AP Psychology Ch.1-5 Cheat Sheet
Transcript of AP Psychology Ch.1-5 Cheat Sheet
AP Psychology Ch.1-5 Cheat Sheetby MelissaM021004 via cheatography.com/122490/cs/22762/
People
AlbertBandura
Added a cognitive slant tobehavi orism by resear chingviolence and aggression
B.F.Skinner
Believed that internal mentalevents could only be studiedscient ifi cally or not at all;Skinner box
CarlRogers
Developed person -ce nteredtherapy
CharlesDarwin
Theory of natural selection andsaid desirable traits are passedon
DavidHubelandTorstenWiesel
Identified specia lized types ofcells and that individual cellsare more sensitive to complexstimuli
ErnestHilgard
Hypnosis causes dissoc iationin consci ousness
GustavFechner
Published research on theabsolute threshold of humans
HermanvonHelmholtz
Created place theory
J. AllanHobson
Said dreams are side effects ofneural activation
JohnWatson
Founder of behavi orism
LetaStetterHollin ‐gworth
Focused on children with highIQs
People (cont)
LindaBastoshuk
Leading authority in tasteresearch
MargaretWashburn
Second female president ofAPA and wrote "The AnimalMind" which helped behavi ‐orism emerge
MaryCalkins
First female president of APAand founded 1/12 psychologylabs in the U.S.
MaxWertheimer
Discovered phi phenomenon
Neal Miller Conducted studies to showthat animals could be usedfor testing
RobertRosenthal
Said experi mental bias couldlead to influence on subject'sbehavior
RogerSperry andMichaelGazzaniga
Studied split- brain to seewhat makes the hemisp heresunique
RonaldMelzackand PatrickWall
Gate-c ontrol theory
RosalindCartwright
We tend to dream aboutproblems in our lives
SigmundFreud
Founder of psycho ana lysisand coined the term uncons ‐cious; Said we dream to fulfilltasks
People (cont)
StanleyHall
Created APA and first psycho ‐logical research lab at JohnsHopkins
WilhelmWundt
German professor who created acampaign promoting psychologyto become its own field of study
WilliamJames
Founder of functi ona lism; saidwe have a stream of consci ‐ousness in which ideas flow
Genetics
Chromosome Strands of DNA that carrygenetic inform ation
Dominantgene
Gene expressed in ahetero zygous condition
Genes DNA segments that serveas key functional units ingenetic transfer
GeneticMapping
Determines location andsequence of specific genes
Genotype One's genetic makeup
FraternalTwins
Two eggs fertilized bydifferent sperm cells
Hetero ‐zygous
One dominant and onerecessive allele
Homozygous Both alleles are eitherdominant or recessive
IdenticalTwins
Results from a zygotesplitting
NaturalSelection
Favorable genes will bepassed through genera ‐tions
Phenotype Expression of one'sgenotype
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Genetics (cont)
PolygenicTraits
Charac ter istic influenced bymore than one gene
RecessiveGene
Gene not expressed in ahetero zygous condition
Zygote Single cell formed by union ofsperm and egg
Body Scans/ Tests
ElectricalStimul ation
Sends weak electricalcurrents into brain structureto activate it
Electr oen ‐cep hal ‐ograph(EEG)
Monitors electrical activity inbrain over time withelectrodes attached to scalp
Electr omy ‐ograph
Records muscular activity
Electr ooc ‐ulo graph
Records eye movement
Transc ‐ranialMagneticStimul ation
Enhances or depresses partsof the brain
Parts of Brain
BrainPlasticity
Brain is more plastic thanassumed
Broca'sArea
Controls the production ofspeech
CerebralCortex
Folded outer layer of cerebrum
CerebralHemisp ‐heres
Left and right halves ofcerebrum
CorpusCallosum
Connects both cerebralhemisp heres
Forebrain emotional and complexthought; Largest and mostcomplex part of brain
Parts of Brain (cont)
FrontalLobe
Largest human lobe;controls muscle movement
Hindbrain vital functions; Includescerebe llum, medulla, andpons
LeftHemisphere
Verbal proces sing,language, speech, reading,writing, sequential
Midbrain sensory functions; Part ofbrain stem betweenhindbrain and forebrain
OccipitalLobe
Location of visual processing
ParietalLobe
Registers sense of touch,phantom limb
RightHemisphere
Nonverbal proces sing,spatial, musical, visualrecogn ition, parallel
TemporalLobe
Controls auditory processingalong with speech andlanguage compre hension
Wernicke'sArea
Controls the compre hensionof a language
Eye Diagram
Ear Parts
Amplitude Loudness
BasilarMembrane
Runs through center ofcochlea and has auditoryreceptors
Cochlea Coiled tunnel filled with fluidthat has hearing receptors
Externalear (pinna)
Collects sound
Ossicles Hammer, anvil, stirrup(tinniest bones in body)
Purity Timbre
Semici ‐rcularCanals
Passage inside ear thatmaintains equili brium
Wavelength Pitch
Ear Diagram
Types of psycho logsts
Psycho ‐logist
Dedicated to invest igatinghuman behavior in a scientificway
ClinicalPsycho ‐logist
Studies and deals withmentally ill patients
Psychi ‐atrist
Diagnoses and treatspsycho logical disorders
CounselingPsycho ‐logist
Deals with people's everyday problems of modernseverity
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Research Methods
Double -blind
Experi menters nor subjectsknow the hypothesis
CaseStudy
In-depth invest igation on anindividual or topic
Experiment Manipu lating a variable undercontrolled conditions and.observing changes in asecond variable
Natura listicObserv ‐ation
Conducted be observingothers in their natural enviro ‐nment
Quasi- Exp ‐eriment
Indivi duals chosen for a studyhave an equal chance ofbeing in the control or experi ‐mental group
APA Guidelines
Anonymity Not collecting a person'sname during a study
Confid ent ‐iality
Not releasing any specificresponse sources
Debriefing Subjects are told the truth ofan experiment after being liedto
InformedConsent
Allowing partic ipants tochoose whether or not theywant to be in the study afterbeing told about it
RandomAssignment
Assigning indivi duals fromthe sample into the experi ‐mental or control groupwithout bias
RandomSample
Sample of people chosen foran experiment without bias
APA Guidelines (cont)
RandomSelection
Choosing members of apopulation with no bias thataccurately represents thatpopulation
Ways to Represent Data
Correl ‐ation
Relati onship between twovariables
Correl ‐ationCoeffi cient
Degree of relati onshipbetween two variables (-1 to1)
FrequencyDistri ‐bution
Indicates how often anobserv ation or number occurs
Histogram A bar graph
Mean The average of all numbers ina data set
Median The number that lies in themiddle of a data set whenordered from least to greatest
Mode The number that appearsmost often in a set of data
NormalCurve
Bell-s haped curve where theaverage score lies in themiddle
Range Largest number- smallestnumber
Scatte rplot Graph of points showingrelati onship between the xand y axis
StandardDeviation
Average distance from themean in a data set
Ways to Represent Data (cont)
Statis ‐ticalSignif ‐icance
Probab ility that data collectedfrom an experiment are due tochance
Nervous System Subsystems
AutonomicNervousSystem
Nerves connecting to heart,blood vessels, smoothmuscles, and glandsd
CentralNervousSystem
Brain and spinal cord
Parasy ‐mpa theticNervousSystem
Autonomic nervous systemsubset that conservesresources (rest and digest)
PeripheralNervousSystem
Nerves that lie outside CNS
SomaticNervousSystem
Nerves that connect voluntaryskeletal muscles to sensoryreceptors
Sympat ‐heticNervousSystem
Autonomic nervous systemsubset that deals withemergency body resources(fight or flight)
Nervous System Subsets Diagram
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Glands
Adrenal Salt and carbs metabolism
Gonads Sex hormones
Pancreas Sugar metabolism (insulin)
Pituitary Master gland; secretes growthhormones
Thyroid Metabolic rate
Brain Diagram
Brain Diagram
Eye Parts
Cones Visual receptors that help indaylight and seeing colors
BlindSpot
Hole in retina where nervefibers exit; image that falls on itisn't visible
FeatureDetectors
Neurons that respond to veryspecific features of morecomplex stimuli
Fovea Tiny spots in center of retinawhere visual acuity is at itsgreatest; only has cones
Eye Parts (cont)
Lens Transp arent eye structure thatfocuses light rays falling on retine
OpticChiasm
Where optic nerves cross
OpticDisk
Hole in retina where optic nervesexit eye
OpticNerve
Axons that connect eye to brain
Photor ‐eceptor
Rods and cones
Pupil Opening in iris that allows light topass to back of eyes
Retina Neural tissue at back of eye thatabsorbs light, processes images,and sends visual inform ation tobrain
Rods Visual receptors that help withnight vision, peripheral vision,and black and white images
Stages of Sleep
1 Lightest stage; theta waves; 4-7waves on screen; 1-7 minutes
2 Slow waves; all waves; spikes onscreen; slower heart rate; 10-25minutes
3&4 Deep and slow waves; delta waves;slow/long waves; longest NREMstage
REM Waves similar to awake ones; betawaves; dreaming; rapid eyemovement; fast breathing; nocontrol
Approaches
Behavioral Study of observable reactions
Biological Behavior controlled byphysio logical aspects
Cognitive The way that the world isviewed determines one'sbehavior
Cross- cul ‐tural
Focuses on filling the datagap between white males andminorities
Eclectic Treatment approach varies onthe client's problem
Evolut ‐ionary
Views behaviors as humanadaption
Functi ‐onalism
Focuses on purpose ofconsci ousness
Humanistic Emphasizes human qualitiesand potential
Psycho ‐ana lytic
Addresses internal motiva ‐tions and unscon ciousthoughts that affect one'sbehavior
Struct ‐ualism
Analyzes consci ousness inelements and their relati ‐onship
Parts of an Experiment
Confou ‐ndingVariable
Two indepe ndent variables inan experiment
ControlGroup
Group that does not receivespecial treatment
DependentVariable
Variable affected when theindepe ndent variable isaltered
Experi ‐mentalGroup
Group that receives specialtreatment
ExtraneousVariable
Outside variable thatinfluences the dependentvariable
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Parts of an Experiment (cont)
Hypothesis Prediction of what the data willprove at the end of anexperiment
Indepe ‐ndentVariable
Event or condition manipu ‐lated in order to evokechange in the dependentvariable
Operat ‐ionalDefinition
Specific definition of themeasures of the variables inan experiment
Subjec t/P ‐art icipant
People or animals observedin a study
Neuron Parts
ActionPotential
Shift in neuron's electricalcharge that travels along axon
AfferentNerveFibers
Carry inform ation inwa rds toCNS
Axon Long fiber that transmits signalsway from soma to other cells
Dendrites Receives inform ation
EfferentNerveFibers
Carry inform ation outw ardsfrom CNS
Glia Provide support for neurons
MyleinSheath
Insulates axons to speed upsignal transm issions
RestingPotential
Neuron is stable, negativelycharged, and inactive
Reuptake Neurot ran smi tters spongedfrom synaptic cleft by presyn ‐aptic membrane
Neuron Parts (cont)
Soma Cell body which contains thenucleus and main cell parts
Synapse/SynapticCleft
Gap between terminal button ofa neuron and cell membrane ofanother
TerminalButtons
Secretes chemicals
Neuron Image
Drugs
Alcohol Beverages containing ethylalcohol (ex. vodka, rum, beer,whiskey)
Cannabis Plant that makes weed, THC,and hashish
MDMA Related to amphet amines,halluc ino gens, and mescaline(ex. adulte rants, ecstasy,caffeine, heroine)
Narcotics Opiates; relieve pain (Ex.opium, heroin, codeine,oxycodone)
Opiates Narcotics; relieve pain (ex.same as narcotics)
Psycho ‐activeDrugs
Modify mental, emotional, andbehavioral functions
Sedatives Sleep- ind ucting drugs thatdecrease CNS function andbehaviors (ex. sleeping pills)
Drugs (cont)
Stimulants Increase CNS activation andbehaviors (Ex. Cocaine, meth,adderal)
Perception Phenom enons
AbsoluteThreshold
Minimum stimulus that can bedetected
AdditiveColorMixing
More light in a mix than existsin any one light
Afterimage Visual image that persistsafter stimulus is removed
BinocularDepthCues
Clues about distance basedon differing views of two eyes
Conver ‐gence
Eyes go inward when lookingat a close-up object
DarkAdaptation
Eyes become sensitive to lightwith little light present
FeatureAnalysis
Detecting specifics in a visualinput and putting them in amore complex form
Habitu ‐ation
Tendency to have adecreased response tosomething
ImpossibleFigures
Objects that can be repres ‐ented in 2D but not 3D
Inatte ‐ntionalBias
Failure to see visible thingsbecause attention is focused
JustNoticeableDifference
Smallest difference instimulus intensity that can bedetected
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Perception Phenom enons (cont)
LightAdaptation
Eyes become less sensitiveto light in high illumi nation
MonocularDepth Cues
Ability to judge distancewith one eye
MotionParallex
Closer things more quickerthan further items
ParallelProcessing
Processing many aspectsof a problem simult ane ‐ously
PerceptualConstancy
Tendency to experience astable perception whensomething is changing
PerceptualSet
Readiness to perceive acertain stimuli in a particularway
PhiPhenomenon
Moving illusion done bypresenting visual stimuli inrapid order
RetinaDisparity
Objects within 25ft lookslightly different if one eyeis covered
ReversibleFigure
Drawing that can go backand forth with interp ret ‐ations
SensoryAdaptation
Gradual decline in sensit ‐ivity because of prolongedstimul ation
SubliminalPerception
Regist ration of sensoryinput without being aware
Subtra ctiveColor Mixing
Removing wavele ngths tomake a color darker
Sleep Phenom enons/ Disorders
Insomnia Chronic problems gettingadequate sleep
LatentContent
Hidden meaning of a dream
LucidDreams
People thinking clearly whilein a dream and walkingthrough life
ManifestContent
Plot of a dream, the literalplot
NightTerrors
Abrupt awakenings fromNREM with panic
Nightmares Anxiet y-a rousing dreamsthat lead to people wakingup from REM
REM SleepBehaviorDisorder
Acting out while one isasleep
SleepApnea
Reflexive gasps for air thatwake people up
Somnam ‐bulism
Sleepw alking
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