AP Review- War of 1812- Ferment of Reform & Culture (Chps 8-12)

• War of 1812: Mr. Madison’s War 1. Causes- British impressments of American sailors 2. British interference with American commerce3. British aid to Native Americans on frontier

Who wanted the war? War Hawks=Clay (West), Calhoun (South)Who doesn’t?=Daniel Webster (North/NE)

Consequences of the war:1. Contributes to demise of Federalist Party2. Intensifying nationalist feelings3. Promoting industrialization4. Advances career of Andrew Jackson-Battle of New Orleans war hero

NEVER a DBQ or FRQ on the War of 1812

Presidency of Monroe 1817-1825• Clay’s American System

– Internal improvements referred to transportation projects such as roads & canals

– Henry Clay believed that new transportation links would promote trade & unite the various sections of the country

– Called for tariffs to protect domestic industries & fund internal improvements

– Because of dependence on agricultural plantations & slave labor, the South benefitted least from the era of internal improvements

• Era of Good Feelings or Rising Tensions?– Demise of the Federalist Party

left the Democratic- Republicans in control of Congress & the Presidency

– The illusion of a national political consensus was shattered by such contentious issues as protective tariffs, federal aid for internal improvements, & the expansion of slavery into the new territories

Monroe continued…

• Missouri Compromise- 1820– Settled the first major 19th

century conflict over slavery– Maine entered as a free state– Missouri entered the Union

as a slave state, maintaining balance between slave and free states

– Compromise closed remaining territory of the Louisiana Purchase to slavery. No slavery north of Missouri’s southern border

HINT: Clay’s American System & the Missouri Compromise generated heated debate. Both topics have generated lots of questions on the exam. Review purposes of Clay’s American System & provisions of Compromise of 1820

Monroe Doctrine- 1823• Unilateral declaration of principles

that asserted American independence from Europe in foreign policy

• Asserted the political system in the Western Hemisphere is different & separate from that of Europe (similar to point Washington made in his farewell address)

• Warned European nations against further colonial ventures into the Western Hemisphere

• Promised US would stay out of internal affairs of European nations

• Leave us alone, & we will leave you alone. Leave our neighbors alone too or else!

Age of Jackson 1824-1840Overcame the Corrupt Bargain to win

• Belief in the Common Man– Great respect for common

sense & abilities of the common man

– AJ seen as a common man who represented the interests of the people

– Western prez(TN)

• Expanded Suffrage– White male suffrage-

Jacksonian Democracy– During Federalist era,

caucuses of party leaders selected candidates. During Jackson administration, nominating conventions replaced legislative caucuses.

– HINT: Be able to compare Jeffersonian Democracy & Jacksonian Democracy

Jackson continued…

• Patronage– Jacksonians supported

patronage: policy of placing supporter in office (spoils system)

– Many Jacksonians believed that victorious candidates had a duty to reward their supporters & punish their opponents

• Opposition to privileged elites (rich)– Hero of common man so

despised the special treatment of Eastern elite

– Went against those in the govt. dedicated to promoting and protecting the common man

More Jackson…• Tariff of Abominations &

Nullification Crisis 1828– Tariffs between 1816 & 1828

were 1st in US history whose primary purpose was protection of new industry (in the North)

– Tariff of Abomination forced John C. Calhoun to formulate his doctrine of nullification

• Doctrine of Nullification– John C. Calhoun (VP, SC

Senator for forever)– States’ rights argument

brought forth in KY & VA Resolutions

– SC argues that a state can refuse to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

– South doesn’t want to pay. They sell cotton to a market unprotected y tariffs but have to buy manufactured goods that are protected. Why no protection for them?

– Opposition to nullification• Webster-Hayne debate-

forcefully rejected nullification• Jackson opposes nullification

& enhances reputation as strong president

Jackson & the Bank War

• Opposed the bill to re-charter the 2nd Bank of the United States (BUS)

• Jackson felt bank catered to rich & advocates of “hard money”

• No love for the common man

• Killing the BUS– Jackson supported the

removal of federal deposits from the BUS

– Attach caused expansion of credit & speculation

– State banks, each issuing own paper currency, increased

– Jackson’s war of the BUS helped bring in the 2 party system- Whigs who hated him but loved Clay vs. Democrats

Still more Jackson…• Forced removal of

Native Americans– Worcester v. Georgia

1831– Cherokees took removal

order to court– Supreme Court upheld

rights of Cherokee to their lands

• Jackson & Cherokee– Long time Indian fighter,

so…bad attitude– Refused to recognize the

Court’s decision– “Marshall has mad ehis

decision; now let him enforce it”

– Trail of Tears- removal of Cherokee to OK

– ¼ of Cherokee people died

Catching on yet? HINT- normally few APUSH questions devoted to specific presidents. AJ is the exception. Pivotal role in these events so a number of APUSH questions focus on AJ & his policies. So while it is safe to skip John Quincy Adams and Martin Van Buren, it is important to study Jackson

Transportation Revolution• New Developments

– 1825- Erie Canal completed. Canal building through 1850

– Steamboats in wide use 1820s & 1830s

– First railroad appeared in US in 1828

– Within 30 years, 30,000 miles of track laid

• Consequences:– Erie Canal strengthened

commercial & political ties between NY City & growing cities on Great Lakes

– Canals help open West to settlement & trade

– Railroads enabled farmers in the Midwest easier access to urban markets in the East

– Canals, steamboats & railroads had the least impact on the South

Social & Cultural Movements in Antebellum America

Women:• Cult of Domesticity-– What role should

women play in new republic? Can’t vote, can’t serve on juries, etc

– “Republican Motherhood”: vital role as wives & moms raising virtuous citizens

– Concerned with domestic, family & religion

• Factory workers in Lowell– Textile mills in

Massachusetts– Young, unmarried

women 1820s & 1830s– Irish & German

immigrants replaced the farm girls because they would work for low wages

Don’t be surprised to see a question on this- most APUSH exams have 1 to 2 questions on this concept. Test writers often use definitions, quotes, & even pictures to see if studentscan identify the cult of domesticity /republican motherhood. A recent APUSH exam devoted the DBQ to this topic.

Changing role of women• Characteristics of women’s

movement:– Led by middle class women– Platform of legal and educational

rights– Close ties to anti-slavery &

temperance movements– Conventions held in Northeast &

Midwest but not South

• Seneca Falls Convention 1848• Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia

Mott• “Declaration of Sentiments”=greater

rights for women modeled after declaration of independence

• Wants:– Women’s suffrage– Right to retain property after

marriage– Greater divorce & custody rights– Equal education opportunities – Know that Dorothea Dix was NOT

involved with Seneca, but with reform involving treatment of people with mental & emotional disabiities

HINT- Important to know what reforms the Seneca Falls Convention called for. Also important to know what reforms the convention did NOT call for. For example- Seneca Falls did NOT call for liberal abortion laws or equal pay for equal work. That comes later & you should know it. 60’s, Betty Friedan, etc- turns against the cult of domesticity

Second Great Awakening• Wave of religious enthusiasm led by preachers

Charles Finney and Lyman Beecher• Finney = big success in central & western NY• Called “burned-over” district due to fervent

prayer meetings• Important role in making Americans aware of

the moral issues of slavery2007 In what ways did the Second Great Awakening in the North influence TWO of the following?

AbolitionismTemperanceThe cult of domesticityUtopian communities

Transcendentalism & Utopian Communities

• Philosophical & literary movement 1800s emphasizing living a simple life, celebrating truth in nature, personal emotion & imagination

• Henry David Thoreau & Ralph Waldo Emerson=top writers of period

• Shared idea of perfectionism

• Humans can have a better life through conscious act of will

• Brook Farm, New Harmony & Oneida Community

• Escape competition of everyday life, regulate morals, create cooperative lifestyle

Cultural Advances

• Education– McGuffey Readers– Newspapers grow– Education reform wants

laws, more teacher training & state & local taxes to finance public education

• Hudson River School– Artists painting

landscapes emphasizing America’s beauty

– First art school