AP Biology Semester 1 Review Huu Le. Chapter 2 Vocab. #1 Isotopes.

AP Biology Semester 1 Review

Huu Le

Chapter 2 Vocab. #1

Isotopes

Chapter 2 Vocab. #1

Element w/diff. # of neutrons than common amount

Chapter 2 Vocab. #2

Energy levels

Chapter 2 Vocab. #2

Diff. states of potential energy that electrons

contain in an atom, aka electron shells

Chapter 2 Vocab. #3

Electronegativity

Chapter 2 Vocab. #3

Attraction of atom’s electrons of a covalent bond

- More electronegativity = closer electrons “polar”

molecule

Chapter 2 Vocab. #4

Hydrogen bonds

Chapter 2 Vocab. #4

Hydrogen atom bonds to electronegative atom, attracted to another electronegative atom

(water)

Chapter 2 Vocab. #5

Reactants

Chapter 2 Vocab. #5

Hydrogen bonds

Chapter 2 Vocab. #6

Product

Chapter 2 Vocab. #6

Result of reactants combined (2 Hydrogen +

Oxygen = Water)

Chapter 2 Vocab. #7

Chemical equilibrium

Chapter 2 Vocab. #7

Products form and break down at equal rate -

amount of the product stable and constant

Chapter 3 Vocab. #8

Cohesion

Chapter 3 Vocab. #8

hydrogen bonds hold substances together like

water

Chapter 3 Vocab. #9

Adhesion

Chapter 3 Vocab. #9

one substance clings onto another (water clinging to

leaves)

Chapter 3 Vocab. #10

Specific heat


Amount of heat 1 gram of a substance needs to change

its temperature by 1C - calculated in calories


solution


mixture of multiple substances


Solvent & solute


substance that dissolves the solute (gets dissolved)


Acid


substance that increases the hydrogen ion

concentration of a solution (H+)


Base PH is the measurement to indicate the acidity level of a

substance. The scale is from 0 to 14, with 0 being the

strongest acid, 14 being the strongest base, and 7 being

water.


Substance that has more OH- (opposite of acid)


pH


measurement of acidity level of a substance

0 (acid) 14 (base)


Buffers


Substances that lower the amount of changes of H+

and OH- in a solution


Acid deposition


Rain w/ pH >= 5.6 occurs when there are

acidic gases in atmosphere


Organic chemistry


Branch of chemistryspecializes in compounds

w/ contain carbon (essential to life)


Hydrocarbons


Compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen


Structural isomers


Molecules w/ same elements but diff.

arrangement of bonds


Geometric isomers


Molecules that differ in the spatial arrangements of

covalent bonds


Enantiomers


molecules that are mirror images of each other


Dehydration Reaction


monomers bond by losing water

molecules in process


Hydrolysis


Polymers break due to the addition of water

molecules


Monosaccharides


molecules that have a carbon-hydrogen-

oxygen ratio of 1:2:1


Polysaccharides


hundreds of monosaccharides joined together by

dehydration reaction


starch


stored in plants in plastids to be later used for energy -

molecular bonds are easy to break


Cellulose


Structural polysaccharides - used to build cell walls – bonds are harder to break


Phospholipids


two hydrophobic fatty acid tails + 1 glycerol + phosphate group

hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tail


Catalysts


chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

(enzymes)


Amino Acids


organic molecules w/carboxyl & amino

groupsmake up proteins

20 natural amino acids


Protein Structure


Primary: amino acid sequence

Secondary: chain of the primary bound by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary & Quarternary: Complex Foldings/Shapings


Ultracentrifuges


machines that separate organelles from each

other for separate studies


Prokaryotes


small, simple cells w/ very little organelles other than ribosomes and a cell wall


Eukaryotes


plant and animal cellshave many organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)


Dynein


Protein used for movement in cilia and flagella – usually used inside

microtubules


Intercellular Junctions


Structures that prevent fluids from leaking out


Glycolipids/glycoproteins


cell identifiers used by cells to recognize each other

On surface of membranes


Transport proteins


proteins on the cell membrane

used to move hydrophilic molecules pass membrane


Hypertonic(Plasmolzyed)


environment that has less water than the cell


Hypotonic(Turgid)


environment w/ more water than cell cell

swellingNormal in plants


Isotonic(Flaccid)


environment w/ equal amount of water as cell


Electrochemical gradient


Combo of concentration gradient & electrical force

to diffuse ions


G Protein Linked Receptor


GDP protein binds to signal activated

G-protein binds to an enzyme and turns inactive again,

while releasing a phosphate group


Receptor tyrosine kinases


two monomers merge (when binded to signal) become a

dimerphosphate groups attach to the tyrosine-kinase regions

(starts several reactions)


cAMP


Cyclic adenosine - 2nd messenger used in G-

protein-signaling pathwaysSmall & in large amounts diffuses through cell quickly


Centrosome


spindles of microtubules that guide the organelles to opposite ends of the cell during cytokinesis


Aster


Short clump of microtubules that serve as

extensions to centrosomes


Kinetochore


Group of proteins located at the centromere of each

chromosome


Allopatric speciation


Species’ ecosystem is divided into several parts -

separated populations evolve independently of

each other- Leads to 2 species


Sympatric speciation


speciation takes place (not geographic isolation)

usually temporal isolation and behavioral isolation


Adaptive Radiation


Population disperses to other ecosystems - faces dramatic changes due to

the environment


Punctuated Equilibrium


[Theory] species undergo sudden changes remain the same over a long period of time and face sudden changes

again


Analogy


[Theory]convergent evolutionseparate species have

similar traits but different ancestors


Homology


[Theory]species branch from a single ancestor, hence

giving them similar traits


Taxonomy


classification of organisms into categories

Kingdom Phylum Order Family Genus

Species


Phylogenetic Trees


Branching diagrams that show the hierarchical classification

of species. Branches only spread into

two at a time


Protobionts


Molecules surrounded by a membrane structure

very primitive forms of life -able to perform simple

reproduction and synthesis


Stromatolites


Rocks that have sedimentary layers w/

bacteria – used to find out when Earth = life

sustainable


3 Domains


[Taxonomy]higher level than kingdom

The three domains are Bacteria, Achaea, Eukarya


Biosphere


global ecosystem, consisting of all of

Earth’s ecosystems focuses on how changes

affect all of Earth’s life as a whole


Thermocline(Water Zones)


rapid temp. change between the warmer photic zone and colder aphotic layer

caused by the amount of thermal energy from the

sun


Ecotone


area where biomes merge into one

another instead of sudden biome

changes


Fixed action patterns


Behaviors not taught by others – usually unchangeable

Triggered by external stimulusCan’t be stopped once triggered


Taxis


Oriented movement towards a positive

stimulus or away from a negative stimulus


Classical conditioning


Type of associative learning where animals learn to associate a stimulus w/ reward or punishment


Allee effect


idea that populations are less likely to survive if their population is too

small


Ecological footprint


how much land & resources are used upon the people of each nation compared with

the rest of the world


Global Carrying Capacity


concern that the exponential growth of human civilization will

eventually cause a crash from overpopulation


Resources partitioning


Sharing of niches that enables similar species to coexist

Organisms tend to live in diff. locations of ecosystem, but

have same role


Batesian mimicry


harmless prey appears harmful or poisonous

Mimics patterns of other organisms


Keystone species


species w/ strong ecological control on the community

through their niche – more likely to disrupt ecosystem if extinct


Second law of thermodynamics


Energy conversions can’t be efficient most energy is

turned into heat Roughly 10% energy transfer

Predators have to eat more preu


Eutrophication


too much nutrients are added into bodies of water

bacteria to dominate over phytoplankton cuts oxygen supply to other

organisms


Nitrogen Cycle


Important Chemical Cycle in naturePlants/Animals can only use

nitrogen in form of nitrate (NO3)Only bacteria/lightning can convert

nitrogen gas/nitrite (NO2) to nitrate

AP Biology Semester 1 Review Huu Le. Chapter 2 Vocab. #1 Isotopes.

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Transcript of AP Biology Semester 1 Review Huu Le. Chapter 2 Vocab. #1 Isotopes.