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AP Environmental Mrs. Dow Chapter 12
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Transcript of AP Environmental Mrs. Dow Chapter 12
Species extinction 12.1
1. LocalSpecies disappears from an area, found
elsewhere
2. Ecological# of species is low, cannot fulfill role
3. BiologicalSpecies disappeared from earth
Lost Natural Capital
Passenger pigeon
Great auk Dodo Dusky seaside sparrow
Aepyornis(Madagascar)
Figure 12-3aPage 226
Grizzly bear(threatened)
Arabian oryx(Middle East)
White top pitcher plant
Kirtland's warbler
African elephant(Africa)
Mojave desert tortoise (threatened)
Swallowtail butterfly
Humpback chub
Golden lion tamarin (Brazil)
Siberian tiger(Siberia)
Endangered Natural Capital
Figure 12-3b Page 226
West Virginiaspring salamander
Giant panda(China)
Knowlton cactus
Mountain gorilla(Africa)
Swamp pink
Pine barrens tree frog (male)
Hawksbill sea turtle
El Segundo blue butterfly
Whooping crane
Blue whale
Endangered Natural Capital
Figure 12-3c Page 227Florida manatee
Northern spotted owl (threatened)
Gray wolf Florida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa)
Devil's hole pupfish
Snow leopard(Central Asia)
Black-footed ferret
Symphonia(Madagascar)
Utah prairie dog(threatened)
Ghost bat(Australia)
California condor
Black lace cactus
Black rhinoceros(Africa)
Oahu tree snail
Characteristic Examples
Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)
Specialized niche
Narrow distribution
Feeds at high trophic level
Fixed migratory patterns
Rare
Commercially valuable
Large territories
Blue whale, giant panda,rhinoceros
Blue whale, giant panda,Everglades kite
Many island species,elephant seal, desert pupfish
Bengal tiger, bald eagle,grizzly bear
Blue whale, whooping crane,sea turtles
Many island species,African violet, some orchids
Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds
California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther
Going toward bio extinction Endangered
Too few in #Soon to be
extinct1st to go . . .
○ Big, slow, tasty, valuable
Passenger pigeon○ Overhunting;
habitat destruction
~21K species in U.S.
Fish
Mammals
Reptiles
Plants
Birds
34% (51% of freshwater species)
24%
20%
14%
12%
Greater extinction rates due to:
Biodiversity loss due to exponential growth “Hot spots” cause concern
Colonization sites are being eliminated
Importance of wild species 12.2 Speciation is being reduced Medicinal properties Genetic info from animals of value Recreational value Eco-tourism generates monies All species have important roles in
keeping environment balanced
Indian Tiger
Range 100 years ago
Range today(about 2,300 left)
Black Rhino
Range in 1700
Range today(about 2,400 left)
African Elephant
Probable range 1600
Range today(300,000 left)
Figure 12-7dPage 232
Asian or Indian Elephant
Former range
Range today(34,000–54,000 left)
Extinction Threats 12.3 Deforestation, loss of wetlands
Largest threat in tropical forests
Major habitat disturbances1. Agriculture
2. Commercial development
3. Water development
4. Outdoor recreation
5. Livestock grazing
6. Pollution
Endemic speciesFound nowhere else on EarthOften on islands
Habitat islandsHabitat surrounded by different one
Figure 12-8Page 233
Florida scrub jay
Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush Blacked-capped vireo Golden-cheekedwarbler
Cerulean warbler
California gnatcatcher Kirtland’s warbler Henslow’s sparrow Bachman’s warbler
Ten Most Threatened species of U. S. songbirds
Habitat fragmentationLeads to species vulnerability, disease1:6 birds are threatenedBirds excellent indicator; strong
environmental rolesNonnative species big threat to birds
Figure 12-9aPage 235
Purple looselife European starling African honeybee(“Killer bee”)
Nutria Salt cedar(Tamarisk)
Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar(Feral pig)
Deliberately introduced Species
Concentration of rare species
Low Moderate High
Top Six Hot Spots
1 Hawaii2 San Francisco Bay area3 Southern Appalachians4 Death Valley5 Southern California6 Florida Panhandle
4
5
2
6
3
1
Figure 12-9b Page 235
Sea lamprey(attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant Eurasian muffleBrown tree snake Common pigeon(Rock dove)
Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-hornedbeetle
Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae
Accidentally introduced Species
Figure 12-10Page 236
1918
2000
Argentina Fire Ant
Extinction Threats from Nonnative species 12.4
May replace native Disrupt ecosystems Large economic loss
Characteristics ofSuccessful
Invader Species
• High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species)
• Pioneer species
• Long lived
• High dispersal rate
• Release growth- inhibiting chemicals into soil
• Generalists
• High genetic variability
Characteristics ofEcosystems Vulnerable
to Invader Species
• Similar climate to habitat of invader
• Absence of predators on invading species
• Early successional systems
• Low diversity of native species
• Absence of fire
• Disturbed by human activities
Alien may be intro accidentally or deliberately
Threaten native speciesNo natural predators, competitors, pathogensFeral cats kill 568 million birds/yr
Controlling nonnative speciesStop from being introduced (best)Inspect imported goodsPrevent transfer w/international laws
Deer populations
Exploded in suburbs Edge species Kill more people in U.S. than any other
animal No good resolution Birth control? Sharp shooters?
2/3 live animals die in transit
Tiger populations low; killed for fur Black market demand increases
w/endangered label
Extinction threats from poaching & hunting 12.5 Killed for valuable parts Sold live
Very profitable
Indigenous people eat local animals8x increase in popLogging roadsRestaurants serve tropical animals
Less seed-dispersing animals
Other extinction threats 12.6 Gvt kills coyotes, prairie dogs, wolves,
bobcats (all prey on livestock)99% of prairie dogs have been eradicatedBlack-footed ferret preyed on prairie dog
Global trade Parrots Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Tropical fish
Ex-poachers in Thailand make more money with eco-tourism
Pollution
Climate change Global warming alters habitatsAnimals cannot adapt fast enough
North American-SouthAmerican flyways
European-Africanflyways
Asian flyways
Protecting wild species 12.7 1975 Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Protects 900 species from being traded &
restricts 29K that may become threatenedSome countries to not abide
Lacey Act of 1900Prohibits transporting live or dead wild
animals w/o federal permit
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA)Identified & illegally protects endangered
species in U.S. & abroadNational Marine Fisheries, U.S. Fish &
Wildlife Service identify & list Political pressure & lack of money limit ESA(2003) DOD is exempted from protection
lists
(1999) USFWS Safe harbor agreement
○ Landowners voluntarily restore, improve habitat
Many want ESA weakened
National Academy of Science/biologistsIncrease fundingRecovery plansSupport endangered for up to 50 yearsIdentify critical habitatsIncentives to those who protect
Protecting Wild Species 12.8 Sanctuary approach
542 federal refuges○ 1/5 of U.S. endangered & threatened species
Zoos & aquariums○ Egg pulling○ Captive breeding○ Artificial insemination
Reintroducing species into wildNot enough suitable landBreed in captivity not able to survive in wildRenewed overhunting of returned species
10,000+ need to continue evolution
Reconciliation ecology 12.9 Learn to share spaces we dominate Utilize native plants to attract animals Bio-diverse yards Rooftop gardens
Government land, college campuses, schools used for laboratories
What Can You Do?
Protecting Species
• Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species.
• Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old-growth forests in the tropics.
• Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild.
• Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild.