Animalia
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Transcript of Animalia
![Page 1: Animalia](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020307/559e83231a28abab0b8b458f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Would You Believe Me If I Told
You That the US Spends crores of
Dollars on a Project Called SETI
(SEARCH FOR EXTRA
TERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE)
Which Searches the Outer Space
for Signs of Life !!!
Do You Believe in Aliens?
![Page 2: Animalia](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020307/559e83231a28abab0b8b458f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
YES,THERE MAY BE ALIENS!
The story that I am about to tell you is the
story of how life began.
Scientists think it is likely that somewhere out
in the universe amongst the millions of solar
systems there may be another planet where
this story is just unfolding.
The story of :
HOW LIFE BEGAN ON EARTH
![Page 3: Animalia](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020307/559e83231a28abab0b8b458f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
BUT WHAT IS LIFE?WHATEVER
Reproduces
Gets and Uses Energy
Has cellular structure
Responds to stimuli
Excretes waste matter
HAS LIFE
![Page 4: Animalia](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020307/559e83231a28abab0b8b458f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
SO HOW DID LIFE BEGIN
ON EARTH ?
4.6 billion years ago the
earth was just
beginning to calm down
after a violent birth. The
atmosphere still had no
oxygen and noxious
fumes of ammonia,
carbon dioxide, sulphur
dioxide enveloped
earth.
![Page 5: Animalia](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020307/559e83231a28abab0b8b458f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Oceans were the cradle of life
The sea was a soup of different
chemicals that came down with the
rain. Lightening fueled some very
interesting reactions and compounds
now only found in living things were
formed inorganically in the sea water.
These chemicals formed
stable colloidal complexes
called COACERVATES
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The First Cell Is Born!These inorganically formed coacervates
had to work out a method of reproduction. They needed a genetic material.
The also needed a cell membrane.
Nobody is certain how but they got it.
The first cell fossils are called stromatolites and they are 3.5 billion years old.
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Things now begin to get more
complex
The new cell has a virgin environment
before it.
How will it tap all the resources available
to it?
How will it become more efficient?
How will it become a better survivor?
How will it leave behind its genes?
![Page 8: Animalia](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020307/559e83231a28abab0b8b458f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How do we know about this
story?
From Fossils found in rocks
By studying anatomy of closely related animals
By studying animals that have intermediate characteristics between different groups.The missing links
By studying the embryological developmental stages.
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Lets look at a fossil of an animal that is
not found today.
This is the fossil of the Archeopteryx.
It is a missing link between birds and reptiles
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Protista (Unicellular Eukaryotes)
Photosynthetic
Protista
Decomposer
Protista
Protozoan
Protista
1. Euglenoid
2. Dinoflagellate
3. Diatoms
4. Slime moulds5. Sarcodina
6. Ciliata
7. Mastigophora
8. Sporozoa
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Common Features of Protista
1. Eukaryotic cells
2. Photosynthetic or heterotrophic
3. Unicellular e.g. Amoeba, Paramoecium etc.
4. Prototists are thought to have been the
ancestors of animals, plants and fungi, i.e. they
were the unicellular eukaryotic cells..
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Amoeba proteus is busy capturing a ciliate by surrounding it with its pseudopodia. The nucleus can be seen just below the pseudopodia. Bottom left is a water expelling vesicle. Amoebaslocomote almost like a fluid. Although amoebas are 'shape-shifters' their shapes limit to a certain range. Each species has its own 'repertoir'
Pseudopodia
Food (bacteria)
Nucleus
Contractile vacuole
(excrete water etc.)
Protozoa: Sarcodina (all have pseudopodia)
Amoeba
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Ceratium hirundinella,a dinoflagellate. one of the flagella is just visible. The other runs through the girdle (dark stripes in center image)
2nd Flagella
1st Flagella
Photosynthetic Protista: Dinoflagellata (2 flagella perpendicular to one another):
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Noctiluca (Photosynthetic Protista)
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Single celled ‘animals’ -
Protozoans
Contractile vacuole
Gullet
Ciliia
Nucleus
Paramoecium
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Paramecium bursaria, a green slipper animalcule. It gets its colour by symbiotic algae, Chlorella. They are visible as small round cells.
Paramoecium (Ciliata)
Cilia all ovedr the body
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Bell animalcules are common in
fresh water but can also be found in the sea. These colonial Ciliates live attached to a stalk. Find out more about their fresh water relatives on the smallest page on the web
Colonial ciliates
Cilia
Individual Zooids)
Stock
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Diatom, Photosynthetic Protista
Diatom
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Desmids like this Micrasterias rotata are amongst the most beautiful microscopic organisms. They are conjugating green algae.
Unicellular Plants: Algae
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Some are Multicellular
Algae: Volvox Colony
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Single celled ‘plants’- algae
Desmid
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(Body with pores)
Flat Worms & Round
(Jointed Legs)
(Spine on skin)
Notochord,
Dorsal tubular nerve cord,
Gill slits
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Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
1. No distinct tissue layer (although 2 layer of cells)
2. Presence of numerous pores throughout the body
3. Presence of Choanocytes ( collar cells)
4. Spicules mostly made up of calcareous, silicious or spongin fibre.
5. Mostly marine
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Porifera: A body full of holes.
Body covered with tiny pores
No tissue organisation
Sessile, filter feeder
Spicules present
Choanocyte cell and extensive canal
system present.
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Sponge (Porifera)
Porifera
Osculum)
Spicules
Ostia
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Phylum Cnidaria
1. Body with distinct tissue system: 2 layers:
Ectoderm & Endoderm
2. Presence of nematocyst cells
3. One gastrovascular cavity (Coelenteron)
4. Can be polyp, medusoid or both form
PolypMedusa
Coelenteron
Tentacle(with nematocyst)
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Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
Presence of nematocyst
Bag like body with one opening guarded by finger-like tentacles.
Radial Symmetry
Two layer of cells (diploblastic).Network of nerve cells present.
Polyp form Medusa form
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Tentacles
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The Hydra is a fresh-water polyp that can extend its
flexible body to an extreme and reach a length of 2 centimeters. The tentacles bear tiny harpoon-like organs called nematocysts. These are used for capturing waterfleas and other small crustaceans. It can turn itself inside out and has amazing capabilities of regeneration!…
Tentacle with
Nematocyst
Mouth
Foot
Phylum: Cnidaria ( 2 layer of
Tissue: Ectoderm & Endoderm)
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Obelia Medusa ( Cnidaria )
Obelia medusa
Tentacles with nematocyst
Manubrium (Mouth)
Gonads
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Jelly fish
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Ctenophora
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Ctenophora
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Platyhelminthes
Bilateral Symmetry
Three tissue layers
Dorsoventrally flattened
Acoelomate solid body
Well developed tissues like nerves etc
but no blood vascular system.
Incomplete digestive system or absent
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Flatworms are multicellular organisms. They posses simple eyes and a simple nervous system. The mouth can be found underneath in the center. The flatworm body is covered with tiny cilia used for locomotion.
1. Body dorsoventrally flattened
2. Solid with distict 3 tissue layer
3. Acoelomate
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The Flatworm (Planaria)
Eye spot
Ciliated body surface
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Tape worm as parasite inside the Dog
bakerinstitute.vet.cornell.edu
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Tape wormTaenia solium
www.medicalook.com
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Liver Fluke
www.student.loretto.org
![Page 49: Animalia](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020307/559e83231a28abab0b8b458f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
With courtesy from:-
Website:sph.bu.edu
Platyhelminthes
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Aschelminthes: Round Worms
Mouth and Anus present
Body round in cross-section
Pseudocoelomate body
Sexes separate
Round worm (Pseudo coelomate body, round in cross section
& distinct mouth and anus)
![Page 51: Animalia](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020307/559e83231a28abab0b8b458f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Ascaris lumbricoides
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Hookworm – Anchylostoma
With courtesy from:-
Website:sph.bu.edu
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Annelida: The segmented
worm
Body metamerically segmented
Blood vascular system present
Setae present for locomotion
Nerve ring present
Nephridia for excretion
Hermaphrodite has both male and
female reproductive organ
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Earthworm Pheretima posthuma
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Photocredit:- www.flickr.com -
Polychaeta worm: Nereis
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LeechHirudinaria granulosa
Anterior
sucker
Posterior
sucker
![Page 57: Animalia](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020307/559e83231a28abab0b8b458f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Arthropoda (Chitinous exoskeleton & jointed legs)
Arthros = Jointed
Podos = Legs
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Arthropoda: Largest group of
living organism
Presence of hard exoskeleton
Presence of jointed legs
Open circulation
_________________________________
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Velvet worm (Peripatus)
Photocredit::www.fs.usda.gov
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Myriapoda
Centipede Scutegera
www.swellvoyage.comsuperscientastic.blogspot.com
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Fly with compound Eye
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Hermit Crab
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www.montereybayaquarium.org
Barnacle (closed)
Barnacle (Open)
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Crab (Crustacea)
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Spider (Arachnida)
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Wolf Spider (Arachnida)
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Spider (Arachnida)
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www.enchantedlearning.com www.medtogo.com
Scorpion
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Mollusca (Muscular foot and mantle usually
which secrete shell
Periwinkle, Gastropoda very common in sea-shore, eat dead animals.
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Mollusca: They have soft body
Soft unsegmented body
Presence of mantle covering the body
which usual secretes shell
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Cone Shell
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Slug
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Gastropod snail
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Bivalve
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Mytilus(with mysis- the thread for attachment)
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One valve (shell) of Bivalvia
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Top - Shell
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OCTOPUS
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SQUID
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NAUTILUS
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www.fantasticforwards.com
Nautilus Shell (showing gas-chamber)
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Echinodermata: Spiny skin
Calcareous spines on the skin
Water vascular system with tube feet.
Larva bilateral but adult radial symmetry
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Echinodermata
Characters:
1. Presence of echinus, calcareous spicules
2. Body divided into oral and aboral side
3. Presence of water vascular system & tube feet
4. Exclusively marine
5. Larval stage motile with bilateral symmetry but
in adult radial symmetry
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wiki.hicksvilleschools.org
Brittle Star
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Feather- star
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Balanoglossus : Hemichordate
• Stomochord instead of Notochord
• Gill slits
• Nerve-cord not dorsal
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ChordataNotochord present
Dorsal,tubular nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post anal tail
Closed Vascular system
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A generalized chordate showing fundamental
chordate characters
engage.intel.com/.../phylum%20chordata%20and%20protochordates.ppt
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Ideal Chordate Structure
Notochord
Nerve cord
Gill SlitsPost-anal tail
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Sub Phylum: Urochordata
Bag-like,sessile,marine organism
Adult body covered by tunic
Notochord present in larva only in tail
Nerve cord present in larva but
degenerates in adult
Pharyngeal gill slits
Ex: Doliolum sp. Salpa sp. (Ascidians)
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forum-psicologos.blogspot.com -
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Ascidia (Urochordata) Larva
commons.wikimedia.org
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Sub Phylum: Cephalochordata
Notochord present throughout the life
Dorsal,tubular nerve cord extended up
to head
Pharyngeal gill slits distinct
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Amphioxus ( Cephalochordates)
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Sub Phylum: Vertebrata
Presence of skull (Craniata)
Notochord modified into bony vertebra
in adultVertebra
Nerve chordsSkull (Cranium) covering brain
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Super Class: Agnatha
Class: Cyclostomata
No jaws
Pharyngeal gill slits with pouches
Mouth circular
Body cartilagenous
All marine
Unpaired fins (no paired appendages)
Example: Lamprey(Petromyzon sp.) Hagfish
(Myxine sp.)
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PETROMYZON
CYCLOSTOMATA
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Sub Phylum : Gnathostomata
Presence of jaws
Presence of paired appendages
Upper jaw
Lower jaw
Paired Appendages
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Class: Chondrichthyes (Cartilagenous fish)
Endoskeleton made up of cartilage
Gills without operculum
Paired and unpaired fins without fin-rays
Mouth ventral
Tail or caudal fin heterocercal
Heart 2 chambered
Example: Sting-ray(Trygon sp.) Shark, Electric
–ray (Torpedo sp.)
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Class: Osteichthyes
Bony endoskeleton
Gill-slits covered by operculum
Fins with fin-rays
Tail fin homocircal
Presence of swim-bladder
Heart 2 chambered
Ex: Gold fish, Eel, Sea-horse, Flying fish
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Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
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Eel
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Glass fish
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Class: Amphibia
Tadpole larva grows in water and adult is terrestrial (i.e. two stages in the life cycle-aquatic and terrestrial)
Moist skin
Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs
3 chambered heart
Respire through gills(in larva), lungs and moist skin (in adult)
Ex: Caecilian(Icthyophis sp.), Salamander (Salamandra sp.), Toad (Bufo melanostictus), Frog (Rana tigrina)
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Class: Reptilia
Terrestrial organisms with pentadactyle
clawed digits and four limbs (Tetrapods)
Respiration only by lungs
Body covered with dry scales
Heart 3 ½ chambered ( except
crocodiles were it is 4 chambered)
Ex: Tortoise, Crocodile, Lizard, Snake,
Chameleon
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Reptilia
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Class: Aves (Birds)
Presence of feather
Beak without teeth
Forelimbs modified into wings
Hollow bones
Homeotherm (Warm blooded)
4-chambered heart
Ex: Peacock (Pavo cristatus), Ostrich (Struthio
sp.) Albatross, Purple sun-bird
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Class: Mammalia
Presence of mammary gland
Hairs all over the body
Give birth to young ones (except Platypus and Echidna)
External ear (Pinna) present
Placenta present in most
Diaphragm present
4 chamberd heart
Ex: Whale, Seal, Elephant, Bat, Man,Kangaroo, Platypus
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The African Elephant
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Class Mammalia
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Sub-Class: Prototheria
(Egg-laying mammal)
Lays reptile-like egg
No external ear
No placenta
Body not properly homeotherm
Mammary gland without niples
Example: Platypus(Ornithorhynchus sp.)
Echidna ( Tachyglossus sp.)
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Sub Class: Marsupiala
Placenta yolk-sac type
Presence of marsupium (Pouch)
Immature babies born inside marsupium
Ex Kangaroo(Macropus),Wombat,
Koala, Opossum
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Sub Class Eutheria
(Placantal mammal)
Presence of true placenta(allanto-
chorionic)
Urino-genital apparatus and anus
separate
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Placental mammal
Order Insectovora-shrew
Order Rodentia-rat,squirrel
Order Primate.Ex Monkey,Gorrila,Man
Order Chiroptera-bat(Pteropus sp.)
Order Cetacea-dolphin,whale.
Order Carnivora-tiger,dog,cat
Order Artiodactyla-deer,giraffe,cow
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The Polar Bear
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Compiled by:-
Jyoti Parruck
9312690129
(taken help from CD and NET)
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