Animal Tissue

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Thelivingorganismsareeitherunicellular[eg.Bacteria,Diatoms,Yeasts,Potozoans]ormulticellular[eg.

Man,Lion,Dog].Eachunicellularorganismisabletoperformalltheirvitalactivitieslikedigestion,respiration,

excretion,reproduction.

Themulticellularorganism,ontheotherhand,iscomposedofamillionsofdifferenttypesofcells.Allthecells

ofamulticellularorganismdonotperformallfunctionsofthebody,rathertheyundergodifferentiationand

eachtypeofcellbecomesspecializedforalimitednumberofspecificfunctions.Forexamples,inhuman

beings:-

Musclecellsclustertogethertoperformcontractionandrelaxationtocausemovements.

Nervecellsorneuronscoordinatetocarrymessages.

Bloodflowstotransportoxygen,food,hormonesandwastematerials.

Utility of tissues in multicellular organisms :-

Withtheincreasingdegreeofmulticellularityinlivingbeings,itbecamedifficultforeachcelltoefficiently

performallthephysiologicalfunctionsofthebody.Hence,natureassignedspecializedfunctiontodifferent

groupofcellscalledtissues.Thus,theutilityoftissuesinmulticellularorganismsistoperformspecificfunctions

ofthebody.

Bichat introducedtheterm'tissue'.

Mayer introducedtheterm'Histology'.[Studyoftissueiscalledhistology]

Marcello Malpighiisthe'Founder of Histology'.

Theterm'epithelium'wasintroducedbyRuysch.

Animal Tissues

Epithelial Tissue Muscular Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated Glandular

Striated Non striated Cardiac

Areolaror

Looseconnective

tissue

Dense RegularConnective

Tissue

Adiposeconnective

tissue

Skeletalconnective

tissue

Fluid

(Vascular Tissue)

connectivetissue

Tendon Ligament Cartilage Bone Blood Lymph

Hyaline CalcifiedFibrous

ANIMAL TISSUE



Types of animal tissue : Basedonthelocationandfunction,theanimaltissueareclassifiedintofourtypes-

S .No . Type Orig in Function

1 Epithelia l tissue Ectoderm, Endoderm,

Mesoderm

Protection, Secretion,

Absorp tion etc.

2 Connective tissue Mesoderm Support, binding, storage

p rotection, circulation3 Muscular tissue Mesoderm Locomotion and movement

4 Nervous tissue Ectoderm Control, coordination and

conduction of impulse

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

WordepitheliumiscomposedoftwowordsEpi-upon,Thelio-grows.(Means-Atissuewhichgrowsupon

anothertissueiscalledepithelium).

Nature:

1 . Itisthesimplesttissue.Itistheprotectivetissueofanimal'sbody.

2 . Itcoversmostorgansandcavitieswithinthebody.

3 . Italsoformabarrier tokeepdifferentbodysystemsseparate.

4 . Epitheliumcellsarecloselypacked,sothereisvery little inter-cellular spacesarepresentbetweenthe

cells.Duetoabsenceorlessofintercellularspacesbloodvessels,lymphvesselsandcapallariesareunable

topiercethistissue,sobloodcirculationisabsentinepithelium.Hencecellsdependfortheirnutrientsup

ontheunderlyingconnectivetissue.

5 . Italwaysrestuponunderlyingconnectivetissue.

6 . Atthejunctionofthe(Epithelialtissueandconnectivetissue)layerispresentwhichiscalledofbasement

membrane,whichisformedofmucopolysaccharidesandcollagenfibrils.

7 . Epithelialtissuehasgreatregenerationpowerbecausemeristematiccellscandividetoreplaceoldanddead

cells.

Theskin&liningofbuccalcavity,bloodvessels,alveoli(oflungs)andkidneytubulesaremadeofepithelial

tissue.

Thetissuewhichevolvedfirstinanimalkingdomandappearsfirstduringembryologicaldevelopementisthe

epithelialtissue.

POINTS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMES

Epithelialtissuemaybegivendifferentnamesinthedifferentorgansofbody.

1. Endothelium :-Itlinescavityofheart,bloodvesselsandlymphvessels.

2. Mesothelium :- It is peritoneum which forms outer most covering of body organs in coelomic cavity.

(Bodycavityiscalledascoelom.Peritoneum isthecoveringofallvisceralorgans.)

3. Pericardium :-Itformsoutercoveringoftheheart.

4. Pleura :-Thisiscoveringoverthelungs.

5. Germinal epithelium :-Thisoccursinthegonadstestisandovary.

6. Pigemented epithelium :-Itcontainspigments.

7. Glandular epithelium :-Itformsglands.

8. Sensory epithelium :-Itoccursinsenseorgans.

General functions of epithelial tissue

1. Protection:-Epitheliaprotecttheunderlyingcellsfrommechanicalandchemicalinjuriesandbacterialorviral

infection.

2. Acts as Barriers:-Itactsasselectivebarriers.

3. Absorption :-Helpsinabsorptionofwaterandnutrients.

4. Elimination :-Helpsineliminationofwasteproducts.



5. Secretion:-Someepithelialtissuessecretesecretion,suchassweat,saliva,mucus,enzymes,etc.

6. Respiration :-Epitheliaofalveolioflungsexchangeoxygenandcarbondioxidebetweenbloodandinhaledair.

7. Exoskeleton :-Itproducesexoskeletonstructures,suchasscales,feathers,hair,nails,claws,hornsandhoofs.

8. Regeneration :-Thistissuefacilitatesrapidhealingofwoundsbyitsregenerationpower.

Types of epithelial tissues :- (Dependingupon theshape& functionof thecells)

(a) Squamous epithelium :-

Squamousepitheliumismadeupofthin,flat,disc-like,polygonalorirregular-

shapedcellswithroundandflatnucleus.Adjacentcellsfittogethertoform

acompactstructurewhichgivesanimpressionliketilesonapavementor

floor.

Basement membrane

Squamousepithelial cellsNucleus

Theplasmamembraneiswavyinthesecellswhentheyformliningofblood

vessels,lymphvesselsandincoelomicepitheliumhence,suchepithelium

iscalled tessellated epithelium.

Simplesquamousepitheliumisgivendifferentnamesonthebasisofdifferentpositioninthebody.Whenit

formliningthecavityofheart,bloodvesselsandlymphvessels,itiscalledendothelium.Coelomiccavityislined

withcoelomic epithelium or mesothelium, when it form covering around visceral organs it is called

peritoneumandwhileliningbonemarrowitiscalledendosteum.

Thesquamousepitheliumisoftwokinds:

Simple squamous epithelium : It ismadeupofsingle layerofflatcells.It formsthedelicate liningof

cavities[nose,pericardium,alveolietc.]andofbloodvessels.

Stratified squamous epithelium :Composedofmorethanonelayerofsquamouscells.Itispresentwhere

thickcoversarerequired,e.g.,surfaceoftheskinandoralcavity,oesophagus,etc.Thisepitheliumiswater

proofandhighlyresistanttomechanicalinjury.

Function :-

(i)Itprotectstheinternalorgansofbodyfrommechanicalinjury,desiccation,entryofgerms,chemicals&

drying.

(ii)Itformsaselectivelypermeablesurfacethroughwhichfiltrationoccurs.

(iii)Incertainorgans,italsofacilitatesdiffusionofgases.

(b) Cuboidal Epithelium :-

Cuboidalepitheliumiscomposedofcube-likecellsofalmostequalheight

andwidth.Thecellsappearsquare-likeinverticalsectionbuttheirfreesurface

seemstobehexagonal. Cuboidal epithelium

Place of occurrence :Cuboidalepitheliumispresentinkidneytubules,salivaryglands,sweatglands,pancreatic

duct, thyroidfollicles,etc.

Itisalsopresentinthegerminalepitheliumoftestesandovaries.

Function :

(i) Ithelps inabsorption,excretion&secretion.

(ii) Italsoprovidesmechanicalsupport.

(c) Columnar epithelium :Columnarepitheliumconsistsoftallorpillar-

likecells.Thebasalpartofthecellwhichrestsonthebasementmembrane

bearsovalnucleus.Thefreeendofthecellhaslargenumberofminute

finger-like projections called microvilli or brush border. Microvilli

increasetheabsorptivesurface.Mostofthecolumnarepitheliaaresimple,

i.e.,onecell thickbutstratified columnarepitheliumwith

morethanonelayerofcellsalsoexist.



Thetissuespecializedforsecretioniscalledglandular tissue.Glands

arederivedfromfoldingofglandularepithelium.Cellsofglandulartissue

havenucleusandcytoplasmcontainingzymogengranules.Thesecells

secretemucus,hormones,enzymesorsaliva.Cellsofglandularepithelium

arecuboidalorcolumnarinshape.

Place of occurrence :Thecolumnarepitheliumlines the innersurfaceof

stomach,intestineandgallbladder.Italsooccursinsalivaryglands,sweat

glands,oviduct,etc.

Function :-

AbsorptionAbsorptionofdigestedfood(Stomach,Intestine)

SecretionMucusbygobletcellsormucusmembrane.

(d) Ciliated epithelium :Itismadeupoftallcellswithcytoplasmichairlike

ciliaatfreeends.Thecellsmaybecuboidalorcolumnar,andhence,also

called ciliated cuboidal epithelium or ciliated columnar epithelium.

Place of occurrence :

Theciliatedcuboidalepitheliumisfoundinspermducts(vasdeferens).

Theciliatedcolumnarepitheliumformstheliningof trachea(windpipe),

fallopiantube(oviducts),lungs(bronchi),nasalpassage,kidneytubules,etc.

Functions :

(i) Therhythmic,concertedbeatingoftheciliamovessolidparticles[eg.mucus,ova]inonedirection

throughducts.

(ii) Itcausesmovementofovumandzygotetowardsuterus.

(iii) Ithelps inremovingunwantedparticles fromtrachea.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Namethe fourmain typeofanimaltissues.

2. Wheredoyoufindepithelialtissuesintheanimalbody?

3. Whereissquamousepitheliumfound?

4. Whatisgobletcell?

5. Whatarefunctionsofepithelialtissues?

6. Whatisthefunctionofciliatedepithelium?

7. Whatisatissue?

8. Whatistheutilityoftissuesinmulticellularorganisms?

9. Whatarethefunctionsofareolartissue?

10. Whatwill happen if

(a) Theskinepitheliumisnotstratified.

(b) Stratifiedsquamousepitheliumlinesthebloodvessels.

11. Whatistheepitheliumtissue?

12. Writedownthecharacteristicfeaturesofepithelialtissue.

Pseudostratified Epithelium :-

Sometimescolumnarepitheliumhascellsofdifferentsizes.Besidescolumnliketallcells,somecellsaresmall

calledbasal cellswhichdonotreachuptothemargin.Duetodifferentsizeofcellsnucleiappeartobe

presentinmorethanonelayers.Althoughitissinglelayerofcellsbutitappearstobemultilayeredandis

calledpseudostratifiedepithelium.Itoccursintheliningoftrachea,bronchi,vasdeferens,urethra,epididymis

andpharynx.



S tructure Location Function D iagram

Single layer of fla tened &

polygonal cells, large

centrally located nucleus.

Alveoli, blood vessel

heart wall

Filtra tion,

absorp tion and

secretion

Single layer of cube-

shaped cells, centrally

located nucleus

Testes, Ovary,

kidney tubules, salivary

duct and pancreatic

ducts

Excretion,

Secretion and

absorp tion

Single layer of p illar

shaped cells.

Lining of stomach,

small and large

intestine, digestive

glands and gall bladder

Secretion and

absorp tion

Single layer of ciliated

rectangular Pillar shaped

cells

Oviduct, Vas deferens,

few portions of upper

resp iratory tract.

Movement of

gametes, and

mucus by

ciliary action

S imple Columnar (Cilia ted)

S imple S quamous

S imple cuboida l

S imple co lumnar (Noncilia ted)

Connective tissue

Connectivetissueoriginatesfromembryonicmesoderm.Hertwig (1883)gavethetermmesenchymefor

adulttissuesderivedfrommesodermwhichfillsspacebetweenectodermandendoderm.Hence,connective

tissueisalsosometimesconsideredmesenchyme.

Theconnectivetissueisspecialisedtoconnectandanchorevariousbodyorgans.

Assuchitcanconnectbonestoeachother,musclestobones,bindtissuesandgivesupporttovarious

partsofbodybyformingpackingaroundorganssothattheydonotgetdisplacedbybodymovements.

Themain functionsofconnectivetissuearebinding,supporting&packingtogetherdifferentorgansof

thebody.

Thecellsofconnectivetissueareliving,separatedfromeachother[i.e.looselyspaced]andarevery

lessinnumber.

Homogeneous,gel-likeintercellularsubstancecalledmedium or matrix.Thismatrixmaybejellylike,

fluid or dense [asblood]andsolid [as inboneandcartilage]orfibrous innatureandbindsother

tissues.Thenatureofthematrixdecidesthefunctionoftissue.

COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Therearethreecomponentspresentinalltheconnectivetissues:-

(i) Intercellularmedium (ii) Connectivetissuecells. (iii) Fibres.

1. Connectivetissuecontainsthefollowingtypesofcells:

(a) Fibroblasts :Theyformgroundsubstanceandfibres[eg.collagen]

(b) Adipose cells :Theystorefatsintheirvacuoles.

(c) Macrophages :Theymaybefreelivingor fixedphagocytes [LeucocytesorWBC's]Theyare

involvedinthedestructionandremovalofinvadingbacteria,foreignbodies&damagedcells

fromtissues.



(d) Mast cells :Theysecretesubstancessuchasheparin[anticoagulant],histamin[Vasodilator-

dilationofbloodvessels]serotonin[Vaso-constrictor-constrictionofbloodvessels].

Theypromote inflammationof the infectedarea.

(e) Immunocytes : Theseincludecellssuchaslymphocytesandplasma cellsbothproducingantibodies

fortheimmuneresponse.

2. Protein fibres of matrix : Matrixofconnectivetissueissecretedbythecomponentcells.Itchemically

containsGAG's[Glycosaminoglycons or Mucopolysaccharides]

(a) Whitefibresofcollagen

(b) Yellowfibresofelastin

(c) Reticularfibresofreticulin

General Functions of connective tissue :

(i)StorageCertainconnectivetissuelikeadiposetissuestorefats.

(ii)SupportsSkeletalconnectivetissuelikebonesandcartilageprovidethebodywithasupporting

skeletalframework.

(iii)Transport Fluidconnectivetissuessuchasbloodandlymphtransportvariousmaterialinthe

body.

(iv)Defence and scavengingPlasmacellssynthesizeantibodies,macrophages,lymphocytes,which

ingest foreignmatterandharmfulbacteria.

(v)Shock absorberThejellylikegroundsubstancesofconnectivetissueactsasshockabsorber

aroundsomeorganslikeeyeballsandkidney.

(vi)Formation of blood corpusclesThebonemarrowproducesbloodcells.

(vii)Packing material :Areolar tissueactaspackingmaterial invariousorgans.

(viii)Repair Collagenfibreofconnectivetissuehelpinrepairingof injuredtissues.

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(a) Areolar[loose]connectivetissue.

(b) Denseregularconnectivetissue.

(c) Adiposetissue

(d) Skeletaltissue

(e) Fluidconnectivetissue.

(a) Areolar [loose] connective tissue :

Nature : Itisalooseandcellularconnectivetissue.Itisthemostabundantofalltypesofconnective

tissues.Ithaslargeamountofmatrix.Itsmatrixconsistsoftwokindsoffibres

(i) Whitecollagenfibres

(ii) Yellowelastic fibresorelastin.

Occurrence :-Itissimplest&mostwidelydistributedconnectivetissue.Itjoinsskintomuscles,fillsspaces

insideorgansandisfoundaroundmuscles,bonemarrow,bloodvessels&nerves.



Functions :

(i) Itactsasasupporting&packingtissuebetweenorganslyinginthebodycavity.

(ii) Ithelps in repairof tissuesafteran injury.

(iii) Italsohelpsincombatingforeigntoxins.

(iv) Itfixesskintounderlyingmuscles.

(v) Itprovidesrapiddiffusionofoxygenandnutrientsfrombloodvessels.

(b) Dense regular connective tissue :

Itisafibrousconnectivetissuewhichischaracterizedbysystematicallyanddenselypackedfibresandcells.

Denseregularconnectivetissueistheprincipalcomponentoftendons&ligaments.

(i) Tendons:Thesearecord like, strong, inelastic, structures that join skeletal muscles to bones.

Ithasgreatstrengthbut its flexibility is limited. It ismadeupbycollagenfibres.

(ii) Ligaments:Theyareelasticstructureswhichconnectbonestobones.Itishighlyelasticandhasgreat

strengthbutcontainsvery littlematrix. It ismadeupofbothcollagenandelastin fibres.

Ligamentsstrengthenthejointsofbodyandtheypermitnormalmovementbutpreventoverflexingorover-

extension.Sprainiscausedbyexcessivepulling[stretching]ofligaments.

Characters Tendons Ligaments

(i) Nature Toughandnon-elastic Strongandelastic

(ii) Structure Madeupofwhitecollagen Madeupofyellowfibroustissueand

fibroustissues. whitecollagenfibroustissue

(iii) Arrangement Presentinrowsbetweenfibres Scattered inmatrix inbetween the

offibroblasts bundlesofwhitefibres.

(iv) Function Joinmuscletobone Joinbonetobone

(c) Adipose tissue : Itconsistsoflargenumberofovalandroundedadiposecells[Adipocytes]filledwithfat

globules.

Adiposecellsmaycontainsinglelargefatdroplet[whiteadiposetissue]orseveraltinydroplets[Brownadipose

tissue]Besidesadipocytes,adiposetissuealsocontainsfibroblasts,macrophages,collagenandelasticfibres.



Adipose Tissue

COMPETITION WINDOW

Adiposetissueoccursindifferentpartsofbodyandformsabout15%ofourbodyweight.Itformscushions

aroundkidneyandheartanditalsooccursinyellowbonemarrow.Itmainlyoccursassubcutaneousfatlayer

underskincalledpenniculus adiposus.Inwhaleandelephantblubberisathickadiposelayer.Humpof

camel,thicktailofmarinosheepandfatbodiesoffrogrepresentadiposetissue.Itisveryimportantcomponent

ofskininmammalslivinginpolarregions.

Adiposetissueisfatdepotinthebody.Itstoresfatandreleasesitforenergyproduction,wheneverneededin

thebody.

Stored fat is generally of two types :-white(oryellow)fatandbrown fat.Generallywhitefatoccursin

thebody.

Functions :-

(i) Adiposetissueactsasfoodreservoirbystoringfat.

(ii) Thistissueisfoundbelowtheskin,betweeninternalorgansandintheyellowbonemarrow.

(iii) Itactsasaninsulatorandregulatesbodytemperature.

(iv) Animals living incoldclimateshavea lotof this tissuetoprotect themfromthecold.

(d) Skeletal tissue :

Skeletaltissueformstherigidskeletonwhichsupportsthevertebratebody,helpsinlocomotionandprovides

protectiontomanyvitalorgans. It ismesodermal inorigin.Therearetwotypesofskeletaltissues :-

(i) Cartilage

(ii) Bone.

Cartilage :

Cartilageisaspecialtypeofconnectivetissuewhichformsthesoftendoskeletonofthebody.Itconsists

ofextensivegroundsubstanceormatrixcalledchondrin.Matrixiscomposedofproteinsandsugarsand

becauseofthepresenceofcalciumsaltsbecomesslightlyhardened.Italsocontainsnetworkofwhitecollagen

fibresandyellowelasticfibres.Nervesandbloodvesselsdonotpenetrateintochondrin.

Thecartilagecellscalledchondrocytesarepresentingroupsof2,3or4influidfilledcavitiescalledlacunae.



Types of cartilages :-

Onthebasisofcompositionofmatrix,amountandnatureoffibrescartilagesareoffourtypes:-

(i)Hyalinecartilage (ii) Whitefibrouscartilage

(iii)Yellowelasticcartilage. (iv) Calcifiedcartilage.

Occurrence :-Thistissueoccursinveryfewpartsofthebody.Inhumans,thecartilageoccursat the ends

of long bones, the pinnae of ears, the ends of nose, in the walls of respiratory ducts,etc.Insharks

andrays,theentireskeletoniscartilage.

Functions :-

1. Cartilageprovidessupportand flexibility to thebodyparts.

2. Itsmoothensbonesurfacesatjoints.

Bone :

Boneishardesttissueofthebody.Itformsendoskeletontogivefirmsupporttothemuscles.

Likeotherconnectivetissues,itconsistsofintercellularmaterial(matrix)andcells(Osteocytes).

Thematrixiscomposedofabout30%organicmaterials(Ossein protein)andabout70%inorganicmaterials

(Mainly phosphates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium).Theseinorganicsaltsareresponsible

forhardnessofthebone.

Thematrix of bone isarranged in the form of thinconcentric ringscalled lamellae.

Inbetweenthelamellae,thebonecells(osteoblasts)arepresentinfluidfilledcavitiescalledlacunae,which

havefineextensionscalledcanaliculi.

Inlongbonesofmammals,thelamellaearearrangedaroundahaversiancanal.TheHaversiancanalcontains

bloodvessels,nervesandlymphaticcanals.Haversiancanalsalongwithconcentricringsoflacunaeand

osteocytesiscalledHaversian system.Itsfunctionistransportationofnutrientsandoxygen.

Functions :-

(i) Bonesformhardendoskeletonwhichgiveshapeandsupporttothebody.

(ii) Bonesprotectvitalorgansofthebody,suchasbrain,spinalcord,lungs,etc.

(iii) Bonesprovideskeletalsupport tothebody.

(iv) Bone marrow is the centre of blood cell formation in vertebrates.

(v) Boneattachesthemuscles.

T.S. of Bone

Cartilage



Cartilage Bo ne

1. It is a semi-rigid and flexible tissues

It is strong and non-flexible tissues

2 . A cartilage does not have haversian canal systems

A long bone has a number of Haversion canal systems

3. Blood vessels are absent Blood vessels are present 4 . Matrix not arranged in

lamellae Matrix arranged in lamellae

5 . Bone marrow absent. Cartilage always solid

Long bones contain bone marrow in hollow and narrow cavity

6 . Growth of cartilage is unidirectional

Growth of bone is bidirectional

7 . Protein found in matrix is called chondrin

Protein found in matrix is called ossein.

8 . Cartilage forming cells are chondroblasts

Bone forming cells are osteoblasts.

9 . Cartilage cells are chondrocytes

Bone cells are osteocytes.

10. One lacuna may contain one to four chondrocytes

Only single oesteocyte occurs in one lacuna

11. Lacunae are without canaliculae

Canaliculae occur in lacunae to accommodate processes of osteocytes.

12. Capacity to divide occurs in chondrocytes.

Osteocytes do not divide

13. Matrix may contain only few inorganic salts.

Salts mainly Ca, Mg are heavily deposited

14. Erythropoiesis (formation of RBC) does not occur.

Erythropoiesis occurs in bone marrow.

IMPORTANT POINTS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS

1. Themostabundanttissueinanimalbodyistheconnectivetissue.

2. Thetissuewhichhasminimumintercellularspaceisepithelialtissueandconnectivetissuehaslargest

intercellularspaces.

3. Theepithelialtissuehasgreatregenerationpowerandit isthefirstevolvedtissue.

4. Blubberofwhale,humpofcamelandthicktailofmarinosheepmainlycontainadiposetissue.

5. Theabnormalitycharacterisedbygradualsofteningandbendingofbonescausedbyfailureofcalcification

due to lackofvitaminD iscalledosteomalacia (Gr.osteon=bone,malakia=softness)

6. Themostabundantproteinofthebodyiscollagen,itaccountsforabout40%ofthetotalproteins.Wrinkling

inoldage isduetodiminishingrigidity incollagenfibres.

7. Decalcification :-IfaboneiskeptindiluteacidlikeHCl,inorganicsaltsdissolvesinacidandreleaseCO2,

whileorganicorproteinpartisleftbehind.Bonenowbecomeselasticandsoft.Thisiscalleddecalcification.

InKOHsolutionmusclesandconnectivetissuedissolve,butboneremainsunaffectedanditbecomesclean.

Whenaboneisburntorganicpart(protein)burnsandtheremainingashcontainsinorganicsalts.

8. Dried bone :-Whenboneisexposedtohightemperatureitbecomesdry.Allcavitiesdryupandare

emptied.

(e) Fluid Connective Tissue

Itisaspecialtypeofconnectivetissuewhichmaintainslinkamongdifferentpartsofthebody.Itreceives

materials fromcertainpartsof thebodyand transports themto theotherparts.

Itconstitutesthetransportsystemofanimals.

Itconsistsoftwobasiccomponentsbloodandlymph.



Blood

Bloodisamobileconnectivetissue.Itmeasuresabout55.5litresinanadulthumanbeing.Itisslightly

alkaline with apH value of 7.4.

Itconsistsofanaquous(watery)mixtureofsubstancesinsolution(blood plasma)inwhicharesuspended

differenttypesoffreefloatingcells (blood corpuscles).

Plasmaconstitutesabout55%ofbloodvolumewhilecorpusclesconstitute45%.

Blood Plasma

Itisapalestraw-colouredfluidmatrixormediumconsistingofabout90%waterand10%mixtureofdifferent

typesofmoleculesthatenterthebloodatvariouslocations.Thesesubstancesincludeproteins(soluble

proteinssuchasalbumins,globulinsandfibrinogen),glucose,aminoacids,lipids,vitamins,urea,uricacids,

enzymesandhormones.

Glucose, Amino acid, LipidsVitamins, Urea, Enzymes, Hormones etc

Blood corpuscles (i) RedBloodCorpuscles(RBC)orErythrocytes

(ii) WhiteBloodCorpuscles(WBC)orLeucocytes

(iii) PlateletsorThrombocytes

RBC :-

(i) In mammals, RBCs are small, circular, biconcave & discs shaped and lack nuclei when

mature.

(ii) Thereareabout fivemillion redbloodcellspermm3ofblood.

(iii) Theirmostimportantcharacteristhepresenceofanironprotein,haemoglobin.Thepresenceof

haemoglobingivestheblooditsredcolour.

(iv) Theyaremanufactured inbonemarrow.Their lifespan inhumanbeings isabout120days,after

whichtheyaredestroyed in liver.

TheRBCsconstituteabout99%ofbloodcorpuscles.Erythrocytes occur only in vertebrate blood and

red colour of blood is due to erythrocytes.

SmallestRBCsoccurinmuskdeer(Tragulus).Duringmaturation,cellorganellesofRBClikenucleus,

mitochondria, Golgi body and centrosome become disappear.HencesurfaceareaofmatureRBC

increases.ItcanaccommodatemorehaemoglobinandcancarrymoreO2.



WBC :-

(i) Theseareroundedoramoeboid,nucleated,colourlesscells.

(ii) WBCsareformedinredbonemarrow,spleen,thymusandlymphnodes.

(iii) Theyarecapableofamoeboid movement andplayanimportantroleinthebody'sdefencemechanism.

(iv) ThewhitebloodcorpuslcesbelongtotwomaincategoriesPhagocytes(carryoutthefunctionof

bodydefencebyengulfingpathogen)andImmunocytes (theyareresponsibleforimmunityandcarry

outimmuneresponsesbyproducingantibodies).

Phagocytesarefurtherdividedintotwotypes:-Granulocytes (havingcytoplasmicgranules)andAgranulocytes

(havingnon-granularcytoplasm)

Granulocytes:-On thebasisofstainingtheseareofthreetypes:-

(a) Eosinophils(stainedwithacidicdyes)

(b) Basophils(stainedwithbasicdyes)

(c) Neutrophils(stainedwithneutraldyes).

Agranulocytes :-ItincludesMonocytesandLymphocytes.

Functions of blood :

(i) Ittransportsnutrients,hormonesandvitaminstothetissuesandcarriesexcretoryproductsfromthe

tissuestotheexcretoryorgans.

(ii) TheRBC'sofbloodhelps in thetransportof respiratorygases,oxygen&CO2.

(iii) TheWBCsfightwithdiseasesbyproducingantibodiesandengulfingthegerms.

(iv) Bloodplateletshelps in theclottingofblood.

(v) Bloodhelps in thermoregulation,waterbalanceandmaintenanceofpHofbody.

Lymph :-Lymphisactuallyfilteredbloodwhichissimilartobloodincompositionexceptthatitisdevoid

of RBC, platelets and some blood protein.WBCarepresentinabundanceinlymph.Duetotheabsence

ofhaemoglobin,lymphiscolourless.

Functions of Lymph :-

(i) Helpsinthetransportofnutrients.Nutrientsthatfilteroutfrombloodcapillariesintolympharetransported

backby lymph intoblood throughheart.

(ii) Helpsin thetransportationof fatabsorbedfromintestinetothevenousblood.

(iii) Keepsthetissuesandorgansofthebodymoist.

(iv) Lymphaticorgans(lymphnodes,spleen)producelymphocyteswhichinturnproduceantibodiestostrengthen

theimmunesystemofthebody.

Q. Distinguishbetweenthefollowing:

(a) Cartilageandboneonthebasisofmatrix.

(b) Bloodandlymphonthebasisofcomponents.

Ans. (a) Matrixofcartilagemayormaynothavecalciumsaltswhereascalciumsalts,mainlycalciumphosphates,

areallwayspresent in thematrixofbone.

(b) Bloodconsistsofplasma,erythrocytes,leucocytesandplateletswhereaslymphconsistsofplasma

andleucocytes.

Q. Whatwillhappenifstratifiedsquamousepitheliumlinesthealveolioflungs?

Ans. Thepermeabilityofalveoliof lungswillbeaffectedsothatitwillnotbeabletoperformthefunctionof

absorptionandtransportationofsubstanceandselectivepermeabilityofalveoliwallwillbeaffected..



POINTS TO BE REMEMBER

(1) ClottingProcessbywhichthebloodsolidifyandpreventhaemorrhage.

(2) Antigen Aforeignsubstanceortoxinwhichwhenintroducedintothebodyofanorganismstimulates

theproductionofaspecificantibody.

(3) AntibodyAplasmaprotein[Gammaglobulin]producedbyanorganismtocounteractanantigeninthe

tissueorblood.

(4) GlandsAgroupofcellswhichproducesandsecretesspecialchemicals.

(5) Infection Invasionof thebodybyapathogen.

(6) MatrixThebasicgroundsubstanceinwhichcellsofatissueareembedded.

(7) MonocyteAgranularleucocytewithalargenucleus.Itescapesfromthebloodbyamoeboidmovement

throughthecapillarywallandinthetissueis transformedintoeithermacrophagesorhistiocyte.

(8) FibroblastCellsofconnectivetissueresponsibleforsecretionoffibres.

(9) Bloodflowstoallpartsoftheanimalbodyandthusconnectsdifferentpartsofthebodywithoneanother.

(10) Lymphocytes :-Theysecreteantibodiestodestroymicrobesandalsohelpinhealingofinjuries.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Defineconnectivetissue?

2. Namethecommontypeofconnectivetissueofanimal'sbody?

3. Whyisbloodcalledaconnectivetissue?

4. Whatisthefunctionofareolartissue?

5. Whatisthenameofbonecell?

6. WritethenameofvarioustypesofWBC's.

7. Namethecellswhichareresponsibleforfibresinformation.

8. Namethechemicalswhichareformedagainstantigensinourbody.

MUSCLE TISSUES

Musculartissueisdistinguishedfromothertissuesbyitsuniqueabilitytocontract&relaxandtherebyperform

mechanicalwork.Itisresponsibleformovementofbodyorgansandlocomotionofbody.

General structure :-

Thestructuralunitofmuscletissueisthemusclecellswhichbecauseofitselongatedshapeisalsocalled

musclefibre.

Thecontractility isdueto thepresenceofcontractileproteins(Actin&Myosin) inthemusclefibre.

Theplasmamembraneofmusclecellsiscalledsarcolemmaandendoplasmicreticulumofmusclecellis

called sarcoplasmic reticulum.

General functions of muscular tissue :-

1. Itsupportsthebonesandotherorgansofthebody.

2. Musclescauseperistalsisofgut,heartbeat,productionofsound,etc.

3. Musclescausemovementsofbodypartsandlocomotionoftheanimals.

4. Facialexpressionalsodependsonmuscles.

5. Contractionofmusclescausesdeliveryofababy.

(A) Unstriated muscle (Smooth muscle) :-

Characteristics :-

Thesearecalledsmoothorunstriatedmusclesbecausetheydonotshowanystripesofstriationsacross

themusclefibres.Eachcell(orfibre)islong,narrowspindleshapedwithpointedendsandhasonlyone

nucleus(uninucleate)situatedinthecentre.Thesefibresaregenerallyshorterthanthestriatedmuscle

fibres.



Place of occurrence :-Unstripedmusclesarefoundinthewallofalimentarycanal(stomachandintestine),

urinarybladder,bloodvessels,lungs,etc.

Functions :-

Thesemusclescauseslow and prolonged contraction whichisinvoluntary,i.e.,notunderthecontrol

ofindividual'swill.Theseareunderthecontrolofautonomousnervoussystem.Thesemuscleshelpinperistalsis

ofalimentarycanal,urinarytract,bloodvessels,etc.,andcontractionofothervisceralorgans(notheart).

(B) Striated muscle or Skeletal muscle :-

Charcteristics :-

Thestriatedmusclesformmorethan80%ofthe

massofsofttissuesinavertebratebody.Theyare

attachedtothebonesbytendonsandhelpinthe

movementofexternalbodyparts.Therefore,they

arealsocalledskeletal muscles.Thecontraction

and relaxationof thesemusclesareunder the

controloftheanimal'swill.Theyare,therefore,

alsocalledthevoluntary muscles.Themuscle

fibres show alternate dark and light stripes

(striationsor

bands),hencetheyarecalledstriated muscles.

The striated muscle consists of long, narrow,

cylindrical,unbranchedfibres(cells)withbluntends

(non-taperingends).Eachfibreisenclosedinathin

but distinct plasma membrane, called

sarcolemma.Thecellcontainsmanyelongated,

flattenednucleicharacteristicallylocatedtowards

theperipherynear thesarcolemma.The

multinucleate condition of the fibre results from cell fusion.

Place of occurrence :-Stripedmusclesarefoundinlimbs,bodywall,tongue,pharynx,face,neck,initial

partofoesophagus,etc.

Functions :-Stripedmusclesproducerapid and powerful contractions whichhelp in themovement

oflimbsandconsequentlycauselocomotion.Theyarealsohelpfulinthemovementofotherbodyparts

whichare involuntarycontrolof the individual.

(C) Cardiac muscles :-

Cardiacmusclesarethemusclesofheart.Theyareinvoluntaryinaction.Cardiacmusclespossesscharacteristics

ofbothstripedaswellasunstripedmuscles,resembling striped muscles structurally and unstriped

muscles functionally.

Theirmusclefibresareuninucleate,branched.Thebranchesofadjacentfibresjointoformanetwork.Each

musclefibrecontainsacentrallylocatednucleus.Sarcoplasm (CytoplasmofmusclecelliscalledSarcoplasm)

bearscontractile,longitudinalmyofibrilswhichgivethecardiacmusclesastriatedappearanceintheform

ofdarkcrossbandscalled intercalated disc.

Place of occurrence :- Wall of heart (Myocardium).



Characters Skeletal or Smooth orCardiac

Striated Non-striated

(i) Striations Present Absent Present

(ii) Shape of the cells Cylindrical Spindleshaped Cylindrical

(iii) Branches Notbranched Notbranched Branched

(iv) Number of nucleus Many Single Single

(v) Position of Nucleus Peripheral Peripheral Central

(vi) Intercalated discs Absent Absent Present

(vii) Mode of contraction Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

(viii) Speed of contraction Fast Slow Fast

(ix) Length of fibres 0.02 mm to 0.5 mm 0.01 to30 cm 85to100m(veryshort)

[longestmuscles]

NERVOUS TISSUE

Thenervoustissue,containsdenselypackedcellscallednervecellsorneurons,ispresentinthebrain,spinal

cordandnerves.Theneuronsarespecialisedforconductionofnerveimpulses.Theyreceivestimulifrom

withinoroutsidethebodyandconductimpulses(signals)whichtravelfromoneneurontoanotherneuron.

Eachneuronhasfollowing2parts-

1 . Cyton or cell bodyContainsacentralnucleus

andcytoplasmwithcharacteristicdeeplystained

particles called Nissl's granules [i.e. clumps of

ribosomes]

2 . Cell Processes

(A) Dendrites :-Thesemaybeonetomany,generallyshort

andbranched cytoplasmicprocesses. Dendrites are

afferent processesbecausetheyreceiveimpulsefrom

receptoror other neuron and bring it to cyton.

(B) Axon :-Itissinglegenerallylongefferent processwhich

conductsimpulseawayfromcytontootherneuron.

Longestcellinbodyisneuronbecauseaxoncanbemore

thanonemetrelong.Axonhasuniformthicknessbutit

hasterminalthinbranchescalledtelodendria.Terminal

end buttons or synaptic knobs occurat the end of

telodendria.



COMPETITION WINDOW

GermanneurologistFranz Nissl (1860-1919)firstdescribedNisslgranulesinnervecell,theseareformed

ofroughERandRibosomes.

Synapsesarejunctionbetweentwoadjoiningneurons.

Nisslgranulesdisappearduringfatigueandinjurytonervecellandreappearafterrest.

Types of Neuron :-Basedonnumberandnatureofprocessarisingfromcytontheneuronsareofdifferent

types:-

(a) Multipolar neuron :-Ithasmanydendritesandoneaxon.

(b) Bipolar neuron :-Aneuronhavingonedendronandoneaxoniscalledbipolar.Theygenerallyoccurin

sensorylayerslikeolfactoryepithelium.

(c) Unipolar neuron :-Ithassingleprocessasaxonbutdendriteisabsent.

(d) Pseudounipolar neuron :-Suchneuronhassinglefibrearisingfromcytonwhichbifurcatesintoonedendron

andoneaxon.

(e) Nonpolar or apolar neuron :-Theseneuronshavemanyfibresbuttheyarenotdistinguishedintodendrites

andaxon.Eachfibrecanreceiveimpulsetowardscytonorcanconductimpulseawayfromcyton.

(A) Give answer of following questions :-

1 . What isneuron?Define it.

2 . Howmanytypesofmusclesoccurinanimals?

3 . Give3featuresofcardiacmuscles.

4 . Namethetissueresponsibleforthemovementinourbody.

5 . Whatisthemainfunctionofnervoustissue?

6 . Describethestructureofanervoustissue?

7 . Whatisthemainfunctionofnervoustissue?

8 . Whyarestriatedmusclescalledvoluntarymuscleswhilenon-striatedmuscles-calledinvoluntarymuscles?

(B) Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1 . Blood platelets help in .....................

2 . Abone is attached toanother bone at joints by .......................

3 . Shapeof squamousepithelial cells is ........................

4 . Neuron is composed of three parts dendron, .................... and .......................

5 . ........................... is themostwidelydistributedconnective tissue in thebody.

(C) Mark True (T) or False (F) statements from following.

1 . Tendonsconnectmusclestobones.

2 . Haversiancanalsystemispresentinacartilage.

3 . Striatedmusclesarevoluntaryinnature.

4 . RBCsprovidedefencetoourbody,whileWBCshelpsinthetransportofrespiratorygases.

5 . Bloodplasmacontainsthreetypesofproteins,albumins,globulinsandfibrinogens.

6 . Agroupofcellsdifferent inoriginbutsimilar instructureandfunction iscalledtissue.

7 . Striatedmusclesarealsocalledsmoothmuscles.

8 . Globulinproteinsmaintainosmoticpressureoftheblood.

9 . CartilageHavehaversiancanalsystemanditsmatrixdoesnotcontaindepositionofcalciumandphosphate.

10 . Pinnaandtipof thenose ismadeofcartilage.

EXERCISEI



EXERCISEII

Questions from NCERT and School Examinations

1 . Whatisatissue?

2 . Whatistheutilityoftissuesinmulticellularorganisms?

3 . Namethefollowing:

(i) Tissuethatformstheinnerliningofourmouth.

(ii) Tissuethatconnectsmuscletoboneinhumans.

(iii) Tissuepresentinthebrain.

(iv) Tissuethatstoresfatinourbody.

(v) Connectivetissuewithafluidmatrix.

4 . Identifythetypeoftissueinthefollowing:

(i)Skin (ii)bone (iii)liningofkidneytubule

5 . Whichtypeoftissueismostabundantinanimals?

6 . Definehistology.

7 . Writeonewordforthefollowing:

(i)Longandunbranchedextensionofaneuron.

(ii)Thickeningspresentinsclerenchymacells.

(iii)Thin,hair-likeprojectionspresentatthefreeendsofcuboidalepithelium.

(iv)Thepigmentpresentinredbloodcells.

(v)Zig-zagthickeningsincardiacmuscles.

8 . Whichepitheliumisalsocalledpavementepithelium?

9 . Whichtypeofmusclecellsshowrhythmiccontraction?

10 . Giveonewordforthejunctionoftwoneurons.

11 . Whatisthefunctionofneurons?

12 . Whichpartofneuronreceivesimpulseandwhichparttakesitawayfromneuron?

13 . Whichtissuestoresfat?

14 . Nametheanimaltissuewhosecellsdividethroughoutthelife.

15 . Whichisthehardesttissueinhumanbeings?

16 . Namethetissuewhichformsinnerliningofbloodvessels.

17 . Givethechemicalnatureofwhitefibres.

18 . WhatistheaveragelifespanofRBCsofman?

19 . Nametheptoteinfoundinyellowfibres.

20 . Whatisthefunctionofbloodplateletsinhumanbody?

21 . Whichtissueiscommonlyknownas'packaging'tissue?

22 . Namethefollowing:

(i)Multinucleatemusclefibre. (ii)Spindle-shapedmusclefibre.

23 . Whendoesthetissueformationtakeplace?

24 . Howdothecardiacmusclesresemblebothstriatedandsmoothmusclefibres?

25 . Drawaflowchartshowingthevarioustypesofconnectivetissues.

26 . WhatareNissl'sgranules?Givetheirfunctions.

27 . Givethefunctionsofplasmaofblood.

28 . Differentiatebetweenbloodandlymph.



1 . Tendonconnectsa:

(1)Ligamentwithmuscle (2)Bonewithmuscle

(3)Cartilagewithmuscle (4)Bonewithbone

2 . Theprocessbywhichboneformedisknownas:

(1)Calcification (2)Chondrification (3)Ossification (4)Decalcification

3 . Duringfatiguemusclecontains:

(1)MoreATP,lessglycogen (2)LessATP,morelacticacid

(3)LessATP,lesslacticacid (4)MoreATP,more lacticacid

4 . Whichofthefollowingactsasantibodytohelpinbodydefence?

(1)Prothrombin (2)Immunoglobulin (3)Globulin (4)Albumin

5 . Smoothmuscleisfoundinallthesitesexcept:

(1)Gastrointestinaltract (2)Fallopiantube (3)Bloodvessel (4)Eyeballmuscle

6 . Inaneuron,dendritemaybeoneormany,butaxon isgenerally:

(1)One (2)Two (3)Three (4)Morethanone

7 . Atissueismadeupof:

(1)Onetypeofcells (2)Twotypesofcells

(3)Oneormanytypesofcells (4)Manytypesofcells

8 . Whichoneofthefollowingcellularcomponentsofthebloodisresponsiblefortheproductionofantibodies?

(1)Thrombocyte (2)Lymphocyte

(3)Monocyte (4)Erythrocyte

9 . Whichofthefollowingispresentinthealveoliof lungs?

(1)Simplecolumnarepithelium (2)Simplecuboidalepithelium

(3)Simplesquamousepithelium (4)Sensoryepithelium

10 . Thisoneisthecharacteristicofepithelialtissue:

(1)Tissuesarehighlyvascularized (2)Thesecellsneverproduceglands

(3)Thecellswillhavearapidrateofcelldivision (4)Largeintercellularspacesareseenbetweencells

11 . Bloodplasmais:

(1)Neutral (2)Slightlyacidic (3)Slightlyalkaline (4)Stronglyacidic

12 . Whichofthefollowingisatransparenttissue?

(1)Tendon (2)Hyalinecartilage (3)Fibrouscartilage (4)Allofthese

EXERCISEIII

Objective Type Questions



13 . Lacunaofbonecontains:

(1)Oneosteocyte (2)Twoosteocytes (3)Manyosteocytes (4)Manychondrocytes

14 . Majorproteinofconnectivetissueis:

(1)Myosin (2)Melanin (3)Collagen (4)Keratin

15 . Lightbandsofmuscle fibrearemadeof theprotein:

(1)Tubulin (2)Myosin (3)Actin (4)Myoglobin

16 . Canaliculiarefoundassociatedwith:

(1)Cartilage (2)Bone (3)Muscle (4)Neuron

17 . Processesfromosteoblastsarefoundin:

(1)Lamella (2)Canaliculi (3)Dendrites (4)Haversiancanals

18 . Thebonemarrowiscomposedof:

(1)Musclefibresandadiposetissue (2)Areolartissueandadiposetissue

(3)Adiposetissueandcalcifiedcartilage (4)Adiposetissue,areolartissueandbloodvessels

19 . Thelongitudinalcanalsofthebonearecalled:

(1)Volkmann'scanals (2)Haversiancanals (3)Periosteum (4)Endosteum

20 . Volkmann'scanalsoccurin:-

(1)Cartilage (2)Bone (3)Internalear (4)Liver

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Ans. 2 3 2 2 4 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 3

Que. 16 17 18 19 20

Ans. 2 2 4 2 2

ANSWER KEY (EXERCISE - III)



1 . Atissueisa:

(A)groupofseparateorgansthatarecoordinatedintheiractivities

(B)groupofsimilarcellsthatfunctiontogetherinaspecialisedactivity

(C)layerofcellssurroundinganorgan

(D)sheetofcells,onelayerthick

2 . Endotheliumoftheinnersurfaceofbloodvesselsinvertebratesisformed

(A)simplesquamousepithelium (B)columnarepithelium

(C)cuboidalepithelium (D)ciliatedcells

3 . Cellsofsquamousepitheliumare

(A)columnar (B)tallwithelongatednuclei

(C)flatplate-like (D)cubelike

4 . Theproteindepositedinthedeadsuperficialcellsthatmaketheskinepitheliumimpervioustowateris

(A)keratin (B)elastin (C)collagen (D)mucus

5 . Hornsofmostmammalsarecomposedof

(A)bones (B)cartilage (C)keratin (D)chitin

6 . Mammaryglandsaremodified

(A)sebaceousgland (B)sweatgland (C)oilgland (D)lymphgland

7 . Whichofthefollowingtissuehasmatrix,thatisthesourceofitsstructuralandfunctionalperformances?

(A)connectivetissue (B)musculartissue (C)nervoustissue (D)epithelialtissue

8 . Wrinklinginoldageisdueto

(A)collagen (B)myosin (C)keratin (D)actin

9 . Dermisofmammalianskinismainlycomposedof

(A)musculartissue (B)epithelialtissue (C)connectivetissue (D)alloftheabove

10 . Fatisabundantin

(A)livercells (B)alveolartissue (C)lymphglands (D)adiposetissue

11 . Tendonconnects

(A)cartilagewithmuscles (B)bonewithmuscles

(C)ligamentwithmuscles (D)bonewithbone

12 . Cartilageisproducedby

(A)osteoblasts (B)epithelium (C)fibroblasts (D)chondroblasts

EXERCISEIV

Questions from Competitive Examinations



13 . Boneformingcellsare

(A)osteoblasts (B)osteoclasts (C)chondroblasts (D)chondroclasts

14 . Bonemarrowisimportantfor

(A)breakdownofWBC (B)productionofRBC (C)breakdownofRBC (D)productionofWBC

15 . Haversiansystemistypicallyfoundinbonesof

(A)fishes (B)aves (C)reptiles (D)mammals

16 . Bloodis

(A)acidic (B)alkaline (C)variable (D)neutral

17 . Mammalianerythrocytesare

(A)circular (B)biconcave (C)non-nucleated (D)alltheabove

18 . LifespanofRBCis

(A)50days (B)75days (C)120days (D)100days

19 . Redcellcountiscarriedoutby

(A)haemocytometer (B)haemoglobinometer (C)sphygmomanometer (D)electrocardiogram

20 . Striatedmusclesarefoundin

(A)gallbladder (B)wallofbronchi (C)legmuscles (D)lungs

21 . Smoothmusclesoccurin

(A)vein (B)artery (C)uterus (D)alltheabove

22 . Cardiacmuscleismadeofbranchedfibresthatare

(A)nonstriatedandundervoluntarycontrol (B)striatedandnotundervoluntarycontrol

(C)nonstriatedandnotundervoluntarycontrol (D)striatedandundervoluntarycontrol

23 . Junctionoftwoneuronsiscalled

(A)synapse (B)junction (C)synapsis (D)synapticula

24 . Mostofthehumanneuronsare

(A)multipolar (B)bipolar (C)unipolar (D)pseudo-unipolar

25 . Wherewouldyoulookforneurons?

(A)Inblood (B)Inheart (C)Roottipandshoottip (D)Inbrainandspinalcord

ANSWER KEY (EXERCISE - IV)Qu e . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5

An s . B A C A C B A A C D B D A B D

Qu e . 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5

An s . B D C A C D B A A D



INTRODUCTION

Tissue :-

Agroupof cells thataresimilaror dissimilar instructure,

COMPETITION WINDOW

The term tissue was coined by . Bichat

Anatomy

Histology :-

:- The study of internal structureof any part of an organism with the helpof section cutting is called anatomy.

The study of tissues with the

help of microscope is called histology.

haveacommonoriginandusuallyperformacommon

functioniscalledtissue.

Importance of Tissues :-

Workloadofindividualcellhasdecreased.

Tissuesbecomeorganisedtoformorgansandorgansintoorgansystems.

Formationoftissueshasbroughtaboutdivisionoflabourinmulticellularorganisms.

Multicellularorganismshavehighersurvivalduetoimprovedbodyorganisationandhigherefficiencyoffunctions.

Comparative study of plant and animal tissue

Plant Tissue Animal tissue

1. Tisuesorganisationistowardsstationary Tissueorganisationistowardsactivelocomotion.

or fixed habit.

2. Mostoftheplanttissuesaredeadand Mostoftheanimaltissuesareliving.

supportive.

3. Thegrowth inplants takesplace incertain Thegrowthinanimalstakesplacethroughoutthe

specificregionswheregrowingtissuesare body.

present.

PLANT TISSUE

Planttissuesareof twotypesonthebasisof theirdividingcapacity:-

1.Meristematictissue(growingtissue)

2.Permanenttissue

S.No. Meris tematic tis sue Permanent tis sue

1 The cells are capable of division. The matured cells are incapable of division.

2 The cells are undifferentiated. The cells are fully differentiated.

3 The cell wall is thin. The cell wall is relatively thick.

4 Large prominent nucleus. Small nucleus.

5 Vacuoles are small or absent. Large central vacuole is present.

6 Intercellular space is absent. Intercellular space is present.

Comparative study of Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue

1 . MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

Thesearelivingtissueswhicharecomposedofimmaturecellsthat

arecapableofdivision throughout life.

Thesetissuesarefoundingrowingregionsofplants.

Meristematic tissue

Cellshavethincellwall.

Cellscontaindensecytoplasmanddonothavevacuoles.

Cellscontainprominentandlargenucleus.

Cellsaremetabolicallyhighlyactive,sostorefoodisabsent.

Cellsarecompactlyarrangedbecausetheydonothaveintercellularspaces.

PLANT TISSUE

Animal Tissue

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