Antianxiety Plants

Natural Product Radiance476

IntroductionAnxiety is characterized by a

persistent and disproportionate fearunrelated to any genuine risk. It canincrease to an extent that may interferewith even normal routine of life andperson may feel apprehensive regardinghappenings of normal things in life.Anxiety disorders comprise clinicalconditions of Generalized Anxiety Disorder,Panic Disorder, Post-traumatic StressDisorder, Social Anxiety Disorder andPhobia. Monoamines (dopamine,noradrenaline and serotonin),neuropeptides (galanin, neuropeptide Y,arginine vasopressin, tackykinin andsubstance P), neurosteroids and cytokineshave been observed to play a modulatorsrole in anxiety states. Among therapeuticregimens, benzodiazepines and serotoninmodulators remain the mainstay ofpharmacological treatment of anxietydisorders. However, in the light of their

adverse effects and dependence potential,search for a novel pharmacotherapy frommedicinal plants for anxiety is in fastprogress1-7. In this review paperinformation on plant species that have beenexplored for their potential anti-anxietyprofile using pharmacologically validatedanimal models has been compiled anddiscussed. Possible involvements of activeconstituent(s), plant parts, dose(s) ofextracts and animal model(s) used havealso been mentioned, wherever it wasavailable.

Abies pindrow Royle (Pinaceae)It is widely distributed at

elevations between 2000 and 3000 mthroughout the western Himalaya fromAfghanistan to Nepal. Ethanolic extract ofleaves (50-100 mg/kg, p.o.) whenadministered for three consequent daysshowed significant anxiolytic effect in ratstested in different paradigms of anxiety

i.e. open field exploratory behaviour,elevated plus maze and elevated zeromaze8.

Achillea millefolium Linn.(Asteraceae)

A hardy perennial, native toEurasia contains active constituentachillein. Aqueous extract of its flowers(8.0 mg/kg, 10.0 mg/kg or 12.0 mg/kg)reduced conflict behaviour in femaleWistar rats9.

Aloysia polystachya (Griseb.)Moldenke (Verbenaceae)

Hydroalcoholic extract preparedfrom its leaves (1.56 to 50mg/kg, i.p.)produced anxiolytic effect in femaleSprague-Dawley rats in elevated plus mazetest similar to diazepam (1mg/kg, i.p.).Thujone and carvone have been implicatedto be responsible for anxiolytic effects10.

Albizia lebbeck Benth.(Mimosaceae)

It is a tree native to Asia and isused in traditional Chinese medicine totreat anxiety. Butanolic fraction of driedleaves extract (25 mg/kg) presentedanxiolytic effect in mice when tested inelevated plus maze. Antianxiety activity ofthe plant might be due to effect on GABAor saponins present in the extract11.

Neeraj Gilhotra and Dinesh Dhingra*Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and TechnologyHisar-125 001, Haryana, India

*Correspondent author, Present address: Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesKurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana

E-mail: [email protected] 21 September 2007; Accepted 13 February 2008

AbstractAnxiety is a psychological disorder characterized by a persistent and disproportionate

fear unrelated to any genuine risk. Apart from very few chemical remedies available like benzodi-azepines and serotonin modulators, not much treatment options are at hand that could safely andeffectively alleviate anxiety. The present paper discusses anti-anxiety potential of 56 plants withemphasis on their pre-clinical and clinical reports. Majority of these plants have been found to beacting through modulation of serotonin and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitters.

Keywords: Antianxiety Plants, Anxiolytic herbs, Medicinal Plants

IPC code; Int. cl.8— A61K 36/00, A61P 25/22

Review PaperNatural Product Radiance, Vol. 7(5), 2008, pp.476-483

A Review on Antianxiety Plants

Vol 7(5) September-October 2008 477

Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (Fabaceae)It is native to southern and

eastern Asia, from Iran east to China andKorea. The plant is used in traditionalChinese medicine to treat depression andanxiety. Single or repeated treatment (for7 days) of male rats with aqueous extract(100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantlyshowed antianxiety effect in Elevated PlusMaze (EPM). The anxiolytic effect isabolished by pindolol (10mg/kg, i.p), a5-HT

1A/1B receptor antagonist, suggesting

the involvement of serotonergic nervoussystem12.

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels(Apiaceae)

It is indigenous to China andcommonly known as Dong Quai which isan important tonic in Chinese medicine.Its essential oil contains lingustilide. Itshowed anxiolytic activity in elevated plusmaze and light/dark test in male Swiss mice13.

Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez(Lauraceae)

The plant is found mainly incentral Amazonia and Guiana. Riparin I(25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p. and p.o.) andRiparin III (50 mg/kg, i.p.) from unripefruits showed anxiolytic activity in micewhen tested in elevated plus maze andhole-board tests14, 15.

Annona cherimola Mill.(Annonaceae)

It is distributed in tropicalregions of South America. Hexane extractof its leaves (6.25, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0mg/kg, p.o.) produced anxiolytic-likeactions in mice when tested in avoidanceexploratory behaviour, burying behaviour

and open field tests. The effect isantagonized by picrotoxin, a GABA-gatedchloride ion channel blocker, suggestingthe involvement of GABA

A receptor

complex. β-cariophyllene, β-selinene, β-cubebene and linalool could explainanxiolytic effect of the extract16.

Apocynum venetum Linn.(Apocynaceae)

It is a Chinese herb, its ethanolicextract (30 and 125 mg/kg, p.o.) showedsignificant antianxiety activity in miceusing EPM. This effect was comparableto diazepam (1.5 mg/kg, p.o.) and the5-HT

1A agonist buspirone (10mg/kg p.o.).

Anxiolytic-like activity of the extract wasmediated via the GABAergic system17.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.(Meliaceae)

This is a large tree foundeverywhere in India. Aqueous extract ofneem leaves (10-200 mg/kg, p.o.)produced anxiolytic effect in elevated plusmaze and open field test in rats. Theextract (500 mg/kg/day ×15 days)reduced cerebral hypoperfusion-inducedbehavioral disturbances of anxiety in rats,assessed in open field test. The extract hasbeen found to contain margosine,margosic acid and margosopicrin as activemoieties18, 19.

Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Penn.(Scrophulariaceae)

It is found in wet, damp andmarshy places throughout India andsubtropical region up to a height of 1000m. In Ayurveda it is used as nervine tonicand memory enhancer. It has beenreported to possess anxiolytic activity inhumans 20, 21.

Review Paper

Salvia officinalis

Piper methysticum

Gingko biloba


Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex.(Rutaceae)

It is found in Mexico.Administration of aqueous extract of theleaves (25 mg/kg, p.o.) to male Wistarrats increased the exploration of open armsin the elevated plus maze task22.

Cecropia glazioui Sneth (Moraceae)It is popularly known as

‘Embauba’ in Brazil and is also found intropical and subtropical regions of LatinAmerica. Aqueous extract and n-butanolicfraction (0.25-1g/kg, p.o.) acutely (1h)or repeatedly (24, 7, and 1.5h before thetest) showed antianxiety activity in miceemploying elevated plus maze. The activeprinciples are flavonoids such as Orientinand Iso-orientin and terpenes23.

Centella asiatica (Linn.)Urban(Apiaceae)

Commonly known as Gotukola,it is found in Australia, Pacific Islands,New Guinea, Melanesia, Malesia, northernIran and Asia. Methanol and ethyl acetateextracts as well asiaticoside have exertedanxiolytic activity in rats employingelevated plus maze test24.

Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck(Rutaceae)

Commonly known as orange,sweet orange or round orange is assumedto have originated in southern China,North eastern India and perhaps Southeastern Asia (formerly Indochina). Theessential oils from peel (1.0 g/kg, p.o.)showed anxiolytic activity in mice testedin elevated plus maze25.

Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Fabaceae)It is native to Southeast Asia. The

extract containing tannins and resinsshowed anxiolytic activity in miceemploying EPM and light/dark explorationtest26.

Coriandrum sativum Linn.(Apiaceae)

Coriander is native to Southwestern Asia west to North Africa. It hasbeen recommended for relief of anxietyand insomnia in Iranian folk medicine.Aqueous extract at 100mg/kg, p.o. showedan anxiolytic effect in the elevated plusmaze in male albino mice27.

Coptis chinensis Franch(Ranunculaceae)

The plant is native to East Asia,China. Rhizome has been used to treatanxiety by traditional physicians. Its anactive constituent; berberine (100 mg/kg,i.p.) produced anxiolytic effect in miceusing elevated plus maze model. Berberinedecreased serotonergic activity byactivation of somatodendritic 5-HT

1A

autoreceptors and inhibited postsynaptic5-HT

1A and 5-HT

2 receptors28.

Crinum giganteum Andrews(Amaryllidaceae)

It is a medicinal plant widelyfound in the Northern states of Nigeriaand contain lycorin. Aqueous extract(6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) producedanxiolytic effect in hole-board test inrats29.

Davilla rugosa Poir. (Dilleniaceae)It is commonly used in Brazilian

folk medicine. Hydroalcoholic extract ofthe stems (15 mg/kg, p.o.) showedanxiolytic activity in rats employing openfield test and elevated plus maze30.

Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A.

Mey. (Boraginaceae)It grows in most of Europe and

in northern Iran. Ethanolic extract offlowers (50 mg/kg) containedpyrrozolidines and showed anxiolyticactivity in mice when tested using elevatedplus maze31.

Erythrina velutina Willd. (Fabaceae)The plant is Brazilian ornamental

tree and medicinal plant native to Cerradoand Caatinga vegetation in Brazil. Aqueous-alcoholic extract of grounded stem bark(50-100 mg/kg, p.o.) having flavonoidsand terpenes proved to be active asanxiolytic in rats tested employing elevatedT-maze32.

Erythrina mulungu Mart. exBenth. (Fabaceae)

It is commonly known asMulungu, native to Southern Brazil. Plantcontains alkaloids. The extract (50 mg/kg, p.o.) showed anxiolytic activity in ratsemploying light/dark transition model.Alteration of GABAergic transmission hasbeen proposed to be responsible forobserved anxiolysis33.

Eschscholzia californica Cham.(Papaveraceae)

It is native to the western coastof North America and naturalized in partsof southern Europe, Asia and Australia.The extract of the plant (25 mg/kg, i.p.)produced anxiolytic activity in mice whentested using staircase and light/dark tests.The action involved benzodiazepine-GABAreceptor agonism34.

Euphoria longana Lam. (Sapindaceae)It is native to Asia and introduced

Review Paper


into other warm regions of the world. Theextract indicated significant activity at adose of 2 g/kg, s.c. in Vogel-type anti-conflict method in mice. Active principle;adenosine produced the effect at a doseof 30 mg/kg, s.c35.

Euphorbia hirta Linn.(Euphorbiaceae)

It is found in India and mosttropical countries. Lyophilised aqueousextract (12.5 and 25 mg/kg, p.o.)produced antianxiety effect in miceemploying staircase test and light/darkchoice situation test. Euphorbone is theactive constituent36.

Eurycoma longifolia Jack(Simaroubaceae)

It is found mostly in forests ofBurma, Indochina, Thailand and Malaysia.Methanol, chloroform, water and n-butanol fractions (0.3g/kg each) ofextract have been found to be anxiolyticin inbred albino mice tested employingelevated plus maze and open fieldparadigms. The anxiolytic effect might bedue to quassinoids, squalene derivatives,biphenylneolignans, tirucalane-typetriterpenes, canthine-6-one andβ-carboline alkaloids37.

Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.(Euphorbiaceae)

Hydro-alcoholic extract of leaves(400 mg/kg, p.o.) containing steroidalsaponins, reducing sugar, tannins, andflavonoids produced anxiolysis in mice andrats tested using elevated plus maze38.

Galphimia glauca Cav. (Malpighiaceae)Standardized methanolic extract

containing a nor-secotriterpene

(Galphimine B; 8.3 mg/g) showedan anxiolytic effect on ICR inbred micetested in elevated plus maze andlight-dark paradigms. Galphimine B hasa selective inhibitory effect ondopaminergic neurons of the ventraltegmental area in rats. The activity couldalso be attributed to neuronal ionchannel modulation particularlyK+ channel as well as regulation of GABA

A

receptors39, 40 .

Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae)The plant contains phenolic

compounds like 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, vanillylalcohol, β-sitosterol and gastrodin. Thecompounds, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol(50mg/kg, p.o. and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (100 mg/kg, p.o.)have been found to be effective asanxiolytic in male ICR mice when testedusing elevated plus maze. Activation ofbenzodiazepine, GABA

A and 5-HT

1A

receptors has been implicated for theobserved anxiolysis41.

Ginkgo biloba Linn. (Ginkgoaceae)Ginkgo trees are native to East

Asia and are grown ornamentally inEurope and North America. The extract(0.063-1 g/kg, p.o.) administered dailyfor 7 days in male ddY mice producedanxiolysis in elevated plus maze42.

Hypericum perforatum Linn.(Hypericaceae)

It is a perennial plant, commonlyknown as St. John’s Wort. The plant isdistributed in Europe, Asia, North Africaand North America. Ethanolic extract(50%) administered at the rate of 100and 200 mg/kg, p.o. was found to exert

anxiolysis in rats employing variousexperimental paradigms of anxiety viz.open field exploratory behaviour, elevatedplus maze, elevated zero maze, noveltyinduced suppressed feeding latency andsocial interaction tests. Hypericin has beenthe active component43.

Justicia hyssopifolia Linn.(Acanthaceae)

Active component of the plant;elenoside (25, 50 mg/kg, i.p.) producedanxiolytic effect in mice employing open-field test44.

Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. exSaddi (Guttiferae)

It is native to Cerrado andPantanal vegetation in Brazil.Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves producedanxiolysis in open-field and elevated plusmaze tests45.

Magnolia dealbata Zucc.(Magnoliaceae)

Magnolia species is ratherscattered and includes eastern NorthAmerica, Central America, West Indies,East and Southeast Asia. Some species arefound in South America. The extract (30,100 and 300 mg/kg) dose-dependentlydecreased anxiety response in mice whentested in elevated plus maze, head-dippingand exploratory rearing tests46. The effectmay be due to magnolol.

Pachyrrhizus erosus (Linn.)Urban(Fabaceae)

Ethanol and chloroform extractsof seeds contain rotinoids, flavonoids andphenyl furanocoumarin derivatives.Ethanol extract (150 mg/kg, p.o) showedantianxiety activity47.

Review Paper


Paeonia moutan Sims. (Paeoniaceae)Paeonol, a phenolic component

from the root bark produced anxiolysiscomparable to diazepam in the elevatedplus maze and the light/dark box-test48.

Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. (Araliaceae)Both Chinese ginseng (P.

ginseng C. A. Mey.) and NorthAmerican ginseng (P. quinquefoliusLinn.) are associated with the treatmentof mood and anxiety disorders. Ginsengpowder and crude saponin ginsengfraction significantly increased thefrequency and duration of open armentries in male ICR albino mice. Pureginsenoside; ginsenoside Rb1 (2.5 mg/kg,i.p.) increased both the frequency andduration of open arm entries49.

Passiflora incarnata Linn.(Passifloraceae)

It is a popular sedative andanxiolytic. The methanol extracts of leaves,stems, flowers and whole plant exhibitedanxiolytic effects in mice employingelevated plus maze model50.

Piper methysticum G. Forst.(Piperaceae)

Commonly known as Kava-Kava,is used as traditional psychoactivebeverage in the South Pacific. It is wellknown for tranquilizing and anxiolyticeffects. LI 150 (120-240 mg/kg, p.o.)induced an anxiolytic like behavioursimilar to diazepam. Dihydrokavain, amajor kavalactone is necessaryand sufficient to mediate anxiolytic effectof P. methysticum G. Forst. Theanxiolytic effect may involve agonism atGABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptorcomplex51.

Rubus brasiliensis Marit. (Rosaceae)Ethanolic extract induced

anxiolytic effect in male Wistar rats andSwiss mice, tested in the elevated plusmaze. Agonism at GABA

A/BDZ receptors

by a liposoluble principle may underliethe anxiolysis of this species52, 53.

Salvia elegans Vahl (Lamiaceae)The shrub has been widely used

in Mexican traditional medicine for thetreatment of anxiety. Hydroalcoholicextract (12.5 mg/kg, p.o.) showedanxiolytic effect in mice using elevatedplus maze similar to that of diazepam(1mg/kg)54.

Salvia reuterana Boiss. (Lamiaceae)Hydroalcoholic extract (100 mg/

kg, p.o.) produced anxiolytic-like effectin mice in elevated plus maze55.

Salvia officinalis Linn. (Lamiaceae)It is a perennial shrub native to

southern Europe and Asia Minor. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studyon 30 healthy participants with driedleaves (300 and 600mg) dose-dependentlyreduced anxiety and increased ‘alertness’,‘calmness’ and ‘contentedness56.

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi(Lamiaceae)

Wogonin (7.5–30 mg/kg, p.o.),a major constituent elicited anxiolysis inmale ICR mice tested using EPM. Thiseffect was antagonized by co-administration of Ro15-1788, abenzodiazepine site antagonist. Wogoninexerted its anxiolytic effect throughpositive allosteric modulation of theGABA(A) receptor complex via interactionat the BZD-S57.

Scutellaria lateriflora Linn.(Lamiaceae)

It is a perennial herb, commonlyknown as Skullcap and native to NorthAmerica and grows throughout Canadaand the Northern US. Baicalin in a 50%ethanol extract (40 mg/g) and its aglyconebaicalein in a 95% ethanol extract(33 mg/g) showed anxiolytic effect inopen-field arena, hole-board test andelevated plus maze. Baicalin and baicaleinbind to the benzodiazepine site of theGABA

A receptor58.

Sesbania grandiflora Pers.(Fabaceae)

It is cultivated in South and WestIndia in Ganges valley and Bengal. Theplant showed anxiolytic activity in micetested using elevated plus maze. Thisextract contains tri-terpenes and raised thebrain contents of gamma-aminobutyricacid and serotonin59.

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.(Asteraceae)

Mice treated with petroleumether extract (10mg/kg) showed anxiolyticactivity in elevated plus maze, open fieldand foot-shock induced aggression tests.The extract contains saponins60.

Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl.(Lamiaceae)

The extract showed anxiolyticactivity in mice employing EPM. Theanxiolytic effects could be related to theircontent of flavonoids, phenylpropanoidsor terpenoids61.

Tragia involucrata Linn.(Euphorbiaceae)

It is a shrub widely found in

Review Paper


India. Methanolic fraction of the rootextract inhibited head-dips in hole-boardtest and enhanced brain GABA content inSwiss albino mice suggesting theanxiolytic effect62.

Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward.(Turneraceae)

Methanolic extract exhibitedsignificant anti-anxiety activity at a doseof 25mg/kg with respect to control as wellas standard (diazepam, 2mg/kg). Butanolfraction (10mg/kg) and remainingmethanolic extract (75mg/kg) were foundto exhibit anxiolytic activity in mice usingelevated plus maze63.

Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.)Jacks (Rubiaceae)

Aqueous extract (200 mg/kg/day,p.o.) for 7 days showed anxiolytic activityin rats subjected to elevated plus maze.Anxiolytic-like effect was abolished by WAY100635 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.), a 5-HT(1A)receptor antagonist. These results suggestthat the extract acted via the serotonergicnervous system64.

Valeriana edulis ssp. procera Mey.(Valerianaceae)

It is the Mexican valerian.Neuropharmacological profile of ahydroalcohol extract of roots (100, 300and 1000 mg/kg) revealed the dose-dependent anxiolytic-like effect in micecomparable to diazepam65.

Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal(Solanaceae)

The drug consists of dried rootsof the plant widely distributed in Northwestern India. Intraperitoneal and oraladministration of glycowithanolides

(20 and 50mg/kg) once daily for 5 daysresulted in anxiolytic effect in ratsemploying elevated plus maze and socialinteraction test. The therapeutic potentialof W. somnifera appears to be relatedto inhibition of both the lipid peroxidationand protein oxidative modification66.

Zingiber officinale Rosc.(Zingiberaceae)

It contains zingiberene,phellandrene and gingerol. Animalstreated with butanolic fraction showedanxiolytic activity in elevated plusmaze67.

Ziziphus jujube Mill.(Rhamnaceae)

Ethanolic extract of pulp(0.5-2.0 g/kg, p.o.) showed anxiolyticactivity in ICR mice tested using white/black chamber test and EPM. Activeconstituent reported is JujubosideA68.

ConclusionAlthough 56 species of plants

have shown anxiolytic activity in laboratoryanimals, only 4 plants, viz. Bacopamonnieri (Linn.) Penn., Ginkgobiloba Linn., Piper methysticum G.Forst. and Salvia officinalis Linn.have been reported to be effectiveclinically. So the remaining 52 plants areyet to be evaluated clinically and activeconstituents from most of these plantsneed to be isolated to establish them aspotential antianxiety plants.

References1. Millan JM, The neurobiology and control of

anxious states, Prog Neurobiol, 2003, 70,83-244.

2. Cryan JE and Holmes A, The ascent of Mouse:

Advances in modeling human depression andanxiety, Nature, 2005, 4, 775-790.

3. Ninan PT, Dissolving the burden of generalizedanxiety disorder, J Clin Psych, 2001,62(19), 5 -10.

4. Tharmalingam S, Hemmings S, Seedat S,Kinnear C, Schoeman R, Annerbrink K, OlssonM, Eriksson E, Moolman-Smook J,Allgulander C and Stein DJ, Lack of associationbetween the corticotrophin-releasinghormone receptor 2 gene and panic disorder,Psych Genet, 2006, 16 (3), 93-97.

5. Yehuda R, Clinical relevance of biologicfindings in PTSD, Psych Q, 2002, 73(2),123-133.

6. Lochner C, Mogotsi M, du Toit PL, KaminerD, Niehaus DJ and Stein DJ, Quality of life inanxiety disorders: a comparison of obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorderand panic disorder, Psychopath, 2003,36(5), 255-262.

7. Iancu I, Levin J, Hermesh H, Dannon P, PorehA, Ben-Yehuda Y, Kaplan Z, Marom S andKotler M, Social phobia symptoms:prevalence, sociodemographic correlates andoverlap with specific phobic symptoms,Compr Psych, 2006, 47(5), 399-405.

8. Kumar V, Singh RK, Jaiswal AK, BhattacharyaSK and Acharya SB, Anxiolytic activity of IndianAbies pindrow Royle leaves in rodents: anexperimental study, Indian J Exp Biol,2000, 38(4), 343-346.

9. Malina-Hermandez M, Tellez-Alcantara NP,Diaz MA, Perez Garcia J, Olivera Lopez JI andJaramillo MT, Anticonflict actions of aqueousextracts of flowers of Achillea millefoliumL. vary according to the estrous cycle phasesin Wistar rats, Phytother Res, 2004, 18,915-920.

10. Mora S, Diaz-Veliz G, Millan R, LungenstrassH, Quiros S, Coto-Morales T and Hellion-Ibarrola MC, Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of the hydroalcoholic extract fromAloysia polystachya in rats, PharmacolBiochem Behav, 2005, 82(2), 373-378.

11. Une HD, Sarveiya VP, Pal SC, Kasture VS andKasture SB, Nootropic and anxiolytic activityof Albizia lebbeck leaves, PharmacolBiochem Behav, 2001, 69(3-4), 439-444.

Review Paper


12. Kim WK, Jung JW, Ahn NY, Oh HR, Lee BK, OhJK, Cheong JH, Chun HS and Ryu JH,Anxiolytic-like effects of extracts fromAlbizia julibrissin bark in the elevatedplus-maze in rats, Life Sci, 2004, 75(23),2787-2795.

13. Chen SW, Min L, Li WJ, Kong WX, Li JF andZhang YJ, The effects of Angelica essentialoil in three murine tests of anxiety,Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2004, 79,377-382.

14. de Sousa FC, Monteiro AP, de Melo CT, deOliveira GR, Vasconcelos SM, de FrancaFonteles MM, Gutierrez SJ, Barbosa-Filho JMand Viana GS, Antianxiety effects of riparin Ifrom Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez(Lauraceae) in mice, Phytother Res, 2005,19(12), 1005-1008.

15. Sousa FC, Melo CTV, Monteiro AP, Lima VTM,Gutierrez SJC, Periera BA, Filho JM,Vasconcelos SMM, Fonteles MF and VianaGSB, Antianxiety and antidepressant effects ofriparian III from Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez(Lauraceae) in mice, Pharmacol BiochemBehav, 2004, 78(1), 27-33.

16. Lopez-Rubalcava C, Pina-Medina B, Estrada-Reyes R, Heinze G and Martinez-Vazquez M,Anxiolytic-like actions of the hexane extractfrom leaves of Annona cherimolia in twoanxiety paradigms: possible involvement ofthe GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex,Life Sci, 2006, 78, 730-737.

17. Grundmann O, Nakajima J, Seo S andButterweck V, Anti-anxiety effects ofApocynum venetum L. in the elevated plusmaze test, J Ethnopharmacol, 2007,110(3), 406-411.

18. Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK and Acharya SB,Anxiolytic activity of Azadirachta indicaleaf extract in rats, Indian J Exp Biol, 1994,32(7), 489-491.

19. Yanpallewar S, Rai S, Kumar M, Chauhan Sand Acharya SB, Neuroprotective effect ofAzadirachta indica on cerebral post-ischemic reperfusion and hypoperfusion inrats, Life Sci, 2005, 76(12), 1325-1338.

20. Ernst E, Herbal remedies for anxiety – asystematic review of controlled clinical trials,Phytomed, 2006, 13(3), 205-208.

21. Kumar V, Potential medicinal plants for CNSdisorders: an overview, Phytother Res,2006, 20(12), 1023-1035.

22. Hernandez MM, Alcantara NP, Garcia JP, LopezJI and Jaramillo MT, Anxiolytic-like actionsof leaves of Casimiroa edulis (Rutaceae)in male Wistar rats, J Ethnophamacol,2004, 93(1), 93-98.

23. Rocha FF, Lapa AJ and De Lima TC, Evaluationof the anxiolytic like effects of Cecropiaglazioui Sneth in mice, PharmacolBiochem Behav, 2002, 71(1-2), 183-190.

24. Wijeweera P, Arnason JT, Koszyckl D andMerall Z, Evaluation of anxiolytic propertiesof Gotukola–(Centella asiatica) extractsand asiaticoside in rat behavioralmodels, Phytomed, 2006, 13(9-10),668 -676.

25. Freitas MIR and Costa M, Anxiolytic andsedative effects of extracts and essential oilfrom Citrus aurantium L., Biol PharmBull, 2002, 25(12), 1629-1633.

26. Jain NN, Ohal CC, Shroff SK, Bhutada RH,Somani RS, Kasture VS and Kasture SB,Clitoria ternaea and the CNS,Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2003,75(3), 529-536.

27. Emamghoreishi M, Khasaki M and Aazam MF,Coriandrum sativum: evaluation of itsanxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze, JEthnopharmacol, 2005, 96(3),365-370.

28. Peng W-H, Wu C-R, Chen CS, Chen CF, Leu ZCand Hsieh MT, Anxiolytic effect of berberineon exploratory activity of the mouse in twoexperimental anxiety models: Interaction withdrugs acting at 5-HT receptors, Life Sci,2004, 75, 2451-2462.

29. Amos S, Binda L, Akah P, Wambebe C andGamaniel K, Central inhibitory activity of theaqueous extract of Crinum giganteum,Fitoterapia, 2003, 74, 23-28.

30. Guaraldo L, Chagas DA, Konno AC, Korn GP,Pfiffer T and Nasello AG, Hydroalcoholicextract and fractions of Davilla rugosaPoiret: Effects on spontaneous motor activityand elevated plus maze behavior,J Ethnopharmacol, 2000, 72 (1-2),61-67.

31. Rabbani M, Sajjadi SE, Vaseghi G and JafarianA, Anxiolytic effects of Echium amoenumon the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety inmice, Fitoterapia, 2004, 75(5), 457-464.

32. Ribeiro MD, Onusic GM, Poltronieri SC andViana MB, Effect of Erythrina velutinaand Erythrina mulungu in rats submittedto animal models of anxiety and depression,Braz J Med Biol Res, 2006, 39(2),263-270.

33. Onusic GM, Nogueira RL, Periera AMS,Flausino OA and Viana MB, Effects of ChronicTreatment with a Water-Alcohol extract fromErythrina mulunga on anxiety-relatedresponses in Rats, Biol Pharm Bull, 2003,26(11), 1538 -1542.

34. Rolland A, Fleurentin J, Lanhers MC, MisslinR and Mortier F, Neurophysiological effectsof an extract of Eschscholzia californicaCham. (Papaveraceae), Phytother Res,2001, 15(5), 377- 381.

35. Okyama E, Ebihara H, Takeuchi H andYamazaki M, Adenosine, the anxiolytic-likeprinciple of the Arillus of Euphorialongana, Planta Med, 1999, 65,115-119.

36. Lanhers MC, Fleurentin J, Cabalion P, RollandA, Misslin R and Pelt JM, Behavioral effects ofEuphorbia hirta L.: sedative and anxiolyticproperties, J Ethnopharmacol, 1990,29(2), 189-198.

37. Ang HH and Cheang HS, Studies on theanxiolytic activity of Eurycoma longifoliajack roots in mice, Jpn J Pharmacol, 1999,79, 497-500.

38. Bigoniya P and Rana AC, Psychopharma-cological profile of hydro-alcoholic extractof Euphorbia neriifolia leaves in miceand rats, Indian J Exp Biol, 2005, 43(10),859-862.

39. Ruiz MH, Jimenez-Ferrer JE, Lima TCM,Montes A, Garcila DP, Cortazar MG andTortoriello J, Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like activity of a standardized extract fromGalphimia glauca, Phytomed, 2006,13, 23-28.

40. Ruiz MH, Cortazar MG, Ferrer EJ, Zamilpa A,Alvarez L, Ramirez G and Tortoriello J,Anxiolytic Effect of a Natural Galphimins from

Review Paper


Galphimia glauca and their chemicalderivatives, J Nat Prod, 2006, 69, 59-61.

41. Jung JW, Yoon BH, Oh HR, Ahn JH, Kim SY,Park SY and Ryu JH, Anxiolytic-like effects ofGastrodia elata and its phenolicconstituents in mice, Biol Pharm Bull,2006, 29(2), 261-265.

42. Kuribara H, Weintra ST, Yoshihama T andMaruyama Y, An anxiolytic-like effect ofGinkgo biloba extract and its constituents,Gikgolide-A, in mice, J Nat Prod, 2003,66, 1333-1337.

43. Kumar V, Jaiswal AK, Singh PN andBhattacharya SK, Anxiolytic activity of IndianHypericum perforatum Linn: anexperimental study. Indian J Exp Biol,2000, 38 (1), 36-41.

44. Navarro E, Alonso SJ, Trujillo J, Jorge E andPerez C, Central nervous activity of elenoside.Phytomed, 2004, 11, 498-503.

45. Audi EA, Otobone F, Martins JV and CortezDA, Preliminary evaluation of Kielmeyeracoriacea leaves extract on the central nervoussystem, Fitoterapia, 2002, 73, 517-519.

46. Martinez AL, Dominguez F, Orozco S, ChavezM, Salgado H, Gonzalez M and Gonzalez-Trujano ME, Neuropharmacological effects ofan ethanol extract of the Magnoliadealbata Zucc. leaves in mice,J Ethnopharmacol, 2006, 106(2),250-255.

47. Abid M, Hrishikeshavan HJ and Asad M,Pharmacological evaluation ofPachyrrhizus erosus Linn. seeds forcentral nervous system depressant activity,Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2006, 50(2), 143-151.

48. Mi XJ, Chen SW, Wang WJ, Wang R, Zhang YJ,Li WJ and Li YL, Anxiolytic-like effect ofpaeonol in mice, Pharmacol BiochemBehav, 2005, 81(3), 683-687.

49. Carr MN, Bekku N and Yoshimura H,Identification of anxiolytic ingredients inginseng root using the elevated plus-maze testin mice, Eur J Pharmacol, 2006, 531(1-3), 160-165.

50. Dhawan, K, Dhawan S and Chhabra S,Attenuation of benzodiazepine dependence

in mice by a tri-substituted benzodiazepinemoiety of Passiflora incarnata Linn: anon-habit forming anxiolytic, J PharmPharm Sci, 2003, 6(2), 215-222.

51. Rex A, Morgenstern E and Fink H, Anxiolyticlike effects of kava-kava in the elevated plusmaze test – a comparison with diazepam,Prog Neuro-psychopharm Biol Psych,2002, 26(5), 855-860.

52. Nogueira E, Rosa GJ and Vassilieff VS,Involvement of GABA (A)-benzodiazepinereceptor in the anxiolytic effect induced byhexamic fraction of Rubus brasilensis,J Ethnopharmacol, 1998b, 61(2),119-126.

53. Nogueira E and Vassilieff VS, Hypnotic,anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects ofRubus brasilensis: Involvement ofGABA(A) system, J Ethnopharmacol,2000, 70, 275-280.

54. Herrera-Ruiz M, Garcia-Beltran Y, Mora S,Diaz-Veliz G, Viana GS, Tortoriello J andRamirez G, Antidepressant and anxiolyticeffects of hydroalcoholic extract from Salviaelegans, J Ethnopharmacol, 2006,107(1), 53-58.

55. Rabbani M, Sajjadi SE, Jafarian A, Vaseghi G,Anxiolytic effects of Salvia reuterana Boiss.on the elevated plus-maze model of anxietyin mice, J Ethnopharmacol, 2005, 3,100-103.

56. Kennedy DO, Pace S, Haskell C, Okello EJ,Milne A and Scholey AB, Effects ofcholinesterase inhibiting sage (Salviaofficinalis) on mood, anxiety andperformance on a psychological stressorbattery, Neuropsychopharm, 2006,31(4), 845-852.

57. Hui Km, Huen MS, Wang HY, Zheng H, SigelE, Baur R, Ren H, Li ZW, Wong JT and Xue H,Anxiolytic effect of wogonin, a benzodiazepinereceptor legend isolated from Scutellariabaicalensis georgi, BiochemPharmacol, 2002, 464, 1-8.

58. Awad R, Arnason JT, Trudeau V, Bergeron C,Budzinski JW, Foster BC and Merali Z,Phytochemical and biological analysis ofskullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora Linn.):a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties,

Phytomed, 2003, 10(8), 640-649.

59. Kasture VS, Deshmukh VK and Chopde CT,Anxiolytic and Anticonvulsant activity ofSesbania grandifloria leaves inexperimental animals, Phytother Res,2002, 16(5), 455-460.

60. Ambavade SD, Mhetre NA, Tate VD andBodhankar SL, Pharmacological evaluationof the extracts of Sphaeranthus indicusflowers on anxiolytic activity in mice, IndianJ Pharmacol, 2006, 38, 254-259.

61. Rabbani M, Sajjadi SE and Jalali A,Hydroalcohol extract and fractions of Stachyslavandulifolia Vahl: effects on spontaneousmotor activity and elevated plus-maze behavior,Phytother Res, 2005, 19, 854-858.

62. Dhara AK, Pal S and Chaudhuri AKN,Psychopharmacological studies on Tragiainvolucrata root extract, Phytother Res,2002, 16, 326-330.

63. Kumar S and Sharma A, Anti-anxiety activitystudies on Homoeopathic formulations ofTurnera aphrodisiaca Ward, eCAM,2005, 2, 117-119.

64. Jung JW, Ahn NY, Oh HR, Lee BK, Lee KJ, KimSY, Cheong JH and Ryu JH, Anxiolytic effectsof the aqueous extract of Uncariarhynchophylla, J Ethnopharmacol,2006, 108, 193- 197.

65. Oliva I, Gonzalez-Trujano ME, Arrieta J,Enciso-Rodriguez R and Navarrete A,Neuropharmacological profile ofhydroalcohol extract of Valeriana edulisssp. procera roots in mice, Phytother Res,2004, 18(4), 290-296.

66. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam Kand Ghosal S, Anxiolytic-depressant activityof Withania somnifera glycowithanolides:an experimental study, Phytomed, 2000,7(6), 463-469.

67. Vishwakarma SL, Pal SC, Kasture VS andKasture SB, Anxiolytic and antiemetic activityof Zingiber officinale, Phytother Res,2002, 16(7), 621-626.

68. Peng WH, Hsieh MT, Lee YS, Lin YC andLiao J, Anxiolytic effect of seed of Ziziphusjujuba in mouse models of anxiety,J Ethnopharmacol, 2000, 72,435-441.

Review Paper

Antianxiety Plants

Documents

Transcript of Antianxiety Plants