“What is Dementia?€¦ · Memantine (EBIXA) Approved in Canada for treatment of AD (moderate to...
Transcript of “What is Dementia?€¦ · Memantine (EBIXA) Approved in Canada for treatment of AD (moderate to...
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“What is Dementia?
How Do You Prevent It?
How Do You Treat It?”
Dr. W.B. Dalziel
July 2012
Presented to Rotary Club of Ottawa South
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Disclosure:
I bought a treadmill for Christmas.
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Grey’s Anatomy –
FIRST Episode
Izzie Stephens: “Maybe I should have gone
into geriatrics. No one minds when you kill
an older person.”
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Grey’s Anatomy –
FIRST Episode
Alex Karev: “Geriatrics is for freaks who live with their mothers and never had sex.”
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COUNT THE NUMBER OF “F’s”
ON THIS SLIDE
FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT
OF YEARS OF EXPERIENCE
COMBINED WITH MONTHS OF
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
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What is Dementia?
Dementia
is a set of symptoms,
which includes
loss of memory,
understanding, and
judgment.
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Dementia – not a disease, but a set of
symptoms that accompanies a disease
Alzheimer’s Mixed Lewy Body Frontotempoal Vascular
Disease Dementia Dementia Dementia Dementia
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The Amyloid Hypothesis
The degeneration in AD is caused by
the build-up of the amyloid in plaques,
and this in turn causes the cells to die.
If you could stop the amyloid from
building up, then you could halt the
disease
Amyloid build-up is the ‘prime mover’ in
the degeneration of AD
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AD Normal
Hippocampal Volume
in Alzheimer’s Disease
©Gao FQ and Black SE, Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, U of T
Dark lines cross the thinnest width of the hippocampus and arrowheads
indicate hippocampal boundaries.
tMTLwidth = 14.6 mm tMTL width = 2.6 mm
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SPECT scan of normal control vs AD
Normal Control Alzheimer’s Disease
Sandra E. Black-S&W-U of T
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Vascular Dementia
Result of a single or multiple stroke
Stroke causes loss of blood flow to the affected area
Single strokes can occur in different areas of the brain
Strokes can have a cumulative effect
Risk factors include: high blood pressure, narrowing of the arteries, heart disease or diabetes
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Probable
Possible Possible Probable Mixed
Overlap Between Alzheimer’s Disease
(AD) and VaD
VaD AD
Mixed
AD/VaD Amyloid plaques
Genetic factors
Neurofibrillary tangles
Stroke/TIA
Hypertension
Diabetes
Hypercholesterolemia
Heart disease
Kalaria RN, Ballard C. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 1999.
Cholinergic deficit
Amyloid plaques
Genetic factors
Neurofibrillary tangles
Stroke/TIA
Hypertension
Diabetes
Hypercholesterolemia
Heart disease
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Risk Factors We Can’t Control
Age
Parents/Genetics
Down’s Syndrome
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Alzheimer’s And Stroke
Share Common Risk Factors
High Blood Pressure
High Cholesterol
Diabetes
CVA
MI
CHF
Skoog I. Neuroepidemiology 1998; 17:2-9.
MacPherson KM, et al. Perspectives in Cardiology 2001;June/July:19-26.
Seshadri S, et al. N Engl J Med;346:476-483.
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Other Risk Factors
Head trauma
Low education
Psychiatric factors
New onset depression
in old age
Delirium
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Preventing Alzheimer’s
Disease and Cognitive Decline
(Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality/U.S. Dept. of Health
and Human Services)
Read ALL 727 pages.
www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/Alzheimers/alzcog.pdf
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Brain Fitness Approaches
Cognitive exercises and
training
Nutritional choices
Lifestyle decisions
Physical exercise
Neuroprotective agents
Neuroenhancing drugs
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Healthy Brain Diet
Moderate caloric intake to avoid illnesses associated with obesity
Antioxidant foods Berries, raisins
Green leafy vegetables, tomatoes
Omega-3 fatty acids Mediterranean diet: cold water fish, olive oil
Avoiding animal fats
Avoid blood glucose spikes (low glycemic index carbs)
Solfrizzi et al. Neurology. 1999;52:1563-1575; Morris et al. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Discord. 1998;12:121-126; Eriksson et al. Br Med Bul. 2001;60:183-199; Van Praag. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;1:191-198.
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Brain Fitness: Lifestyle Choices
Kivipelto M and Solomon A. J Nutr Health Aging 1008 Jan;12(1):89S-94S; Pope SK et al. Annu Rev Public Health. 2003;24:111-32; Wilson et al. JAMA. 2002 Feb 13;287(6):742-8.
Physical exercise
Social engagement
Recreational activity
Exposure to novel situations
Stress level
Work complexity
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Brain Fitness:
Physical Exercise Studies
6 months of moderate levels of aerobic exercise produce significant improvements in cognitive functioning
Greatest impact is on
executive control
Correlated with altered brain
activity measures
Increases in prefrontal and
temporal grey matter volume
Erickson K and Kramer AF. Br J Sports Med, 2008: Oct 16
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Exercise and the Aging Brain
1. Walking 1 hour a week vs talking decreased dementia at 3 years by 30%.
2. Walking 1 hour a week increased hippocampal volume 1% in a year vs control group decrease 2%
3. 30 trial meta-analysis of effects of exercise training in elderly persons with CI and dementia Statistically significant benefits A,B,C
(MMSE 16)
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How to Avoid Getting Dementia
1. Recognize and treat ALL VRFs
(vascular risk factors)
2. Go play outside: Exercise: walking and
pumping
3. Stay in school…and keep learning
4. Wear a helmet
5. Eat like your Italian Momma
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How to Avoid Getting Dementia
6. Go find a nice girl or boy (and get
married)
7. I love to cook with wine and
SOMETIMES I even put it in the
food.
8. Don’t smoke or roll in the grass.
9. Go play with your friends.
10. Don’t Worry…Be Happy
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Texting for Seniors
1. ATD – At The Doctor’s
2. DWI – Driving While Incontinent
3. LMDO – Laughing My Dentures Out
4. LOL – Living on Lipitor
5. TOT – Texting on Toilet
6. WTP – Where’re the Prunes
7. GGLKI – Gotta Go, Laxative Kicking in!
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NORMAL AGING
Many complain of decreased ability to remember things esp. names BUT Typically the information comes to the
individual later
THE changes do not interfere with function/occupation
The changes are not progressive
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Continuum of
Cognitive Function with Aging
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
Dementia
Normal
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10% of elderly
Not as sharp as 1 year ago
Not dementia but high risk to progress to dementia
MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment
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1. Normal Aging Changes: Memory
2. Mild Cognitive Impairment is
cognitive loss without functional loss.
3. Dementia is COGNITIVE LOSS
CAUSING FUNCTIONAL LOSS.
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Case Study: Mrs. Green
A 80 year old female with BP 165/85 and no
family history of dementia
Question #1: IS HER RISK OF DEMENTIA
1. <10%
2. 10-20%
3. 20-30%
4. Over 30%
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The Doubling Rule (Think 2)
For Dementia Risk
Risk Doubles every 5
years.
But each additional risk
factor approximately
doubles the risk
< 65 1%
65 2%
70 4%
75 8%
80 16%
85 32%
+ve family history doubles the risk.
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Dementia Quick Screen:
2 Minutes
3 item recall (0-1 correct: OR 3.1)
Animals in 1 minute (<15: OR 20.2)
Clock drawing (abnormal: OR 24)
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Triple Therapy In Dementia
Prevent the
Preventable
Lifestyle changes
Antihypertensive
Antidiabetic
Antiplatelet
Antilipemics
Anticoagulants
Antidepressant
Treat the
Treatable
A trial in all patients with a cholinesterase inhibitor
A trial with Ebixa in mod-severe disease
Care for the
Caregivers
Referral to Alzheimer Society
Home support
Respite
Recognize and change caregiver burden/ stress/depression
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Treatment:
Cholinesterase Inhibitors (CI)
Three medications with this mechanism
now approved for use in Canada for AD
donepezil (Aricept)
galantamine (Reminyl)
rivastigmine (Exelon)
All have been evaluated with
randomized double blind placebo
controlled trials
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Expectations
25%
25%
50%
Responder
Average response =
mild improvement
or same for 1 year
(Brain Cancer)
Non-Responder
(Continued worsening)
Super Responder
(Much better)
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Memantine (EBIXA)
Approved in Canada for treatment of AD
(moderate to severe)
Non-competitive inhibitor of NMDA receptor
Now indicated for treatment of moderate and
severe AD
Primarily for use in combination with CI’s
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How Dementia Drugs Work
Cholinesterase inhibitor = + cholinergic
ADD CI
ADD Memantine
to CI
GABA receptor antagonist =
↓ excitotoxicity
Normal Alzheimer’s
Alzheimer’s