher information and are followed by a colon.

Provide the publisher name in as brief a form as is

intelligible. The words Publisher, Co., or Inc. can be

omitted from the publisher location. For more than

one publisher to a book, list the first one. When the

author is the publisher use ―Author‖ to indicate the

publisher and end the publisher information with a

period.

Chapter 6: Section 6.30 – Publication Information (p.

186)



Electronic Sources and Locator Information

Basic Rules:

Use the same formatting as other references,

(authors’ names, publication date, and title)

Use the full URL of the EXACT location of the

electronic source (e.g.,

http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct00/workplace.html).

The URL is NOT followed by a period to end the

reference.

It is not required to include a retrieval date due to

the fact that the URL of an electronic source may

change.

If the electronic source has a digital object identifier

(DOI) include that in the reference with the format:

doi:xxxxxxx

If a DOI has been assigned, there is no need for any

further retrieval information.

It is not necessary to include database information

from database aggregators such as EBSCO, OVID, or

ProQuest.

Try to always cite the final version of electronic

sources.

Chapter 6: Section 6.31 – Electronic Sources and

Location Information (pp. 187 – 192)

NOTE: ―The preference is to use the DOI rather than a URL

as the locator for articles retrieved online. However, ―if no DOI

has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL

of the journal or of the book or report publisher. If you are

accessing the article from a private database, you may need to

do a quick web search to locate this URL‖ (APA Publication

Manual, pp. 191-192). An article and flow chart illustrating the

decision process for citing online articles is available on our

APA Style blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/a-doi-

and-url-flowchart.html .‖ (APA Style Expert, personal

communication, March 16, 2011)


http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct00/workplace.html

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/a-doi-and-url-flowchart.html









Basic Formatting: AppendixBasic Formatting – Appendix APA 6th Edition Location

In General: ―An appendix is appropriate for materials that are

relatively brief and that are easily presented in print format‖

(APA , 2010, p. 39).

Chapter 2: Section 2.13 – Appendices and Supplemental

Materials (p. 38 – 40)

Paper only has one Appendix: If the paper only has one

appendix it is labeled just with the title Appendix.


Materials (p. 39)

Paper has more than one Appendix: If the paper has more

than one appendix, label each one with a capital letter (e.g.,

Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.) and in order of how it is

mentioned in the main text.

NOTE: ―Each appendix must have a title. In the text,

refer to appendices by their labels‖ (APA, 2010, p. 39).


Materials (p. 39)

Basic Formatting:

An appendix may include headings and subheadings, tables,

figures and displayed equations.

Tables, figures and displayed equations should match the

appendix name (e.g., Table A1, Figure A1, etc.).

In a single appendix, tables, figures and displayed equations

should be labeled with an ―A‖ to identify them from the same

elements in the content of the paper.

Begin each appendix on a separate page.

Center the word Appendix and the identifying capital letters

(e.g., A, B., etc.) at the top of the page.

Center the title of the appendix, and use uppercase and

lowercase letters.

Begin the text of the appendix flush left, followed by indented

paragraphs.


Materials (p. 39)


Basic Formatting: Title Page

Basic Formatting –Title Page APA 6th Edition Location

Title: No more then 12 words, mixed case, centered

NOTE: Title is located on the title page (upper

half of page) and on the first page of the paper

(first line)

Chapter 2: Section 2.01 – Title (p. 23)

NOTE: ―Regarding your question, all words that are four or

more letters long (regardless of part of speech) should have

the first letter capitalized. All verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs,

and pronouns (regardless of length) should be capitalized.‖ (K.

Till, personal communication,April 2, 2010)

Author’s Name: First Name, Middle Initial(s) and

Last name, centered

NOTE: Omit all titles (e.g., Dr., Professor) and

degrees (e.g., PhD, PsyD, EdD)

Chapter 2: Section 2.02 – Author’s Name (p. 23)

Institutional affiliation: Location where research

was conducted (e.g., University name or college name)

NOTE: When no institutional affiliation, list city

and state of residence

Chapter 2: Section 2.02 – Institutional affiliation (p. 23)

Author Note:

1st Paragraph: Complete departmental affiliation

2nd Paragraph: Changes of affiliation (if any)

3rd Paragraph: Acknowledgments

4th Paragraph: Person to contact (mailing address, e-

mail)

NOTE: The Author Note is a required with

the exception of theses and dissertations

Chapter 2: Section 2.03 – Author Note (pp. 24 - 25)


Basic Formatting: Title Page, Ctnd.

Basic Formatting –Title Page, Cntd. APA 6th Edition Location

Running head: Abbreviated title that is printed at

the top of the pages; Maximum 50 characters,

counting letters, punctuation, and spaces between

words; flush left in all uppercase letters at the top of

the title page and all subsequent pages

NOTE: The words ―Running head:‖ only

appears on the title page and is in mixed case

Chapter 8: Section 8.03 – Order of manuscript pages:

title page (p. 229)


Page number: Pages are numbered consecutively

beginning with title page; use the automatic functions

of your word-processing program to generate page

numbers

NOTE: page numbers appear on the same line

as the running head but is flushed right

TIP: It is easier to create the 2nd page

header before creating the 1st page

header using Word’s automatic function

Chapter 8: Section 8.03 – Page numbers and running

heads (p. 230)



Basic Formatting: The Abstract

Basic Formatting –The Abstract APA 6th Edition Location

Description: Brief, comprehensive summary of the

contents of the article, accurate, nonevaluative,

coherent and readable, and concise

Chapter 2: Section 2.04 – Abstract (pp. 25 – 27)

Word limit: 150 – 250 words Chapter 2: Section 2.04 – Abstract (p. 27)

Location: New page (page 2) Chapter 2: Section 2.04 – Abstract (p. 27)

Title: Abstract should appear in uppercase and

lowercase letters, centered at the top of the page

Chapter 2: Section 2.04 – Abstract (p. 27)

Running head: Identified with only the title from the

running head or abbreviated title flushed right in the

header


Page number: Opposite of the abbreviated title and

should be numbered as page 2 flushed right


Line spacing: Double spaced Chapter 2: Figure 2.1 – Sample Paper (p. 41)

Paragraph and indentation: NONE Chapter 2: Figure 2.1 – Sample Paper (p. 41)

Alignment: Left (ragged right margin) Chapter 2: Figure 2.1 – Sample Paper (p. 41)


Footnotes and Endnotes


―APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce. However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright.

When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark. Footnote numbers should not follow dashes ( — ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses.

Scientists examined—over several years1—the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.2 (These have now been transferred to the Chauan Museum.3)

All footnotes should appear on the final page of your document (usually this is after the References page). Center the word ―Footnotes‖ at the top of the page. Indent five spaces on the first line of each footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Double-space throughout.‖

1 While the method of examination for the wooly-wooly yak provides important insights to this research, this document does not focus on this particular species.

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (1995 – 2010). APA: Footnotes and endnotes. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/04/

Order of Manuscript Title Page

5 components (title, running head, author byline, institutional affiliation, author note)

Abstract

Separate page (page 2)

Text

Separate page (page 3)

References

Separate page

Tables

Separate page

Figures

Separate page

Appendices

Separate page

APA Manual: (Chapter 8: Section 8.03 – Order of Manuscript pages (pp. 229 – 230)


APA Web Resources The Best APA Cheat Sheets on the Web: http://studenthacks.org/2007/05/08/apa-

cheat-sheet/

APA Style Help: http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx

APA Style Blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/

How to Cite Twitter and Facebook, Part I &II: Reference List Entries and In-Text Citations:

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-twitter-and-facebook-part-i.html

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-twitter-and-facebook-part-ii.html

How to Cite a Speech in APA Style: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-a-speech-in-apa-style.html

APA Style for Citing Interviews: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/apa-style-for-citing-interviews.html

How Do I Cite a Kindle?: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/how-do-i-cite-a-kindle.html

Use of First Person in APA Style: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/use-of-first-person-in-apa-style.html


http://studenthacks.org/2007/05/08/apa-cheat-sheet/





http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx





http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/
































http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-a-speech-in-apa-style.html















http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/apa-style-for-citing-interviews.html









http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/how-do-i-cite-a-kindle.html











http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/use-of-first-person-in-apa-style.html













APA Web Resources, Cntd. Purdue Owl – APA Style:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/

Son of Citation Machine: http://citationmachine.net/

The Writing Center: http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html

APA Style Resources: http://www.psychwww.com/resource/apacrib.htm

APA Citation Style: http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citapa.htm

APA Reference Style: http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/apa/apa01.html

APA Style Essentials: http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796

APA Interactive Tutorial: http://www.kevinschoepp.ca/APAtutorial/links.htm


http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/

http://citationmachine.net/

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html

http://www.psychwww.com/resource/apacrib.htm

http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citapa.htm

http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/apa/apa01.html

http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796

http://www.kevinschoepp.ca/APAtutorial/links.htm

APA Software

Perrla: http://www.perrla.com/Default.aspx

StyleEase: http://www.styleease.com/index.html

Reference Point: http://www.referencepointsoftware.com/

APA Wizard: http://www.apaformatwizard.com/?gclid=COKHzqrmypMCFQS7sgoduToIiA

ScholarWord: http://scholarword.com/

Southern Ocean Software: http://www.southernoceansoftware.com/apamacros/index.html

EasyPaper: http://www.eazypaper.com/

NotaBene: http://www.notabene.com/


http://www.perrla.com/Default.aspx

http://www.styleease.com/index.html

http://www.referencepointsoftware.com/

http://www.apaformatwizard.com/?gclid=COKHzqrmypMCFQS7sgoduToIiA

http://www.apaformatwizard.com/?gclid=COKHzqrmypMCFQS7sgoduToIiA

http://scholarword.com/

http://www.southernoceansoftware.com/apamacros/index.html

http://www.southernoceansoftware.com/apamacros/index.html

http://www.eazypaper.com/

http://www.notabene.com/

APA Video Tutorials


Setting up Word 2007 for APA -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwte1ntB2gA

Setting up Word 2010 for APA -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUjhwGmhDrI

APA Format Citations-Sixth (6th) Edition -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwte1ntB2gA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUjhwGmhDrI



Plagiarism Tools

Plagiarism Today: http://www.plagiarismtoday.com/

Plagiarized: http://www.plagiarized.com/

Master Lists of Tools:

http://www.shambles.net/pages/staff/ptools/

The Plagiarism Resource Site:

http://plagiarism.phys.virginia.edu/

Eve2: http://www.canexus.com/eve/index.shtml

Turnitin: http://www.turnitin.com/static/index.html


http://www.plagiarismtoday.com/

http://www.plagiarized.com/

http://www.shambles.net/pages/staff/ptools/

http://plagiarism.phys.virginia.edu/

http://www.canexus.com/eve/index.shtml

http://www.turnitin.com/static/index.html

Plagiarism Tools, Cntd.

SafeAssign: http://www.mydropbox.com/

Check for Plagiarism:

http://www.checkforplagiarism.net/signup-now.html

The 20 Best Free Anti-Plagiarism Tools:

http://www.blogherald.com/2007/06/25/the-20-best-free-

anti-plagiarism-tools/

Viper: http://www.scanmyessay.com/

Plagiarism Detect: http://www.plagiarismdetect.com/

Plagium: http://www.plagium.com/


http://www.mydropbox.com/




http://www.blogherald.com/2007/06/25/the-20-best-free-anti-plagiarism-tools/













http://www.scanmyessay.com/

http://www.plagiarismdetect.com/

http://www.plagium.com/

Plagiarism Tools, Cntd.

Doc Cop:

http://www.doccop.com/index.html?nc=24755214

Article Checker: http://www.articlechecker.com/

CopyScape: http://www.copyscape.com/

DupliChecker: http://www.duplichecker.com/

Plagiarism: http://www.plagiarism.org/

iThenticate: http://www.ithenticate.com/


http://www.doccop.com/index.html?nc=24755214

http://www.articlechecker.com/

http://www.copyscape.com/

http://www.duplichecker.com/

http://www.plagiarism.org/

http://www.ithenticate.com/

Tips on Using Word 2003 or Word 2007 Use Word’s Proof Reading Option to setup rules for grammar and

style check for APA specific requirements Comma always before the and

Punctuation always inside the double quotes

One space after a period

And more

Create a template with the basic formatting requirements

Use Word 2007’s APA Style function

Create tables with full borders to make ease of designing, inputting and presenting data, and then remove the full borders and add only the horizontal lines required by APA before submitting.

Use Word’s Page Layout Function > Header Different First Page to create the header the ―Running head:‖ header on the title page and the second header on the page 2 without the words ―Running head:‖

Tips on the use of Word 2010 coming in the near future.


References

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Andrews, K., & Adragna, S. (n.d.). APA: Transition to 6th Edition. Author.

Geisel Library. (2010). Definition: Empirical research. Retrieved from http://www.anselm.edu/library/empirical.html

Geisel Library. (2010). Recognizing empirical research. Retrieved from http://www.anselm.edu/library/empirical.html

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (1995 – 2010). APA: Footnotes and endnotes. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/04/


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