AP World HistoryAP World HistoryPOD #19 – Revolutions in EuropePOD #19 – Revolutions in Europe

Modern European Modern European UrbanizationUrbanization

Class Discussion QuestionsClass Discussion Questions

McKay – “Taming the City”, pp. 787-795McKay – “Taming the City”, pp. 787-795

McKay – “Rich and Poor and Those In Between”, pp. 796-McKay – “Rich and Poor and Those In Between”, pp. 796-805805

McKay – “Science and Thought”, pp. 812-817McKay – “Science and Thought”, pp. 812-817

Describe the living and working conditions of Describe the living and working conditions of the typical European city circa 1850?the typical European city circa 1850?

Western society was urban and industrial in 1900 as surely as it had Western society was urban and industrial in 1900 as surely as it had been rural and agrarian in 1800been rural and agrarian in 1800By 1850 working conditions were improving and real wages were By 1850 working conditions were improving and real wages were rising for the masses of the population, and they continued to do so rising for the masses of the population, and they continued to do so until 1914until 1914most cities were small, dirty, crowded, and unhealthymost cities were small, dirty, crowded, and unhealthymost were designed to be walking cities (only available option for most were designed to be walking cities (only available option for the poor)the poor)disease spread rapidly as a result of high population and poor disease spread rapidly as a result of high population and poor sanitary conditionssanitary conditionsthese conditions became hyper-exaggerated during the Industrial these conditions became hyper-exaggerated during the Industrial RevolutionRevolutionIndustry caused further population in already crowded citiesIndustry caused further population in already crowded citieslack of public transportation caused overcrowding- people had to lack of public transportation caused overcrowding- people had to live close to work so they could walklive close to work so they could walklack of local and national sanitary and building codeslack of local and national sanitary and building codes

What changes were made to the design and What changes were made to the design and function of European cities after 1850?function of European cities after 1850?

Edwin Chadwick became a leader in this movement in Edwin Chadwick became a leader in this movement in Great BritainGreat BritainCities began to tear down the old structures in towns and Cities began to tear down the old structures in towns and replace them with open boulevards and parks (this was replace them with open boulevards and parks (this was done in large part to prevent revolutionaries from done in large part to prevent revolutionaries from creating street barricades as they had done in 1848)creating street barricades as they had done in 1848)New streets were supplemented with better housingNew streets were supplemented with better housingZoning laws were imposed to allow the majority to Zoning laws were imposed to allow the majority to impose sanitation improvements on the reluctant impose sanitation improvements on the reluctant minorityminorityMass transportation allowed the population to spread out Mass transportation allowed the population to spread out (first horse drawn, then later electric street cars)(first horse drawn, then later electric street cars)

What is germ theory and how did this impact What is germ theory and how did this impact the design of the cities?the design of the cities?

All of these improvements were supported All of these improvements were supported as necessary by the newly discovered as necessary by the newly discovered germ theorygerm theory. Louis Pasteur discovered . Louis Pasteur discovered the presence of living organisms during the presence of living organisms during the fermentation process. This led to the the fermentation process. This led to the adoption of the antiseptic principle adoption of the antiseptic principle advocated by Joseph Lister. This helped advocated by Joseph Lister. This helped to lead to improved health and sanitation to lead to improved health and sanitation in the cities. This would correlate to a in the cities. This would correlate to a dramatic decline in mortality rates.dramatic decline in mortality rates.

What new socio-economic stratifications What new socio-economic stratifications came about during this era?came about during this era?

with urbanization rigid class distinctions began to disappear as one group with urbanization rigid class distinctions began to disappear as one group slowly melded into the nextslowly melded into the next1. Aristocracy- historical landed elite1. Aristocracy- historical landed elite2. Middle Class- 2. Middle Class- – Upper- most successful business families / as their wealth grew they abandoned Upper- most successful business families / as their wealth grew they abandoned

their earlier radical / purchased all the trappings of wealth (especially property their earlier radical / purchased all the trappings of wealth (especially property from the cash strapped aristocracy)from the cash strapped aristocracy)

– Middle- moderately successful industrialists and professionalsMiddle- moderately successful industrialists and professionals– Lower- independent shopkeepers, small traders, etc / white collar professionalsLower- independent shopkeepers, small traders, etc / white collar professionals– New Additions to the Middle Class - industrial and technological experts / private New Additions to the Middle Class - industrial and technological experts / private

and public managersand public managers 3. Working Class (80% of population)3. Working Class (80% of population)

- Highly Skilled / Labor Aristocracy - highly skilled / commanded - Highly Skilled / Labor Aristocracy - highly skilled / commanded highest wageshighest wages

- Semi-Skilled- factory workers- Semi-Skilled- factory workers- Unskilled- day laborers- Unskilled- day laborers

*** Group / Job status in any of these groups was constantly in flux*** Group / Job status in any of these groups was constantly in flux

How were gender roles defined during this How were gender roles defined during this era?era?

Men - family wage earnersMen - family wage earnersWomen- focused on the home and children / no Women- focused on the home and children / no legal status / well paying jobs were out of reach legal status / well paying jobs were out of reach and off limits / discrimination in education and and off limits / discrimination in education and employment / occasionally did piece work employment / occasionally did piece work reminiscent of the putting out systemreminiscent of the putting out systemThe woman’s role in the home came to be The woman’s role in the home came to be dominant as she was responsible for the well-dominant as she was responsible for the well-being of family and therefore controlled spendingbeing of family and therefore controlled spending

What new idea was advocated by Charles What new idea was advocated by Charles Darwin?Darwin?

naturalist who came to doubt the divine creation naturalist who came to doubt the divine creation of species believing they had gradually evolvedof species believing they had gradually evolved

evolution through a “struggle for survival” or evolution through a “struggle for survival” or “survival of the fittest”“survival of the fittest”

the strongest members of species would survive the strongest members of species would survive and reproduce further enhancing the strong and reproduce further enhancing the strong traits that had allowed the species to survivetraits that had allowed the species to survive

On the Origins of Species by the Means of On the Origins of Species by the Means of Natural SelectionNatural Selection (1859) (1859)

What is social Darwinism?What is social Darwinism?

theory that natural selection was applied to theory that natural selection was applied to humanshumans

the poor were ill fated and would the poor were ill fated and would disappear while the rich were strong and disappear while the rich were strong and would prosperwould prosper

This theory became one of the rationales This theory became one of the rationales used to justify Europe’s imperialist policies used to justify Europe’s imperialist policies around the worldaround the world