AP English Language and Composition

AP English Language and AP English Language and CompositionComposition

9/10/2012 – 9/14/20129/10/2012 – 9/14/2012

HousekeepingHousekeeping

Turn in your Journal Plus exercises! Turn in your Journal Plus exercises! Reading should have began last night! Reading should have began last night! ““Time for a Real Hero” Essay (2Time for a Real Hero” Essay (2ndnd quarter) quarter)Socratic Seminar # 1 will be on September Socratic Seminar # 1 will be on September

1717thth and 18 and 18thth. (Check board for other . (Check board for other important deadlines.important deadlines.Be sure to come to class prepared with two Be sure to come to class prepared with two

open-ended questions derived from the text. open-ended questions derived from the text.

Journal Entry #2Journal Entry #2

Peggy Noonan’s “I Just Called to Say I Peggy Noonan’s “I Just Called to Say I Love You”Love You”

In your journal, draft an analysis of her In your journal, draft an analysis of her article. Your thesis should focus on the article. Your thesis should focus on the author’s purpose.author’s purpose.

National Commercial Ad ProjectNational Commercial Ad Project

National Commercial Ad ProjectNational Commercial Ad ProjectExceptional commercials:Exceptional commercials:

Dow “The Human Element” Dow “The Human Element” http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3byt7xMSCAv=i3byt7xMSCA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbpuSPL-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbpuSPL-FNU&feature=relatedFNU&feature=related


LBJ Daisy Ad 1964LBJ Daisy Ad 1964 http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=63h_v6uf0Ao&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&sv=63h_v6uf0Ao&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activeafe=active

Macintosh 1984 Wellian World CommercialMacintosh 1984 Wellian World Commercial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYecfV3ubP8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYecfV3ubP8

Let’s analyze a commercial.Let’s analyze a commercial. United AirlinesUnited Airlines

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDZAgBDf3Qo&feature=relatedv=FDZAgBDf3Qo&feature=related

““The Interview”The Interview”

What do we learn about the character in the What do we learn about the character in the opening scene?opening scene?

Who is the target audience? How do we know?Who is the target audience? How do we know? What do we see after he exits the taxi? What is What do we see after he exits the taxi? What is

the significance?the significance? What do we see after he receives the phone What do we see after he receives the phone

call? What does that signify?call? What does that signify? How does the end tie into the beginning?How does the end tie into the beginning? What does the slogan signify? Why was it What does the slogan signify? Why was it

created?created?


A Rhetorical Analysis is one of the three A Rhetorical Analysis is one of the three required essays you will write for the AP exam. required essays you will write for the AP exam.

When you are asked to do a "rhetorical analysis" When you are asked to do a "rhetorical analysis" of a text (or video), you are being asked to apply of a text (or video), you are being asked to apply your critical reading (or viewing) skills to break your critical reading (or viewing) skills to break down the "whole" of the text (or video) into the down the "whole" of the text (or video) into the sum of its "parts." You try to determine what the sum of its "parts." You try to determine what the writer is trying to achieve, and what writing writer is trying to achieve, and what writing strategies he/she is using to try to achieve it. strategies he/she is using to try to achieve it.


For this assignment, you will craft a For this assignment, you will craft a rhetorical analysis essay based on a rhetorical analysis essay based on a national commercial ad (as opposed to a national commercial ad (as opposed to a literary work). literary work).

We will write a rhetorical analysis to other We will write a rhetorical analysis to other texts in the future. texts in the future.

Always keep a “Rhetorical Analysis Always keep a “Rhetorical Analysis Questions” sheet handy! Questions” sheet handy!


In a nutshell:In a nutshell: Identify a CONTROVERSIAL commercial. (Try Identify a CONTROVERSIAL commercial. (Try

not to use ads that attempt to sell you a product.)not to use ads that attempt to sell you a product.)RESEARCH the history and purpose of the RESEARCH the history and purpose of the

commercial.commercial.Apply the questions for rhetorical analysis.Apply the questions for rhetorical analysis.Write a cohesive essay that explains the purpose Write a cohesive essay that explains the purpose

of the commercial and how its creator(s) use of the commercial and how its creator(s) use various strategies to achieve that purpose. various strategies to achieve that purpose.

The Rhetorical Triangle and the The Rhetorical Triangle and the 3 Rhetoical Appeals3 Rhetoical Appeals

Review components of the Rhetorical Review components of the Rhetorical Triangle on the board. Triangle on the board.

What is Rhetoric?What is Rhetoric? More than 2,300 years ago, Aristotle saw how truth often More than 2,300 years ago, Aristotle saw how truth often

went unrecognized when overwhelmed by forces of artful went unrecognized when overwhelmed by forces of artful persuasion - rhetoric.persuasion - rhetoric.

Believing that good rhetoric was based on objective Believing that good rhetoric was based on objective truth, that is “what happens usually,” Aristotle set out to truth, that is “what happens usually,” Aristotle set out to define rhetoric. Basing his work on earlier philosophers, define rhetoric. Basing his work on earlier philosophers, including his old teacher, Plato, Aristotle attacked the including his old teacher, Plato, Aristotle attacked the problem by describing, categorizing, and organizing the problem by describing, categorizing, and organizing the anatomy of argument and persuasive techniques in his anatomy of argument and persuasive techniques in his work work Rhetoric. Rhetoric.

Of course, later philosophers and writers refined his Of course, later philosophers and writers refined his ideas, but Aristotle’s work is still the cornerstone of the ideas, but Aristotle’s work is still the cornerstone of the rules that govern the presentation of evidence and rules that govern the presentation of evidence and persuasive techniques in today’s courtrooms.persuasive techniques in today’s courtrooms.

Western Jurisprudence demands that judges of Western Jurisprudence demands that judges of fact and / or law base their findings almost fact and / or law base their findings almost exclusively on objective evidence and reasoned exclusively on objective evidence and reasoned argument presented in the courtroom. To this argument presented in the courtroom. To this end, the judge and jury may only hear relevant end, the judge and jury may only hear relevant evidence that is more probative than prejudicial. evidence that is more probative than prejudicial.

To ensure fairness in the decision making To ensure fairness in the decision making process, evidence even if is relevant to the issue process, evidence even if is relevant to the issue at hand should not be permitted to unduly at hand should not be permitted to unduly arouse passions in the finder of fact or law. arouse passions in the finder of fact or law. Stated yet another way, the basic principle Stated yet another way, the basic principle behind the rules of evidence is this -- justice behind the rules of evidence is this -- justice demands that, even if evidence is relevant, it demands that, even if evidence is relevant, it must be excluded if its probative value is must be excluded if its probative value is overwhelmed by any unreasonable prejudicial overwhelmed by any unreasonable prejudicial effect such as prejudice, pity, anger, or similar effect such as prejudice, pity, anger, or similar emotions.emotions.

It causes the judge and / or jury to make It causes the judge and / or jury to make its decision, not on reasoned, considered, its decision, not on reasoned, considered, objective essential facts, but on objective essential facts, but on persuasive outside influences that may persuasive outside influences that may have nothing to do with the issue under have nothing to do with the issue under consideration. consideration.

What is rhetoric?What is rhetoric? Aristotle defined rhetoric as “the faculty of Aristotle defined rhetoric as “the faculty of

discovering all the available means of discovering all the available means of persuasion in any given situation.” In its legal persuasion in any given situation.” In its legal application, however, rhetoric is the discipline of application, however, rhetoric is the discipline of spoken or written language used in the spoken or written language used in the persuasion of the finder of fact or law.persuasion of the finder of fact or law.

The field of rhetoric is usually described as The field of rhetoric is usually described as consisting of three different types of consisting of three different types of communication: epideictic (ceremonial or communication: epideictic (ceremonial or laudatory), deliberative, and judicial. In the laudatory), deliberative, and judicial. In the practice of law, we primarily focus on the latter practice of law, we primarily focus on the latter two forms.two forms.

What is epideictic rhetoric?What is epideictic rhetoric? a mode of persuasion focusing on the present and a mode of persuasion focusing on the present and

having praise or blame of an individual (or group) as its having praise or blame of an individual (or group) as its primary topic; also called "demonstrative" rhetoric primary topic; also called "demonstrative" rhetoric

Simply, speech or writing that praises or blames.Simply, speech or writing that praises or blames. "And I'm here today to say a final thank you, Sister Rosa, "And I'm here today to say a final thank you, Sister Rosa,

for being a great woman who used your life to serve, to for being a great woman who used your life to serve, to serve us all. That day that you refused to give up your serve us all. That day that you refused to give up your seat on the bus, you, Sister Rosa, changed the trajectory seat on the bus, you, Sister Rosa, changed the trajectory of my life and the lives of so many other people in the of my life and the lives of so many other people in the world. I would not be standing here today nor standing world. I would not be standing here today nor standing where I stand every day had she not chosen to sit where I stand every day had she not chosen to sit down. . . . Had she not chosen to say we shall not--we down. . . . Had she not chosen to say we shall not--we shall not be moved.“ shall not be moved.“

(Oraph Winfrey, Eulogy for Rosa Parks, Oct. 31, 2005) (Oraph Winfrey, Eulogy for Rosa Parks, Oct. 31, 2005)

What is deliberative rhetoric?What is deliberative rhetoric?

When we think of speeches, we usually When we think of speeches, we usually think of deliberative rhetoric. It is speech think of deliberative rhetoric. It is speech that exhorts or dissuades its audience that exhorts or dissuades its audience and, if successful, will persuade the and, if successful, will persuade the audience to adopt the speaker’s point of audience to adopt the speaker’s point of view.view.

Contemporary audiences are most familiar Contemporary audiences are most familiar with deliberative rhetoric in the form of with deliberative rhetoric in the form of political speeches or sermons in church.political speeches or sermons in church.

What is judicial rhetoric?What is judicial rhetoric? Judicial rhetoric is forensic speech. This form of Judicial rhetoric is forensic speech. This form of

rhetoric accuses or defends an individual of an rhetoric accuses or defends an individual of an act or omission. According to Aristotle, rhetoric act or omission. According to Aristotle, rhetoric in this form urges the audience to do justice for in this form urges the audience to do justice for past actions or crimes.past actions or crimes.

considers the justice or injustice of a certain considers the justice or injustice of a certain charge or accusation charge or accusation

"Although the evidence at this trial shows that "Although the evidence at this trial shows that Charles Manson was the leader of the Charles Manson was the leader of the conspiracy to commit these murders, there is no conspiracy to commit these murders, there is no evidence that he actually personally killed any of evidence that he actually personally killed any of the seven victims in this case."the seven victims in this case."(Vincent Bugliosi) (Vincent Bugliosi)

What forms of persuasion does What forms of persuasion does classical rhetoric include?classical rhetoric include?

Aristotle saw how persuasion could be broken Aristotle saw how persuasion could be broken down into two types of “persuasives”. down into two types of “persuasives”.

The first of these persuasives is what the layman The first of these persuasives is what the layman thinks of as “hard” evidence or “scientific” proof. thinks of as “hard” evidence or “scientific” proof. The classical rhetorician labels this type of The classical rhetorician labels this type of persuasive as “inartistic” proof, or “inartificial” persuasive as “inartistic” proof, or “inartificial” proof.proof.

Evidence of this type is generally regarded as Evidence of this type is generally regarded as the most reliable proof in the courtroom. the most reliable proof in the courtroom. Commonly referred to as Commonly referred to as direct or direct or demonstrative evidencedemonstrative evidence, it includes sworn , it includes sworn testimony, documents, or an expert’s scientific testimony, documents, or an expert’s scientific analysis of factual data.analysis of factual data.

The second form of evidence Aristotle The second form of evidence Aristotle referred to as “artistic” or “artificial” proof. referred to as “artistic” or “artificial” proof. The unreliability and malleability of this The unreliability and malleability of this type of proof leads to most prohibitions type of proof leads to most prohibitions found in the rules of evidence. found in the rules of evidence.

Artificial proofs rely on three distinct Artificial proofs rely on three distinct components: components: ethos, pathosethos, pathos, and , and logoslogos..

EthosEthos Ethos Ethos is a term denoting the good character and is a term denoting the good character and

credibility of the speaker.credibility of the speaker. A lawyer speaking to a jury or introducing an expert A lawyer speaking to a jury or introducing an expert

witness attempts to establish an witness attempts to establish an ethos ethos to persuade a jury to persuade a jury that the advocate or the witness is knowledgeable and that the advocate or the witness is knowledgeable and trustworthy. trustworthy.

When introducing a witness, the lawyer will ask When introducing a witness, the lawyer will ask preliminary questions to establish the witness’s bona fide preliminary questions to establish the witness’s bona fide (sincere) or “authoritative” background to reveal the (sincere) or “authoritative” background to reveal the witness’ qualifications to testify, e.g. education, witness’ qualifications to testify, e.g. education, publications, or experience. This line of questioning publications, or experience. This line of questioning constructs an constructs an ethos ethos - a credible persona, for the witness - a credible persona, for the witness so the jury will trust what the witness says.so the jury will trust what the witness says.

EthosEthos

The reverse process of constructing an The reverse process of constructing an ethos ethos is the process of impeachment. In is the process of impeachment. In impeachment, the attorney attempts to impeachment, the attorney attempts to construct a negative construct a negative ethos ethos so that the jury so that the jury will disbelieve or discount the witness’s will disbelieve or discount the witness’s testimony.testimony.

PathosPathos

Stated in the most simplistic terms, Stated in the most simplistic terms, pathos pathos is the appeal to emotion. is the appeal to emotion.

The most suspect of the artistic proofs, The most suspect of the artistic proofs, pathos pathos is the process of putting the is the process of putting the audience in a receptive mood to allow the audience in a receptive mood to allow the persuader to play on the audience’s persuader to play on the audience’s emotions.emotions.

Pathos Pathos is so easily abused…is so easily abused…

LogosLogos This term is by far the most complicated of the three words under This term is by far the most complicated of the three words under

discussion and has multiple meanings depending up the context in discussion and has multiple meanings depending up the context in which it is used.which it is used.

In religion, In religion, logos logos is used to denote the “Word of God” – as in “In the is used to denote the “Word of God” – as in “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” was God.”

In philosophy, it denotes the rationale or underlying set of principles In philosophy, it denotes the rationale or underlying set of principles of a thing or a process. In rhetorical studies and for our purpose, of a thing or a process. In rhetorical studies and for our purpose, logos logos will mean the appeal to rational thought or reason. will mean the appeal to rational thought or reason.

Logos is the preferable mode of persuasion and takes the form of a Logos is the preferable mode of persuasion and takes the form of a “rational” argument to prove, or seem to prove the speaker’s point of “rational” argument to prove, or seem to prove the speaker’s point of view. Persuasive appeals to reason are adaptations of the logical view. Persuasive appeals to reason are adaptations of the logical forms – the syllogism and induction. Lawyers building on forms – the syllogism and induction. Lawyers building on circumstantial evidence circumstantial evidence (indirect proof) use appeals to reason or (indirect proof) use appeals to reason or logic to argue their theory of the case. (E.g. Cain was found logic to argue their theory of the case. (E.g. Cain was found standing over Abel’s dead body. Abel’s blood was found on Cain’s standing over Abel’s dead body. Abel’s blood was found on Cain’s hands. Therefore, Cain must have killed Able.)hands. Therefore, Cain must have killed Able.)

Rhetorical Strategies & Rhetorical Strategies & Techniques: “Matters of Style: Techniques: “Matters of Style:

Diction”Diction” ConcretenessConcreteness

Of or relating to an actual, specific thing or instance; Of or relating to an actual, specific thing or instance; particular particular

Writing is concrete when it makes an observation or Writing is concrete when it makes an observation or impression perceptible to the senses.impression perceptible to the senses.

““The secret of being a bore is to tell everything.”The secret of being a bore is to tell everything.” A boring movie may show everything in what seems A boring movie may show everything in what seems

like an endless stream of detail; a boring paragraph or like an endless stream of detail; a boring paragraph or essay does the same thing. essay does the same thing.

To develop an idea or impression effectively, we must To develop an idea or impression effectively, we must selectselect the detail. the detail.

Good writing is economical.Good writing is economical.

Euphemism and JargonEuphemism and Jargon

EuphemismEuphemism A euphemism is an inoffensive word or phrase used A euphemism is an inoffensive word or phrase used

for one that may be offensive or come up as coarse to for one that may be offensive or come up as coarse to readers. readers.

A writer may think that the word hooker may be A writer may think that the word hooker may be offensive and so substituted it with the word offensive and so substituted it with the word prostitute, a euphemism for the more direct term. prostitute, a euphemism for the more direct term.

Examples: Intoxicated-drunkExamples: Intoxicated-drunkIndisposed-sickIndisposed-sickLove child-illegitimate child Love child-illegitimate child

Euphemism and JargonEuphemism and Jargon

JargonJargonEvery profession has a special language—Every profession has a special language—

technical words and sometimes coded technical words and sometimes coded expressions—making communication efficient expressions—making communication efficient and precise.and precise.

LOL, BRB, LMAO is a form of jargon.LOL, BRB, LMAO is a form of jargon.

Homework!Homework!

Continue reading Continue reading BlinkBlink!! Begin to research national commercial Begin to research national commercial

ads.ads.Begin viewing presidential speeches!Begin viewing presidential speeches!Socratic Seminar 9/17 and 9/18. Be Socratic Seminar 9/17 and 9/18. Be

prepared with two open-ended, high level prepared with two open-ended, high level questions!questions!

AP English Language and Composition

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Transcript of AP English Language and Composition