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AP Review
…From the Civil War
Key information you MUST know
Western Expansion 1860-1895
• Homestead Act and the Morrill Land Grant Act
• Farming on Great Plains difficult
• Bonanza farms replaced individual farmers
• Women first receive the vote in Western states
• Mining/Lumbering attract settlers
• Native Americans forced off land and into
reservations, with resistance at places like Little
Bighorn and Ghost Dance Movement
Western Expansion 1860-1895
• Dawes Act breaks up reservation/tribal lands
• American framers organize in late 1860’s through
the Grange, Framer’s Alliance and later the
Populists
• Dime store novels portray rugged west of outlaws,
drinkers and stagecoach robberies
• Novels contrast with Turner’s Frontier Thesis
Western Expansion 1860-1895
• Gold Rush
• Silver discovered
• Barbed wire
• Exoduster Movement
• Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show
• Indian Territories open for settlement
• Cross of Gold
• William Jennings
Bryan
• Greenback Party
• Gold Standard
US as Industrial Giant 1870-1910
• Factors of industrial growth: expansion of heavy industry and availability of steel, natural resources and labor supply
• Taylorism/assembly line created changes for workers
• Horizontal/vertical integration allowed businesses to expand
• Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth
• Early unionization: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Industrial Workers of the World (why does union membership remain low?)
US as Industrial Giant 1870-1910
• Significance and impact of new immigrants form s. and e. Europe on cities and labor supply
• Transformation of US cities with new modes of transportation…suburbanization
• Political machines in the city, with early reforms in some states for a civil service system
US as Industrial Giant 1870-1910
• Bessemer Steel
• Knights of Labor
• Tammany Hall
• Holding Company
• Gilded Age
• Pendleton Service Act
• Chinese Exclusion
• Haymarket Riot, Chicago
• How the Other Half Lives
• Ellis Island
• First subway-Boston
• Ford opens
• IWW forms
• The Jungle
• Ford uses an assembly line
Rise of American Imperialism 1890-1913
• US becomes economic/imperialistic equal of European powers by 2oth century (US farmers/manufacturers need global market)
• Increased economic/political control of Hawaii
• US wants China trade…want an Open Door
• Opposition in US to imperialism on moral or humanitarian grounds
• Spanish-American War increases imp. Impulse
• US reluctantly annexes Philippines, leading to three years of fighting
• Panama Canal built for military, strategic and economic purposes
• Roosevelt Corollary to MD increased US control over LA
Rise of American Imperialism 1890-1913
• Alaska acquired
• Our Country, Josiah
Strong: role of Anglo-
Saxon in world
• Mahan’s Influence of Sea
Power upon History
• Pro-US planters
overthrow Queen L
• USS Maine…War
• John Jay’s Open Door
• Gain Philippines
• Naval Act expands
navy
• Great White Fleet
• Treaty of Portsmouth
• Panama Canal
Progressive Era 1895-1914
• What were the political, economic and social problems that
existed in the late 1890’s that lead to a movement to
address these issues?
• Progressives were a movement w/o a single set of leaders,
goals
• Social Gospel Movement aligned with progressive goals
• Muckraking magazines and newspapers created/published
the progressive agenda
• Efforts to reform city government and and its services
Progressive Era 1895-1914
• Political reforms include: initiative, referendum, recall, direct primary…to name a few
• Hull House was a…? Created by Whom?
• TR’s Square Deal included many progressive measures
• The Great War ended/diminished the reform impulse
• Failure of reformers: aiding farmers, African Americans and other non-WASP’s
Progressive Era 1895-1914
• Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy
• Tom Johnson, Cleveland mayor
• Women's Trade Union league
• NAACP
• Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy
• Bull Moose Party
• Triangle Shirtwaist fire
• Federal Reserve System
• Anti-Saloon league
• The Jungle
• Birth of a Nation
• Robert La Follette
• 14 Points
• Eugene Debs
• Clayton Anti-trust Act
• Pure Food and Drug
• Outbreak of WWI
• Prohibition
• Ida Tarbell
US and the Great War (WWI)
• First direct US of European affairs, expanding US involvement and impact on world
• Many in US prefer Allies, U-boat campaign solidifies support for France and UK
• Lusitania and Zimmerman Telegraph
• AEF provides military and psychological support for Allies
• Propaganda directed towards the “Hun”
• Federal government mobilized population for war effort
US and the Great War (WWI)
• Great Migration begins, continues through
1920’s
• French/British opposition to 14 Points
• Treaty ignites old debate: isolationism or
internationalism?
• America grows more isolationist through 1920’s
• Social and economic upheaval in the post-war
conversion to peace
US and the Great War (WWI)
• Convoy System
• Russian Revolution
• Liberty Bonds
• Conscription
• War Industries Board
• Committee on Public
Information, George Creel
• Espionage Act
• Irreconcilables v.
Reservationists
• Treaty of Versailles
• Chicago’s race riots
• Labor strikes
• Post-war strife
• Red Scare
1920’s: The Start of Modern US
• A consumer economy emerges unprecedented in US history
• New forms of entertainment: ads, newspapers, radio, motion pictures leads to a uniform national culture
• Changes resisted by many in small towns/rural, leading to many cultural conflicts
• Taylor’s assembly line leads to mass-produced consumer goods
• Buying on the installment plan created opportunities and problems
• Republican Party controls WH and Congress with policies that generally favor big business
1920’s: The Start of Modern US
• Harding administration wracked by scandal
• Resentment towards Blacks intensifies, resulting in race riots in the North and lynchings in the South, new KKK
• Red Scare results in suspension of civil liberties, deportation of immigrants
• Nativist fears leads to quota restrictions in early 1920’s
• Urban/Rural split: prohibition and evolution
• The Jazz Age: emergence of speakeasies, flappers and loser sexual mores
• The Lost Generation disillusioned with American Society
• Harlem Renaissance: diverse collection of black artists, musicians and writers
1920’s: The Start of Modern US
• Race riots, Chicago
• Violent Strikes
• Palmer raids
• Sacco and Vanzetti
• Model T
• Teapot Dome Scandal
• Rep. Presidents
• Washington Conference
• Dawes Plan
• Marcus Garvey
• National origins Act
• Scopes Trial
• The Jazz Singer
• The Man Nobody Knows
• The Great Gatsby
• Harlem Renaissance
• Charles Lindbergh
• Babe Ruth
• Market Crash
Great Depression and New Deal
• G Depression’s origins are economic problems of the 1920’s: agricultural, banking, speculating and buying on margin
• HH: volunteerism best solution
• FDR: Promises a New Deal. First activist president of 20th century, used power of fed gov’t, to help
• First 100 Days: Banks, CCC, stable farm prices, NIRA, speaks to US via fireside chats
• Second New Deal: WPA and Social Security, longest lasting legacy of FDR/ND
Great Depression and New Deal
• FDR crafts coalition of urban whites, southerners, union members, and blacks that stay in the Democratic party in power through 1980’s
• New Deal Critics: Left: did nor do enough to alleviate effects of depression. Right: policies undermined competitive nature of capitalism leading to socialism
• Court packing and Recession of 1937 demonstrate strength of Depression and ltd power of New Deal
• Radio/Movies are staples of relief
Great Depression and New Deal
• CRASH
• Dust Bowl
• Hoovervilles
• Hawley Smoot Tariff
• Scottsboro Boys
• Bonus Army
• Huey Long’s Share Our Wealth
• Prohibition ends
• CCC
• TVA
• WPA
• AAA
• FDIC
• Wagner Act: right to organize NLRB
• Francis Perkins
• Mary McLeod Bethune
• Eleanor
• The Grapes of Wrath
• Their Eyes Were Watching God
WWII
• War production ends Great Depression
• US emerges as global power, w/USSR, after war
• Isolationism is US policy through 1930’s
• Lend-Lease/Destroyers for bases assist Britain
• PH attack part of Japanese strategy, mobilizes US opinion/resolve
• US forces create second front in Europe
• US air/sea power defeat Japanese in pacific
• Atomic bomb: minimize human cost of invasion, and as retaliation against Japanese war actions
WWII
• American war-time sacrifices: rationing,
war bonds, victory gardens, extra work
• Industrial jobs for women
• Continued discrimination in the military and
civilian sector for African Americans
(Double V)
• Japanese internment
WWII
• Hitler
• Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Neutrality Act
• Atlantic Charter
• Pearl Harbor
• Baatan Death March
• Battle of the Atlantic
• Yalta Conference: split Germany,
• Iron Curtain
• Battle of Midway
• War bonds
• Ration cards
• Victory Garden
• Rosie the Riviter
• Korematsu v. US
• Internment camps
• Casablanca
• Manhattan Project
Cold War Origins 1945-1960
• Winning Cold War central goal for 45 years
• Significant economic impact: factories
devoted to military hardware
• Who started it: Soviet expansionism v. US
monopoly on the BOMB
• Post-war conferences
Cold War Origins 1945-1960
• Iron Curtain image articulated by Churchill
• Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan and NATO unite US and W. Europe
• US resolve tested by Berlin and Korea
• 1949: USSR China Communist
• HUAC investigates commie infiltration in US, McCarthy roots out commies
• Ike and Dulles: aggressive plan to rollback and contain communism
• Arms race between US and USSR
Cold War Origins 1945-1960
• Yalta
• Potsdam
• Iron Curtain
• Kennan: Containment
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin Airlift
• NATO/Warsaw Pact
• “Who Lost China?”
• HUAC/Hiss-Nixon
• Creation of Israel
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• Army-McCarthy Hearings
• Guatemala overthrow
• Suez Crisis/Nasser
• Domino Theory
• Shah of Iran
• Rosenbergs
• Dien Bien Phu
• Geneva Accords
• Sputnik
• Castro
• JFK elected
1950’s: Prosperity and Anxiety
• The 50’s: Complacency or quiet and growing ferment?
• Economic Growth: Cold War spending, autos, houses and appliances
• Ads shape purchasing
• GI Bill: mortgages and college education (welfare?), move people into the middle class
• Does suburbanization = conformity?
• Baby Boom 1945 to 1962
• Truman and Ike still in FDR’s shadow: has the New Deal become acceptable?
1950’s: Prosperity and Anxiety
• Brown v. Board of Education, roots in Howard
University
• Montgomery Bus Boycott brings new leaders and
strategies to the fore
• Are Civil Rights and the Cold War linked?
• Were teens of the 1950’s the silent generation?
What were the effect of James Dean and Elvis
Presley? What were they rebelling against?
1950’s: Prosperity and Anxiety
• GI Bill
• Taft Hartley
• Jackie Robinson
• Credit card introduced
• Catcher in the Rye (1951)
• Rock n Roll (1953)
• Interstate H-way Act
• McDonald’s opens
• Majority of workers are white-collar
• ¾’s of US own a tv (1960)
• Feminine Mystique
• Man in the Gray Flannel
Suit
• Betty Friedan: NOW
• The Beat Generation
• On the Road
• The Affluent Society
• Levittowns
America in Turmoil: 1960-1975
• Are protest and the cultural rebellion of the 1960’s good or bad? Why?
• JFK’s image of presidential strength though few program pass Congress
• Cuban Missiles: major crisis that bring world close to world war
• Was JFK’s death used by LBJ to get Great Society programs passed in Congress
• Civil Rights Movement moves for non-violent interracial cooperation to Black Power? Why?
America in Turmoil: 1960-1975
• Women seek equal rights through orgs like NOW
• LBJ escalates the war in Vietnam
• US military struggles against VC/NVA tactics and declining domestic support
• Tet Offensive is a turning point as well as other events of 1968: King/RFK, Democratic Convention, Nixon wins
• Student protests on the rise. SDS key organization
• Vietnamization is Nixon’s plan, SV gov’t falls two years after US leaves
America in Turmoil: 1960-1975
• SDS
• SNCC
• Freedom Rides
• Bay of Pigs
• Silent Spring, Rachel Carson
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• The Other America
• March on Washington
• The Feminine Mystique
• War on Poverty
• Free Speech Movement
• Civil Rights Act
• Tonkin Gulf
Resolution
• Troop escalation, 1965
America in Turmoil
• Warren Commission
• Kerner Commission
• Nation of Islam
• Black Nationalism
• Black Panthers
• United Farm Workers
• Counterculture
• Woodstock Music Festival
• Pentagon Papers
• American Indian
Movement
• My Lai Massacre
• Nixon reelected
• Roe v. Wade
US: Decline and Rebirth? (1968-1988)
• How did the Watergate Affair contribute to a sense of decline in the US? Why did Nixon go after “enemies?”
• Nixon crafts new relationships with China and the Soviet Union
• Ford’s tenure tainted by pardon of Nixon
• Carter campaigns as an outsider, a position taken by many post-Watergate politicians
• Outsider status hurts carter’s relationships w/ Congress in terms of legislation
• Camp David Accords helped Egypt/Israel bridge differences
US: Decline and Rebirth? (1968-1988)
• Carter was unable to negotiate release of hostages held in Iran, costing him reelection votes
• Ronald Reagan elected a a conservative who hope to restore US pride
• RR employs supply-side economics, though it grew the economy, deficits soared
• RR escalated Cold War rhetoric, but courted cordial relations with Soviet leaders
• Demonstrates lack of direct control as demonstrated by Iran-Contra Affair
US: Decline and Rebirth? (1968-1988)
• Nixon’s southern strategy
• SALT I
• Détente/Realpolitik
• Watergate, Woodward and Bernstein
• Spiro Agnew resigns
• Saturday Night massacre
• Nixon resigns/Ford
• Stagflation: unemployment and inflation
• WIN
• Carter signs Panama canal treaty
• Affirmative Action
• Religious Right
• Draft amnesty by Carter
• American taken hostage in Iran
• Recession 1981-1983
• Massive Tax Cuts/tax Reform Act of 1986 (50 to 28% for wealthiest)
• Star Wars
• US victorious in Grenada
US from 1988 to 2000 • Ability to manage domestic politics key to presidential
success in post-Cold War era
• GHW Bush alienates w/ no new taxes
• What ended the Cold War: weakness in Soviet infrastructure, ^ US mil spending, Polish resistance?
• GHW Bush against Iraq in Desert Storm
• Clinton campaigns as New Democrat/centric, focus on economy
• Clinton failure on Health Care paved way for Rep gains in 1994 (Contract with America)
US from 1988 to 2000
• Clinton and Gingrich fierce opponents in
budget battles
• Whitewater and investigations of Clinton’s
personal life marred second term of Clinton
• George W Bush elected after S. Court steps
in
US from 1988 to 2000
• Solidarity replace Comm gov’t in Poland
• Berlin Wall falls
• Comm gov’ts fall in EE
• Persian Gulf War
• New Right
• Economic recession
• Clinton elected
• US troops killed in Somalia
• NAFTA ratified
• Terrorists target WTC
• Globalization
• Republican sweep mid-term election 1994
• Kenneth Starr appt special prosecutor
• Federal budget surplus
• Clinton impeached by House, acquitted by Senate
• GW Bush elected
• 9-11