Antibiotic - Y. Pradeep
Transcript of Antibiotic - Y. Pradeep
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Name :YEDLA PRADEEP
KUMAR
College: CHALAPTHI
INSTITUTE OF
PHARMACEUTICAL
SCIENCES
Year: 3RD YEAR
E mail id:
Profile link:
http;//www.pharmainfo.net/yed
la pradeep kumar
Name: - S.S.MANIKIRAN-
GUIDE
DESIGNATION:
Asst.professor
College:. CHALAPTHI
INSTITUTE OF
PHARMACEUTICALSCIENCES
Email id:
Profile link:
http;//www.pharmainfo.net/manikiran
ANTIBIOTIC MISUSE &DRUG
RESISTANCE
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Antibiotic resistance is a specific type ofdrug
resistance when a microorganism has the
ability of withstanding the effects ofantibiotics.
Antibiotic resistance evolves via natural
selection acting upon random mutation
The widespread use of antibiotics both inside
and outside of medicine is playing a significant
role in the emergence of resistant bacteria
The volume of antibiotic prescribed is the
major factor in increasing rates or bacterial
resistance rather than compliance with
antibiotics. Inappropriate prescribing of
antibiotics has been attributed to a number of
causes including: people who insist onantibiotics,
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OBJECTIVES
To make aware of the threats that are
caused due to misuse of antibiotics
Give information about various causes of
antibiotic resistance
To educate on proper use of antibiotics
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What are
Antibiotics?
Powerful medicines with one very important job: to
fight disease-causingbacteria.
When used properly, antibiotics can save lives.
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Antibiotic ResistantBacteria Are:
Bacteria that mutate and are able to resist
the antibiotics that are meant to kill them.
This is a normal process speeded up by
the overuse and misuse of antibiotics.
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What is Antibiotic Misuse?
Taking antibiotics when they are not needed:
for viral infections
When needed, taking antibiotics incorrectly:
stopping the medicine when you feel better - not
finishing the prescription
saving antibiotics for a future illness
sharing or using someone elses medicine
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Why is Antibiotic Misuse
a Problem?1. Antibiotics become less effective and may not
work the next time you use them.
2. Improper use of antibiotics leads to more
antibiotic resistant bacteria.
3. Antibiotic resistant bacteria can be spread
throughout the community and from person toperson.
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percentage ofunnecessary prescriptions
TYPE TOTAL NO OF
PRESCRIPTIONS(
MILLIONS)
PERCENTAGE OF
UN NECESSARY
PRESCRIPTIONSEARINFECTION 23 30
COMMON COLD 18 100
BRONCHITIS 16 80
SORE THROAT 13 50
SINUSITIS 13 50
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Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
Require stronger antibiotics
Are more common in people who recently
used antibiotics* Can be spread within a family or a
community
Can affect anyone
Are becoming more common
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Mechanisms of
resistance
Penicillins,
Cephalosporins
Tetracycline
Streptococcus
neumoniaeresistance to
penicillins
MRSA
penicillin
binding protein
PBP2A
Imipenemresistant
Pseudomonas
aeruginosae
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Evolution of resistance
Antibiotic use represents a strongselection pressure
If a population of bacteria with a fewresistant individuals is exposed to alethal antibiotic, the susceptible bacteriawill die, but the resistant bacteria willsurvive
In an environment with a lot ofantibiotic use, resistance alleles spreadrapidly
he problem is compounded byhorizontal gene transfer and by cross-
resistance
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Horizontal transfer
Simpleselectionisnt the
onlymeans
forresistance alleles
to spread
Bacteria
canacquireresistance genes
bytransformation,when
they pickup DNAfrom theenviron
ment
They can
also getresistance genes
byconjugat
ion:bacterial
sex,whenthey
exchange
plasmids
Plasmidscan havemultipleresistance genes,conferrin
gmultiresi
stance
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Antibiotics promote
resistanceIf a patient taking a course of antibiotictreatment does not complete it
or forgets to take the doses regularly,
Then resistant strains get a chance to build up
The antibiotics also kill innocent bystandersbacteria which are non-pathogens
This reduces the competition for the resistantpathogens
The use of antibiotics also promotes antibioticresistance in non-pathogens too
These non-pathogens may later pass theirresistance genes on to pathogens
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Myths and Facts
Myth: Taking antibiotics means I or my child can return to work or childcaresooner
Fact: Antibiotics do not shorten the duration of viral illnesses
Everyone should stay home until they are fever-free and well enough to
participate in activities whether they have a viral or bacterial illness.
Myth: Cold and flu symptoms will feel better or get better faster onantibiotics
Fact: Antibiotics cannot ease the symptoms of viral illnesses; these
infections resolve on their own
Children and adults need extra rest and care, extra fluidsnot
antibiotics, symptomatic relief is helpful
Myth: Illnesses with the same symptoms require antibiotics
Fact: Illnesses with similar symptoms can be caused by different
germs
Let a healthcare provider decide if the illness is caused by a
virus orbacteria - and if antibiotics are needed
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Points to note when taking
antibiotics
Antibiotics should onlybe taken at yourdoctors prescription.
To ensure that theinfection is totally
under control, confirm
the number of days oftreatment regimen withyour doctor or
pharmacist andcomplete the wholecourse accordingly.
If you miss one dose,take it as soon as youremember but nevertake a double dose.
Complete the wholecourse by following
doctors prescription totake antibiotics on theright time at the right
dose.
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APPLICATIONSOF
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCELast but not the least despite of the threats due to
antibiotic resistance, it finds use in genetic
engineeringAntibiotic resistant genes can be incorporated into
the microorganisms along with the desired genes ,
so that the genitically transformed cells can be
isolated from the normal cells by the applicationof antibiotics
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` Writing this acknowledgement has provided me with the great
opportunity to note the enormous help & guidance given by variouspersons whose work was note worthy & cant be diminished frommy mind & soul.
` I would like to thankwww.pharmainfo.net to give me opportunityof presenting power point presentation regarding my interestedtopic.
` I would like to thank our principal Nadendla Rama Rao & otherfaculty members who encouraged me for this purpose.
` I would also like to thank librarian of my institute for giving mepermission to utilize our library resources.
Finally, I would like to mention a very special thank to my guide(s.s.Manikiran) who give me his valuable time, support and constant
guidance with continuous suggestions to make this presentation veryeffective.
` .
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REFERENCESHarrison JW, Svec TA (April 1998).
^ Lautenbach E, Larosa LA, Kasbekar N, Peng HP, ManigliaRJ, Fishman NO (March 2003). use "Fluoroqu
^Pickering, TD.; Gurwitz, JH.; Zaleznik, D.; Noonan, JP.;Avorn, J. (Jan 1994).
^Beringer, PM.; Wong-Beringer, A.; Rho, JP. (Jan 1998).
^ James R. Roberts (October 2008). "
^Galatti L, Giustini SE, Sessa A, et al. (March 2005)."Neuropsychiatric reactions to drugs: an analysis ofspontaneous reports from general practitioners in Italy". ^Froom J, Culpepper L, Jacobs M, et al. (July 1997)."Antimicrobials for acute otitis media?). BMJ 315 (7100): 98102. PMID 9240050. PMC 2127061.
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CONCLUSION
Antibiotics is effective for treating bacterialinfections only but it is not a panacea.
Antibiotics must be taken underdoctorsprescription.
Follow doctors or pharmacists instruction strictlyin completing the whole course of antibiotics atthe right time at the right dose.
While taking antibiotics, personal hygiene must bestrengthened.
If feeling unwell after taking antibiotics, contactyourdoctor immediately.
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